CN114050316A - Electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114050316A CN114050316A CN202111315065.1A CN202111315065A CN114050316A CN 114050316 A CN114050316 A CN 114050316A CN 202111315065 A CN202111315065 A CN 202111315065A CN 114050316 A CN114050316 A CN 114050316A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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Abstract
The invention provides an electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the electrolyte comprises electrolyte salt, a diluent and an ionic liquid solvent, the diluent is a fluorine-containing ether compound which does not dissolve electrolyte lithium salt but is mutually soluble with the ionic liquid solvent, and the ionic liquid solvent is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ionic liquid.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and relates to an electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The lithium metal has extremely high specific capacity (3860mAh g)-1) And the lowest oxidation-reduction potential (-3.04Vvs. SHE), the energy density of the constructed battery system can reach more than ten times of that of the traditional lithium ion battery; however, goldThe lithium negative electrode is easy to generate lithium dendrite during the charging process: on one hand, lithium dendrites have self-amplification action and can pierce through a diaphragm and extend to a positive electrode, so that the internal short circuit of the battery is caused, and even fire explosion and the like are induced; on the other hand, lithium dendrites have very high reactivity, and can continuously consume electrolyte and active lithium to generate a continuously thickened SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) interface, which causes lower coulombic efficiency and shorter cycle life, and dendrites are wrapped by SEI or fall off to cause electrochemical loss to form dead lithium, thereby further causing reduction of coulombic efficiency.
In order to solve the above problems, researchers regulate the deposition behavior of lithium by optimizing electrolyte components, developing solid electrolytes, constructing artificial SEI films, designing three-dimensional lithium deposition frames, and other strategies. The artificial SEI film is constructed to be beneficial to relieving the side reaction of the electrolyte and the lithium cathode, and the three-dimensional lithium host structure and the composite electrode can effectively inhibit the volume expansion of the lithium cathode to a certain extent, but the processes for constructing the artificial SEI film and designing the three-dimensional lithium host structure are complex and are not beneficial to large-scale production; the solid electrolyte has low ionic conductivity, although it can suppress the formation of dendrites well.
CN110880618A discloses a lithium metal battery electrolyte added with insoluble solid particles, comprising a base electrolyte and insoluble solid particles; the basic electrolyte comprises an organic solvent and a conductive lithium salt; the insoluble solid particles are nitrides and/or fluorides of M metal; the M metal is at least one of Li or a metal capable of being reduced and replaced by Li metal.
CN109786808A discloses a nitrile electrolyte for lithium metal battery and lithium metal battery using the same, which is composed of at least two lithium salts and at least one solid or liquid reagent containing cyano functional group.
The electrolyte solution in the scheme has the problems of low coulombic efficiency, poor safety or poor cycle performance, so that the development of the electrolyte solution is urgently needed to improve the coulombic efficiency, the safety performance and the cycle performance of a lithium ion battery taking metal lithium as a negative electrode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electrolyte and a preparation method and application thereof, the electrolyte is based on a lossless electrostatic shielding mechanism, and a local high-concentration lithium salt system formed by an ionic liquid solvent and a diluent has the functions of effectively controlling uniform deposition of lithium and inhibiting dendritic crystal self-amplification growth, is favorable for keeping the effect of inhibiting lithium dendritic crystals in long circulation of a battery, and has obvious effects of protecting a metal lithium cathode and prolonging the cycle life and safety of the battery.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides an electrolyte, including an electrolyte salt, a diluent, and an ionic liquid solvent, where the diluent is a fluorine-containing ether compound that does not dissolve an electrolyte lithium salt but is miscible with the ionic liquid solvent, and the ionic liquid solvent is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ionic liquid.
The electrolyte contains electrolyte salt, a diluent and an ionic liquid solvent, wherein the ionic liquid solvent plays a role in electrostatic shielding to repair lithium metal bulges, when the surface of metal lithium has deposition bulges, the electric field at the bulge positions is stronger, ionic liquid cations are gathered at the bulge positions, and the effective reduction potential is lower than that of the lithium ions, so that the lithium ions are not deposited at the bulge positions any more by only adsorbing to form an electrostatic shielding layer, and the growth of dendritic crystals is inhibited. The diluent does not dissolve electrolyte lithium salt, and is mutually soluble with an ionic liquid solvent, so that the diluent has good effects of reducing viscosity and improving wettability, because the diluent does not dissolve lithium salt, the ionic liquid and the electrolyte form a high-concentration electrolyte, the diluent is diluted to reduce the viscosity without changing the solvation structure of lithium ions, the overall concentration viscosity of the electrolyte is reduced, but the active ingredients are still high in concentration, the diluent is matched with the electrolyte salt and the ionic liquid solvent to form a local high-concentration electrolyte, firstly, the concentration of lithium ions can reduce concentration polarization, the lithium deposition is more uniform, secondly, the LOMO energy level of anions is reduced by the high-concentration electrolyte, an SEI film with high inorganic ingredient content can be reduced and formed on the surface of lithium metal, and the SEI film has higher stability, mechanical strength and lithium ion conductivity, so that the growth of dendritic crystals is inhibited. Therefore, the electrolyte can effectively and uniformly deposit lithium and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, thereby achieving the aim of improving the cycle performance and safety of the lithium metal secondary battery.
Preferably, the diluent comprises any one of 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) ether, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether or 1,1,1,3,3, 3-hexafluoroisopropylmethyl ether or a combination of at least two thereof.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the diluent is 10-75% based on 100% of the electrolyte, for example: 10%, 25%, 40%, 55%, 75%, etc.
Preferably, the cation of the ionic liquid solvent comprises any one or a combination of at least two of pyrrolidine type cations, piperidine type cations or imidazole type cations.
Preferably, the structural formula of the pyrrolidine cation is shown in formula I:
wherein R is1Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl; r2Including any one or a combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
Preferably, the piperidine type cation has a structural formula shown in formula II:
wherein R is3Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl; r4Including any one or a combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
Preferably, the piperidine type cation has a structural formula shown in formula III:
wherein R is5Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl; r6Including any one or a combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl.
Preferably, the anion of the ionic liquid solvent comprises any one of or a combination of at least two of bis-fluorosulfonylimide anion, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide anion, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate, dioxalate borate, or difluorooxalate borate.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the ionic liquid solvent is 10-85% based on 100% of the electrolyte, for example: 15%, 30%, 55%, 60%, 85%, etc.
The mass ratio of the ionic liquid solvent to the diluent in the electrolyte can influence the performance of the prepared electrolyte, the mass fraction of the ionic liquid solvent is controlled to be 10-85%, the mass ratio of the diluent is controlled to be 10-75%, the performance of the prepared electrolyte is good, and if the mass ratio exceeds the range, the performance of the prepared electrolyte is obviously reduced. If the proportion of the diluent is too high, the thermal stability of the electrolyte is reduced, the flame retardance is poor, the proportion of the diluent is too low, the solution viscosity is too high, the conductivity is low, and the cycle performance is poor; if the proportion of the ionic liquid solvent is too high, the viscosity of the electrolyte is higher, the conductivity is lower, the cycle performance is poorer, the proportion of the ionic liquid is too low, the thermal stability of the electrolyte is reduced, and the flame retardance is poorer.
Preferably, the lithium salt includes LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiODFB、LiClO4Any one or a combination of at least two of LiTFSI or LiFSI.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the lithium salt is 5 to 25% based on 100% of the electrolyte, for example: 5%, 7%, 10%, 16%, 25%, etc.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the electrolyte according to the first aspect, the method comprising: and mixing an ionic liquid solvent and electrolyte lithium salt, and adding a diluent to obtain the electrolyte.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a lithium ion battery comprising the electrolyte according to the first aspect.
Preferably, the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is a lithium negative electrode.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the electrolyte, the SEI film for inhibiting dendritic crystals is formed in situ, the lithium metal protrusions are repaired under the electrostatic shielding effect, and lithium ions are uniformly deposited under the regulation and control of high lithium salt concentration, so that the purposes of inhibiting dendritic crystal growth, improving the coulombic efficiency of the lithium metal secondary battery and prolonging the cycle life of the lithium metal secondary battery are achieved.
(2) The electrolyte is suitable for the existing battery system, does not need a complex process, and has the characteristics of convenience and economy, and the electrolyte solvent ionic liquid is based on a lossless electrostatic shielding mechanism, and a local high-concentration lithium salt system formed by matching a diluent has the effects of effectively controlling uniform deposition of lithium and inhibiting self-amplification growth of dendritic crystals, is favorable for keeping the effect of inhibiting the lithium dendritic crystals in the long cycle of the battery, and has obvious effects of protecting a metal lithium cathode and prolonging the cycle life and safety of the battery.
(3) The conductivity of the electrolyte can reach more than 4.99mS/cm, the viscosity can reach less than 5.5cp, and the cycle performance of the prepared battery can reach more than 200 circles.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained by the following embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the examples are only for the understanding of the present invention and should not be construed as the specific limitations of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides an electrolyte, and a preparation method of the electrolyte comprises the following steps:
mixing 25 parts by mass of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether and 70 parts by mass of an ionic liquid solvent, and adding 5 parts by mass of lithium hexafluorophosphate, wherein the anion of the ionic liquid solvent is bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide ion, and the cation of the ionic liquid solvent is N-butyl-N-methylpiperidine bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion.
Example 2
The embodiment provides an electrolyte, and a preparation method of the electrolyte comprises the following steps:
mixing 30 parts by mass of 1H,1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether and 62 parts by mass of an ionic liquid solvent, and adding 8 parts by mass of LiODFB, wherein the anion of the ionic liquid solvent is bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion, and the cation of the ionic liquid solvent is 1-butyl-1-propylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide ion.
Example 3
This example is different from example 1 only in that 45 parts by mass of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether and 50 parts by mass of an ionic liquid solvent are used, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as those in example 1.
Example 4
This example is different from example 1 only in that 15 parts by mass of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether and 80 parts by mass of an ionic liquid solvent are used, and other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as those in example 1.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that no diluent is added and the other conditions and parameters are exactly the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether was replaced with ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (in which lithium salt was dissolved), and the other conditions and parameters were exactly the same as those in example 1.
Comparative example 3
The comparative example is different from the example 1 only in that the ionic liquid solvent is replaced by methylalanine methyl ester bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ionic liquid, and other conditions and parameters are completely the same as the example 1.
Comparative example 4
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that the ionic liquid solvent was replaced with conventional ethyl methyl carbonate, and the other conditions and parameters were exactly the same as in example 1.
And (3) performance testing:
the electrolytes of examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were tested for conductivity and viscosity using a conductivity meter and a viscometer to prepare a battery, and the battery was charged at a constant current and a constant voltage of 1C to 4.3V and discharged at 1C to 2.75V, and the charge and discharge cycles were performed according to the procedure, and the test results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from Table 1, the conductivity of the electrolyte of the invention can reach more than 4.99mS/cm, the viscosity can reach less than 5.5cp, and the cycle performance of the prepared battery can reach more than 200 circles according to the examples 1-4.
Compared with the examples 3 to 4, the mass ratio of the ionic liquid to the diluent in the electrolyte can affect the performance of the prepared electrolyte, the mass fraction of the ionic liquid solvent is controlled to be 10-85%, the mass ratio of the diluent is controlled to be 10-75%, the performance of the prepared electrolyte is good, if the mass fraction of the ionic liquid solvent is beyond the range, the performance of the prepared electrolyte is obviously reduced, if the mass fraction of the diluent is too high, the thermal stability of the electrolyte is reduced, the flame retardance is poor, and if the mass ratio of the ionic liquid solvent is too high, the viscosity of the electrolyte is high, the conductivity is low, and the cycle performance is poor.
Compared with the comparative examples 1 and 2, the invention has the advantages that the diluent which does not dissolve lithium salt and is mutually soluble with the solvent is added into the electrolyte, the effects of reducing viscosity and improving wettability are good, the local high-concentration electrolyte is formed by matching electrolyte salt and an ionic liquid solvent, firstly, the concentration polarization can be reduced due to high lithium ion concentration, lithium deposition is more uniform, secondly, the energy level of anion LOMO is reduced due to the high-concentration electrolyte, an SEI film with high inorganic component content can be reduced and formed on the surface of lithium metal, and the SEI film has higher stability, mechanical strength and lithium ion conductivity, so that the growth of dendrite is inhibited.
Compared with the comparative example 3, the invention adds the nitrogen heterocyclic ionic liquid as the solvent into the electrolyte, thereby improving the thermal stability and the flame retardance of the electrolyte and further improving the safety of the battery.
The applicant declares that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope and disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The electrolyte is characterized by comprising electrolyte salt, a diluent and an ionic liquid solvent, wherein the diluent is a fluorine-containing ether compound which does not dissolve electrolyte lithium salt but is mutually soluble with the ionic liquid solvent, and the ionic liquid solvent is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ionic liquid.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises any one of 2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) ether, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether, or 1,1,1,3,3, 3-hexafluoroisopropylmethyl ether, or a combination of at least two thereof.
3. The electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mass fraction of the diluent is 10 to 75% based on 100% by mass of the electrolyte.
4. The electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the cation of the ionic liquid solvent comprises any one or a combination of at least two of pyrrolidine type cations, piperidine type cations or imidazole type cations;
preferably, the structural formula of the pyrrolidine cation is shown in formula I:
wherein R is1Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl; r2Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl;
preferably, the piperidine type cation has a structural formula shown in formula II:
wherein R is3Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl; r4Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl;
preferably, the piperidine type cation has a structural formula shown in formula III:
wherein R is5Comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl;R6comprises any one or the combination of at least two of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, primary butyl, secondary butyl or tertiary butyl;
preferably, the anion of the ionic liquid solvent comprises any one of or a combination of at least two of bis-fluorosulfonylimide anion, bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide anion, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate, dioxalate borate, or difluorooxalate borate.
5. The electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ionic liquid solvent is present in a mass fraction of 10 to 85% based on 100% by mass of the electrolyte.
6. The electrolyte of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the electrolyte lithium salt comprises LiPF6、LiBF4、LiBOB、LiODFB、LiClO4Any one or a combination of at least two of LiTFSI or LiFSI.
7. The electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the lithium salt is present in an amount of 5 to 25% by mass based on 100% by mass of the electrolyte.
8. A method of preparing the electrolyte of any of claims 1-7, comprising: and mixing an ionic liquid solvent and electrolyte lithium salt, and adding a diluent to obtain the electrolyte.
9. A lithium ion battery comprising the electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. The lithium ion battery of claim 9, wherein the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is a lithium negative electrode.
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CN114512722A (en) * | 2022-03-09 | 2022-05-17 | 东莞理工学院 | Metal lithium-based secondary battery electrolyte and application thereof |
CN117352849A (en) * | 2023-10-27 | 2024-01-05 | 深圳欣视界科技有限公司 | Electrolyte, secondary battery and electricity utilization device |
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