CN114050585A - Coordination control method for forming virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioner load in communication base station - Google Patents

Coordination control method for forming virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioner load in communication base station Download PDF

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CN114050585A
CN114050585A CN202111382020.6A CN202111382020A CN114050585A CN 114050585 A CN114050585 A CN 114050585A CN 202111382020 A CN202111382020 A CN 202111382020A CN 114050585 A CN114050585 A CN 114050585A
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air conditioner
base station
power
communication base
regulation
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郑庆荣
赵建立
汤卓凡
赵本源
张沛超
陆颖杰
向佳霓
王桂林
王婧骅
唐啸
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Shanghai Jiaotong University
State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Co Ltd
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Shanghai Jiaotong University
State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/10—Power transmission or distribution systems management focussing at grid-level, e.g. load flow analysis, node profile computation, meshed network optimisation, active network management or spinning reserve management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/242—Home appliances
    • Y04S20/244—Home appliances the home appliances being or involving heating ventilating and air conditioning [HVAC] units

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by utilizing air-conditioning load in a communication base station, which comprises the following steps: aggregating a mass communication base station into a virtual power plant VPP, wherein the VPP is communicated with a power grid; acquiring the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioner load of each communication base station; performing aggregation calculation on air conditioner loads of all communication base stations of the VPP to obtain total up-regulation power and total down-regulation power; receiving an adjustment target of a power grid, and decomposing the adjustment target into a single adjustment target aiming at the air conditioning load of each communication base station; and the air conditioner load of each communication base station is autonomously controlled by utilizing a random state machine based on the corresponding single regulation target. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of not influencing the normal operation of the communication equipment in the base station, effectively reducing the communication frequency, avoiding direct load control and the like.

Description

Coordination control method for forming virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioner load in communication base station
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of power grid interactive peak regulation control, in particular to a coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by utilizing air-conditioning loads in a communication base station.
Background
With the remarkable improvement of the utilization capacity of renewable energy sources and the rapid improvement of the living standard of people, the operation form of a power grid is changing deeply. The method is characterized in that seasonal peak load and periodic peak load are contradictory and prominent. Along with the tightening of conventional power generation construction, the stable increase of air conditioner load and the explosive increase of electric vehicle load, the power generation and utilization situation has the characteristics of short-time peak supply short-term demand and annual average supply greater than demand, and if a peak shaving power plant and a matched power grid are constructed, social resources are greatly wasted; secondly, the peak regulation pressure of the power grid is increased year by year. At present, the proportion of wind power and photovoltaic installation is greatly improved, the fluctuation and the inverse peak regulation characteristics of the wind power and photovoltaic installation bring huge pressure to a power grid, and the conventional power supply peak regulation is only relied on, so that the requirements are difficult to meet. Under the background, the function of large-scale flexible load resources is fully exerted, a load type Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is established and deeply participates in peak regulation, frequency modulation, standby and new energy consumption of a Power grid, and the problems can be fundamentally solved.
The communication base station belongs to a novel flexible load. With the commercial proximity of 5G communication technology, the size of tower base stations is gradually increasing. In order to ensure that the communication devices in the base station operate reliably within the permitted temperature range, most base stations are equipped with air conditioning equipment. Because the air and the solid in the base station have cold accumulation capacity, each base station can be regarded as a generalized energy storage system. On the premise of guaranteeing the normal operation of the communication equipment, the air conditioner load can be turned off for a period of time or the temperature setting can be temporarily increased, so that the load power can be changed. The main electric equipment in the base station comprises communication equipment, an air conditioning load, a standby battery and the like, wherein the average load of the communication equipment is 8kW, the air conditioning load is about 2kW, and the average load accounts for about 20% of the total load of the whole base station. If all air conditioner loads in the base station participate in demand response, 400 ten thousand kilowatt demand response resources can be formed in a polymerization mode during peak clipping response in summer, and the base station has huge demand response potential. In the existing research, only the demand response potential of a backup battery in a communication base station is concerned, and the air conditioner load is ignored, which is a great resource waste.
In terms of participation of the tower base station in demand response, related research is extremely limited. The document "From Uninterruptable Power Supply to reactive storage micro grid" The case of a base storage at a telecommunication station "(Ferraro, M., Brunaccii, G., Sergi, F., et al. journal of Energy storage.28(2020).101207) studies The use of communication base station Energy storage to provide fault recovery services for Power grids. The study was funded by the italian national power system general planning agreement. However, the research is still in the theoretical analysis stage, and the resource aggregation and control are not performed by adopting the VPP technology. The document 'application research of echelon batteries in peak clipping and valley filling of communication base stations' (old, beautiful and beautiful people, Zhang Sha, Guangdong communication technology, 2019,39(03):72-75) carries out research on the application of echelon batteries in peak clipping and valley filling of communication base stations, but the research only carries out scheme demonstration on a single communication base station and does not form VPP (virtual private Point) at the same time. The above documents have studied the problem of the communication base station participating in the demand response, but none of them utilize the air conditioning load in the base station. In summary, none of the prior art studies relate to a method for configuring a VPP using an air conditioning load of a communication base station.
In the aspect of coordinated control of air conditioning load, many documents discuss the possibility of the air conditioning load participating in peak shaving. The number of air conditioning loads is large and the locations are distributed, and in order to effectively control the large-scale air conditioning loads, a state sequence model is a representative method at present. However, for the communication base station, the following problems exist in the method: (1) direct load control of the air conditioning load in the base station is required. Whether the air-conditioning load is remotely controlled by a switch or a temperature set value, the serious information safety problem exists. If the air conditioner in the communication base station is closed maliciously in a remote mode or the temperature setting is abnormal, the normal operation of the communication equipment is seriously influenced, and the communication base station is difficult to accept. (2) Frequent communication is needed between the control center and the air conditioner load to acquire the load state and send a control command, and the control implementation cost is high. (3) The control strategy does not consider the air conditioner locking time constraint, and the frequent switching of the air conditioner is easy to aggravate the equipment abrasion.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a coordination control method which does not affect the normal operation of communication equipment in a base station and effectively controls and utilizes air conditioning load in a communication base station to form a virtual power plant.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioning loads in a communication base station comprises the following steps:
aggregating a mass communication base station into a virtual power plant VPP, wherein the VPP is communicated with a power grid;
acquiring the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioner load of each communication base station;
performing aggregation calculation on air conditioner loads of all communication base stations of the VPP to obtain total up-regulation power and total down-regulation power;
receiving an adjustment target of a power grid, and decomposing the adjustment target into a single adjustment target aiming at the air conditioning load of each communication base station;
and the air conditioner load of each communication base station is autonomously controlled by utilizing a random state machine based on the corresponding single regulation target.
Further, the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioning load of the communication base station are obtained by adopting an air conditioning load maximum regulation capacity estimation method based on equivalent thermal parameters.
Further, the method for estimating the maximum adjustment capacity of the air conditioning load based on the equivalent thermal parameter specifically includes:
simulating a communication base station by adopting an equivalent thermal parameter model, and constructing expressions of air conditioner load reference power and air conditioner load dynamic power;
obtaining the room temperature range T allowed by the air conditioner loadmin,Tmax]，TminAt minimum room temperature, TmaxCalculating the maximum up-regulation power P of the air conditioner load in k time period for the maximum room temperatureup,max(k) And maximum turndown power Pdn,max(k) The specific calculation formula is as follows:
Pup,max(k)＝Pmax(k)-Pbase(k)
Pdn,max(k)＝Pbase(k)-Pmin(k)
in the formula, Pbase(k) Reference power of air conditioning load for k time period, Pmax(k) Minimum room temperature T for period kminThe dynamic power of air conditioner load, Pmin(k) Maximum room temperature T for period kmaxAnd (5) obtaining the dynamic power of the air conditioning load.
Further, the second order expression of the equivalent thermal parameter model of the analog communication base station is as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000031
in the formula, Ta、TmAnd ToRespectively indoor air temperature, indoor solid temperature and outdoor temperature; t is time; u shapeaEquivalent impedance of indoor and outdoor; hmIs the equivalent impedance between the indoor air and the solid; qaAnd QmIndoor gas and solid heat transfer capacity respectively; qac、QiAnd QsRespectively the heat transfer capacity of an air conditioner, the heat transfer capacity of an indoor heat source and solar radiationHeat; ca、CmHeat capacities of indoor air and solid, respectively; m (t) is an air conditioner on-off state, m (t) 1 represents that the air conditioner is on, and m (t) 0 represents that the air conditioner is off; f. of1、f2Is the heat transfer coefficient.
Further, the expression of the air conditioning load reference power is as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000032
in the formula, PbaseReference power for air conditioner load, COP energy efficiency ratio of air conditioner, TsetTo set the temperature, UaIs an equivalent impedance, Q, of the interior and exterior of a roommIs the heat transfer capacity of a solid, ToIs the outdoor temperature.
Further, the expression of the air conditioning load dynamic power is as follows:
Pd(k)＝ATa(k)+BTa(k-1)+CTm(k-1)+D
in the formula, Pd(k) For air-conditioning load dynamic power, T, of period ka(k)、Ta(k-1) indoor air temperature, T, for a period k and a period k-1, respectivelym(k-1) is the chamber solids temperature during the k-1 period, and A, B, C and D are intermediate parameters calculated based on an equivalent thermal parameter model.
Further, the aggregation calculation specifically is:
Figure BDA0003365949990000041
Figure BDA0003365949990000042
wherein N is the number of air-conditioning loads of the communication base station contained in the VPP,
Figure BDA0003365949990000043
respectively representing the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air-conditioning load i,
Figure BDA0003365949990000044
in order to adjust the power up for the whole,
Figure BDA0003365949990000045
is the total turndown power.
Further, the single adjustment target is calculated as follows:
if the upper regulation command is executed, the regulation target of the power grid is
Figure BDA0003365949990000046
The single regulation target is the upper regulation power to be borne by the base station air conditioner i, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000047
if the upper regulation command is executed, the regulation target of the power grid is
Figure BDA0003365949990000048
The single regulation target is the lower regulation power that the base station air conditioner i needs to bear, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000049
further, the performing autonomous control by using the random state machine specifically includes:
and obtaining a transition probability based on the single adjusting target, determining the air conditioner state in a random state machine based on the transition probability, and realizing autonomous control, wherein the transition probability comprises an opening probability and a closing probability.
Further, in the random state machine, the air conditioning state includes four states: the system comprises an air conditioner, an ON state, an ONLOCK state, an OFF state and an OFFLOCK, wherein the ON state and the ONLOCK state are the opening states of the air conditioner, the ON state represents that the air conditioner meets the requirement of locking time and can be closed at any time, and the ONLOCK state represents that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be closed temporarily; OFF and OFFLOCK are OFF states of the air conditioner, the OFF state represents that the air conditioner meets the locking requirement and can be started at any time, and the OFFLOCK state represents that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be started temporarily.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. VPPs are formed by coordinating and controlling air conditioning loads in large-scale communication base stations, thereby effectively utilizing resources.
2. Each communication base station adopts an autonomous control method based on a random state machine for the air conditioner load, so that the communication frequency can be effectively reduced, the direct load control can be avoided, meanwhile, the room temperature of the communication base station can be maintained, and the locking time of the air conditioner load can be considered.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a communication base station air conditioner load autonomous control process based on a random state machine;
FIG. 3 illustrates the random state machine control effect of air conditioning load in an embodiment;
FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of VPP power tracking error;
FIG. 5 shows the distribution of normalized room temperature of all communication stations in VPP in the example.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, a coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in communication base stations aggregates massive communication base stations into a virtual power plant VPP, and the VPP communicates with a power grid to realize power grid coordination control, specifically including the following steps:
step 1: acquiring the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioner load of each communication base station;
step 2: performing aggregation calculation on air conditioner loads of all communication base stations of the VPP to obtain total up-regulation power and total down-regulation power;
and step 3: receiving a regulation target of a power grid;
and 4, step 4: decomposing the adjustment target into a single adjustment target for each communication base station air conditioning load;
and 5: and the air conditioner load of each communication base station is autonomously controlled by utilizing a random state machine based on the corresponding single regulation target.
According to the method, a principle that buildings of communication base stations have cold storage capacity is utilized, massive communication base stations are aggregated into a virtual power plant to participate in power grid interaction, the base stations estimate maximum upper adjustment power and maximum lower adjustment power automatically, the virtual power plant aggregates the adjustment power of each communication base station, target power transmitted by a power grid is decomposed to each communication base station, and finally each communication base station adopts an autonomous control method based on a random state machine for air conditioner load, so that communication frequency can be effectively reduced, direct load control can be avoided, meanwhile, room temperature of the communication base stations can be maintained, locking time of the air conditioner load can be considered, and reliable coordinated control can be realized by effectively utilizing large-scale communication base stations.
Estimation of maximum adjustment of air conditioner load of communication base station
The communication base station is a small building with a simple structure, and the internal thermal gain is relatively constant, so that Equivalent Thermal Parameters (ETP) model simulation can be adopted, and a second-order expression of the ETP model is as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000061
in the formula: t isa、TmAnd ToRespectively indoor air temperature, indoor solid temperature and outdoor temperature; t is time; u shapeaEquivalent impedance of indoor and outdoor; hmIs the equivalent impedance between the indoor air and the solid; qaAnd QmIndoor gas and solid heat transfer capacity respectively; qac、QiAnd QsThe heat transfer capacity of the air conditioner, the heat transfer capacity of the indoor heat source and the solar radiation heat are respectively; ca、CmAre respectively indoorsHeat capacity of air and solids; m (t) is an air conditioner on-off state, m (t) 1 represents that the air conditioner is on, and m (t) 0 represents that the air conditioner is off; f. of1、f2For heat transfer coefficient, in particular embodiments f1＝f2＝0.5。
(1) Reference power P of air conditioner loadbaseIs estimated by
Flexibility of the air conditioning load is achieved by deviating its actual power from the reference power PbaseTo achieve the purpose. PbaseDefined as the air conditioner is maintained at the set temperature T under the non-control statesetThe desired power required. Let T in formula (1)a＝Tset，dTa(t)/dT is 0 while ignoring the change in solid temperature, i.e. assuming dTm(t)/dt is 0, the reference power is obtained as
Figure BDA0003365949990000062
In the formula, COP is an energy efficiency ratio of the air conditioner.
Since the outdoor temperature changes slowly, the reference power can be considered to be substantially constant within one control period (e.g., 0.5 h).
(2) Dynamic power P of air conditioner loaddIs estimated by
PdDefined as the desired power required to change the current room temperature to the specified temperature within 1 control cycle. Let the air conditioner in the k-th cycle with PdContinuously running for 1 control period to change the room temperature to the temperature Ta(k)。
Elimination of T from formula (1)mObtaining:
Figure BDA0003365949990000063
wherein:
Figure BDA0003365949990000071
solving equation (3) yields:
Figure BDA0003365949990000072
wherein:
Figure BDA0003365949990000073
then Q in formula (5) is extractedaThe expression of the dynamic power of the available air conditioning load is:
Pd(k)＝ATa(k)+BTa(k-1)+CTm(k-1)+D (6)
wherein:
Figure BDA0003365949990000074
Figure BDA0003365949990000075
Figure BDA0003365949990000076
Figure BDA0003365949990000077
Figure BDA0003365949990000078
d is a function related to time period k.
If the allowable room temperature range of the air conditioner is [ Tmin, Tmax ], then:
1) substituting ta (k) ═ Tmin into formula (6), and recording the obtained dynamic power pd (k) as maximum power pmax (k), the maximum up-regulation power of the air-conditioning load in k period is:
Pup,max(k)＝Pmax(k)-Pbase(k) (7)
this power represents the maximum valley fill response (load increase) capability of the air conditioning load.
2) Substituting ta (k) for Tmax into formula (6), and taking the required dynamic power pd (k) as the minimum power pmin (k), the maximum power-down of the air-conditioning load in the k period is:
Pdn,max(k)＝Pbase(k)-Pmin(k) (8)
this power represents the maximum peak clipping response (load shedding) capability of the air conditioning load.
Air conditioner load duty ratio control based on random state machine
Compared with the air conditioning system in a common building, the air conditioning load in the communication base station has the following characteristics: (1) the former is used to ensure human comfort and the latter is used to maintain the operating temperature of the in-station communication equipment. Therefore, the room temperature of the communication base station allows a larger variation range, and thus has a larger adjustment potential; (2) because the failure of the air-conditioning load can directly influence the reliable operation of the equipment in the base station, the direct load control of the air-conditioning load in the communication base station is not allowed; (3) the communication base stations are large in number and distributed in positions, and the communication frequency between the communication base stations and the VPP is reduced as much as possible.
In view of the above requirements, the present invention employs a random state machine as shown in fig. 2 for duty cycle control of the air conditioning load. The state machine in fig. 2 contains four states: ON, ONLOCK, OFF, OFFLOCK. Wherein:
ON and ONLOCK are in the air conditioner ON state, m (t) is 1, and the air conditioner is operated at rated power. The difference between the two states is: the ON state indicates that the air conditioner has met the requirement of the locking time and can be closed at any time, and the ONLOCK state indicates that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be closed temporarily.
OFF and offtack are air conditioner OFF states, and m (t) is 0, at which time the air conditioner power may be approximately 0. The difference between the two states is: the OFF state indicates that the air conditioner has satisfied the locking requirement and can be turned on at any time, while the OFFLOCK state indicates that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be turned on temporarily.
By introducing the ONLOCK and OFFLOCK states, the condition that the air conditioner is frequently started and stopped to aggravate abrasion and even damage a compressor can be prevented. Time t for opening and closing lockonlockAnd closing lock time tofflockGenerally, the time is 3-5 min.
In the probability control shown in FIG. 2, u is introduced1And u1The two transition probabilities control state transitions of the air conditioner. Let m be 1,2,3,4 respectively representing ON, OFF, ONLOCK and offtack states. As can be seen from fig. 2, the state transition of the air conditioning load has one-way property, and there are:
p14＝p42＝p23＝p31＝1 (9)
in the formula, p14Representing the transition probability from state 1 to state 4, and so on for the remaining transition probabilities.
Let F14(t) and F23(t) are each a parameter u0T and u1The exponential distribution of/Δ t, i.e.:
Figure BDA0003365949990000081
where Δ t is the execution interval of the random state machine.
The average residence time for states 1,2, as derived from the nature of the exponential distribution, is then:
Figure BDA0003365949990000091
since states 3,4 are latched, the average residence time is:
Figure BDA0003365949990000092
after a finite time, the probability of being in a state can converge to a steady state probability that is independent of the initial state. From the equation (9) and the properties of the Markov chain, the steady-state probability p of each state can be knownmComprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0003365949990000093
substituting formulae (11) and (12) for formula (13) to obtain:
Figure BDA0003365949990000094
the air conditioner adopts start-stop control, and the power of the air conditioner is rated power P when the air conditioner is startedrateThe power at off is approximately 0. Thus, the instantaneous power of the air conditioner at a certain time is a discrete random variable (P)rateOr 0). According to the expected formula of the discrete random variable, the average power of the air conditioning load in the k period is as follows:
P(k)＝(p1+p3)Prate (15)
in the formula, p1，p3And calculating the steady-state probabilities that the air conditioner is in the ON state and the ONLOCK state in the k time period according to the formula (14). p is a radical of1+p3Represents the duty ratio of the air conditioner in the on state for the k period. In the present invention, p (k) refers to the average power of the air conditioning load in a period of time.
By combining the formulas (14) and (15), the average power of the air conditioning load in each period is the transition probability u after the control method is adopted0And u1As a function of (c). Thus, by adjusting u0And u1Value, i.e. the average power of the air conditioning load can be adjusted; at a given u0And u1After the value, the air conditioning load can be autonomously controlled according to the random state machine of fig. 1.
Aggregation and decomposition design of air conditioner load VPP of communication base station
The VPP comprises N communication base station air conditioning loads in total.
(1) Polymerization process
The ability to adjust (boost, corresponding to valley fill response) the overall VPP over time k is aggregated as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000101
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure BDA0003365949990000102
respectively representing the maximum power and the reference power of the base station air conditioner i.
The ability to adjust (reduce load, corresponding to peak reduction response) the entire VPP over time period k is aggregated as follows:
Figure BDA0003365949990000103
(2) decomposition method
If the entire VPP executes the Up Regulation command, set the total Up Regulation target Power to
Figure BDA0003365949990000104
The total tuning program mark is decomposed to each base station air conditioner according to the principle of sharing the adjusting capacity. The base station air conditioner i needs to bear the following adjusting power:
Figure BDA0003365949990000105
if the whole VPP executes the down regulation command, the total power of the down program is set to be
Figure BDA0003365949990000106
The total tuning program mark is decomposed to each base station air conditioner according to the principle of sharing the adjusting capacity. The base station air conditioner i needs to bear the following adjusting power:
Figure BDA0003365949990000107
in summary, the overall control process of the coordination control method is as follows:
step 1: estimating the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioner load of the communication base station according to the formulas (7) and (8), and reporting to the VPP;
step 2: the VPP is aggregated according to the formulas (16) and (17) to form total up-regulated power and down-regulated power, and the total up-regulated power and the down-regulated power are reported to a power grid;
and step 3: the power grid determines an upper regulation target power according to the total regulation capacity of the VPP
Figure BDA0003365949990000108
Or regulating power down
Figure BDA0003365949990000109
And issuing to VPP;
and 4, step 4: the VPP decomposes the regulation target into air conditioning load of each base station according to the formula (18) or the formula (19);
and 5: the base station air-conditioning load is expressed by equations (14) and (15) to determine the transition probability u0And u1And autonomous control is performed according to the random state machine of fig. 2.
Fourth, example
(1) Base station air conditioner load parameter setting
Table 1 shows the air conditioner load parameter settings of the communication base station, in which U represents uniform distribution. The communication interval between the VPP and the air conditioning load of each communication base station is 0.5 h.
TABLE 1 communication base station air conditioner load parameter
Figure BDA00033659499900001010
Figure BDA0003365949990000111
(2) Random state machine control effect of air conditioner load
Without loss of generality, all air conditioner loads are taken to have Pi(k)＝0.2Prate,i. That is, the duty ratio of all air conditioning loads in the VPP is 0.2. Then, the transition probability u is obtained according to (14) and (15)0＝0.0143，u10.0018. The steady-state probabilities of the states obtained from equation (14) should be p1＝0.0875，p2＝0.6875，p30.1125 and p40.1125. In order to verify the steady-state probabilities, 2 base station air conditioning loads VPP of sizes N1,000 and N10,000 are constructed, respectively, and each air conditioning load in the VPP is autonomously operated at the mobility. The simulation results are shown in fig. 3, where transient probability refers to the actual percentage of each air conditioning state in the VPP. It can be seen that the distribution rate of the air conditioning states in the VPP converges to the steady-state probability after a certain time, and the convergence time is less than 0.5 h. Meanwhile, the more the number of air conditioners is, the lower the overall randomness is. The random state machine control method has a good control effect on the VPP containing large-scale base station air conditioner load.
(3) Response performance verification
The response performance was verified by taking the VPP consisting of 1000 communication base stations air conditioning loads as an example. The target power of the VPP is randomly generated as follows (the above adjustments are examples):
Figure BDA0003365949990000112
in the formula: rand is a random function; k ═ 0,23], i.e., for 24 hours of continuous testing.
To evaluate the effect of VPP tracking target power, the following power tracking error is defined:
Figure BDA0003365949990000113
in the formula:
Figure BDA0003365949990000114
the actual power is regulated for the k period VPP.
FIG. 4 shows the power tracking error of VPP. Therefore, the method of the invention can ensure that the whole VPP can better track the total target power through the autonomous operation of the air conditioner load of each communication base station.
The control effect of the base station room temperature is verified below. Firstly, defining an air-conditioning State (SOA) index for normalization processing of the room temperature of the base station:
Figure BDA0003365949990000115
in the formula, subscript i is index of base station air conditioner, Tmin、TmaxRespectively the lowest and highest room temperature allowed by the base station. Obviously, if the room temperature is within the above allowable range, the SOA value range is [0,1 ]]。
Fig. 5 shows the distribution of the base station room temperature in 24 hours. Therefore, the room temperature of most base stations can be controlled within an allowable range through the autonomous control of the air conditioner; a small number of base station room temperatures are out of limit for part of the time period, but not exceeding the upper limit of 2.8 ℃. Because the communication base station does not need to consider the comfort level of the human body, the short-time temperature out-of-limit does not influence the normal operation of the communication equipment in the base station.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims (10)

1. A coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioning loads in a communication base station is characterized by comprising the following steps:
aggregating a mass communication base station into a virtual power plant VPP, wherein the VPP is communicated with a power grid;
acquiring the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioner load of each communication base station;
performing aggregation calculation on air conditioner loads of all communication base stations of the VPP to obtain total up-regulation power and total down-regulation power;
receiving an adjustment target of a power grid, and decomposing the adjustment target into a single adjustment target aiming at the air conditioning load of each communication base station;
and the air conditioner load of each communication base station is autonomously controlled by utilizing a random state machine based on the corresponding single regulation target.
2. The coordination control method for forming the virtual power plant by utilizing the air conditioning loads in the communication base station according to claim 1, wherein the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air conditioning loads of the communication base station are obtained by adopting an air conditioning load maximum regulation capacity estimation method based on equivalent thermal parameters.
3. The coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 2, wherein the estimation method for the maximum adjustment capacity of the air conditioning load based on the equivalent thermal parameters specifically comprises:
simulating a communication base station by adopting an equivalent thermal parameter model, and constructing expressions of air conditioner load reference power and air conditioner load dynamic power;
obtaining the room temperature range T allowed by the air conditioner loadmin,Tmax]，TminAt minimum room temperature, TmaxCalculating the maximum up-regulation power P of the air conditioner load in k time period for the maximum room temperatureup,max(k) And maximum turndown power Pdn,max(k) The specific calculation formula is as follows:
Pup,max(k)＝Pmax(k)-Pbase(k)
Pdn,max(k)＝Pbase(k)-Pmin(k)
in the formula, Pbase(k) Reference power of air conditioning load for k time period, Pmax(k) Minimum room temperature T for period kminThe dynamic power of air conditioner load, Pmin(k) Maximum room temperature T for period kmaxAnd (5) obtaining the dynamic power of the air conditioning load.
4. The coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by utilizing air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 3, wherein the second-order expression of the equivalent thermal parameter model of the simulated communication base station is as follows:
Figure FDA0003365949980000021
in the formula, Ta、TmAnd ToRespectively indoor air temperature, indoor solid temperature and outdoor temperature; t is time; u shapeaEquivalent impedance of indoor and outdoor; hmIs the equivalent impedance between the indoor air and the solid; qaAnd QmIndoor gas and solid heat transfer capacity respectively; qac、QiAnd QsThe heat transfer capacity of the air conditioner, the heat transfer capacity of the indoor heat source and the solar radiation heat are respectively; ca、CmHeat capacities of indoor air and solid, respectively; m (t) is an air conditioner on-off state, m (t) 1 represents that the air conditioner is on, and m (t) 0 represents that the air conditioner is off; f. of1、f2Is the heat transfer coefficient.
5. The coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 3, wherein the expression of the reference power of the air conditioning loads is as follows:
Figure FDA0003365949980000022
in the formula, PbaseReference power for air conditioner load, COP energy efficiency ratio of air conditioner, TsetTo set the temperature, UaIs an equivalent impedance, Q, of the interior and exterior of a roommIs the heat transfer capacity of a solid, ToIs the outdoor temperature.
6. The coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 3, wherein the expression of the dynamic power of the air conditioning loads is as follows:
Pd(k)＝ATa(k)+BTa(k-1)+CTm(k-1)+D
in the formula, Pd(k) For air-conditioning load dynamic power, T, of period ka(k)、Ta(k-1) indoor air temperature, T, for a period k and a period k-1, respectivelym(k-1) is the chamber solids temperature during the k-1 period, and A, B, C and D are intermediate parameters calculated based on an equivalent thermal parameter model.
7. The coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 1, wherein the aggregation calculation specifically comprises:
Figure FDA0003365949980000023
Figure FDA0003365949980000024
wherein N is the number of air-conditioning loads of communication base station contained in VPP, Pi up,max(k)、Pi dn,max(k) Respectively representing the maximum up-regulation power and the maximum down-regulation power of the air-conditioning load i,
Figure FDA0003365949980000025
in order to adjust the power up for the whole,
Figure FDA0003365949980000026
is the total turndown power.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the single adjustment target is calculated as follows:
if the upper regulation command is executed, the regulation target of the power grid is
Figure FDA0003365949980000031
The single regulation target is the upper regulation power to be borne by the base station air conditioner i, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003365949980000032
if the upper regulation command is executed, the regulation target of the power grid is
Figure FDA0003365949980000033
The single regulation target is the lower regulation power that the base station air conditioner i needs to bear, and the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003365949980000034
9. the coordination control method for forming a virtual power plant by using air conditioning loads in a communication base station according to claim 1, wherein the autonomous control by using a random state machine specifically comprises:
and obtaining a transition probability based on the single adjusting target, determining the air conditioner state in a random state machine based on the transition probability, and realizing autonomous control, wherein the transition probability comprises an opening probability and a closing probability.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 9, wherein the random state machine comprises four states: the system comprises an air conditioner, an ON state, an ONLOCK state, an OFF state and an OFFLOCK, wherein the ON state and the ONLOCK state are the opening states of the air conditioner, the ON state represents that the air conditioner meets the requirement of locking time and can be closed at any time, and the ONLOCK state represents that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be closed temporarily; OFF and OFFLOCK are OFF states of the air conditioner, the OFF state represents that the air conditioner meets the locking requirement and can be started at any time, and the OFFLOCK state represents that the air conditioner is in the locking state and cannot be started temporarily.
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