CN114050229A - Pole piece and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Pole piece and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114050229A CN114050229A CN202111330574.1A CN202111330574A CN114050229A CN 114050229 A CN114050229 A CN 114050229A CN 202111330574 A CN202111330574 A CN 202111330574A CN 114050229 A CN114050229 A CN 114050229A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a pole piece and a preparation method and application thereof. The pole piece comprises a composite current collector, an active substance, a pole lug and a metal sheet, wherein the composite current collector comprises a polymer layer, a first metal layer and a second metal layer which are arranged on two sides of the polymer; the composite current collector is provided with a dressing area and a hollow foil area, wherein an active substance is coated in the dressing area, the area which is not coated with the active substance is the hollow foil area, and the hollow foil area is provided with a through hole or a notch; the metal sheet is arranged on one side of the first metal layer and is connected and communicated with the first metal layer, and the tab is arranged on one side of the second metal layer and is connected and communicated with the second metal layer; the metal sheet and the electrode lug are connected and conducted through the through hole or the notch. The pole piece provided by the invention has the advantages of high production efficiency, small internal resistance of the battery and high safety performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a pole piece and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high energy density, stable discharge, long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, environmental friendliness and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of 3C digital and new energy electric vehicles, energy storage systems and the like. The lithium battery mainly comprises positive and negative active substances, positive and negative current collectors, tabs, a diaphragm, electrolyte, a battery shell and the like. The lithium ion battery current collector has the following main functions: and carrying the positive and negative active substances, and collecting the micro current generated by the electrochemical reaction of the active substances and conducting the micro current to an external circuit through the tabs. The commercial positive current collector is mainly aluminum foil, and the negative current collector is copper foil.
When an electric core produced by taking the aluminum foil and the copper foil as current collectors is subjected to needling, extrusion, heavy object impact and the like, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are easy to directly contact, so that the electric core is ignited due to the short circuit of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In order to improve the safety of the battery core, a composite current collector with metal on two sides and organic polymer in the middle layer can be adopted. The battery core of the composite current collector adopting the metal-polymer-metal structure can effectively improve the performances of needling, extrusion, heavy object impact and the like. However, the organic polymer layer in the middle of the composite current collector is insulated relative to metal, and after a tab is welded on one side of a pole piece, the internal resistance of a battery cell is large and part of active substances cannot participate in the electrochemical reaction of the battery because the metal layers on the two sides are not conducted.
The current common method for welding the metal-polymer-metal structure composite current collector comprises the following steps: adopting double tabs: when the welding is carried out, the positive and negative surfaces of the pole piece are respectively welded with one lug, but the lug glue of the two lugs can not be well fused together during packaging, so that electrolyte leakage is caused. Adopting foil material for switching: use two foils to weld in advance on the two sides of compound mass flow body, weld ordinary utmost point ear on the foil again, but foil light in weight, mechanical structure adsorbs or snatchs the foil hardly, leads to welding efficiency very low. Adopting a branched tab: the special tab with the branching structure is used, two layers of tabs are welded on two sides of the composite current collector simultaneously during welding, only one layer of tab glue is used, but the special tab needs to be additionally customized, and the customization cost is high. Adopting a special tab: the tab with tab glue is welded on one surface of the pole piece, and then the tab without tab glue is welded with the other surface of the pole piece and the tab with tab glue respectively, but the welding area of the two tabs is too large, a packaging shell of the battery needs to be additionally designed, and the energy density of the battery is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the above, the invention is completed for solving the defects in the prior art, and the invention aims to provide a pole piece with high production efficiency, small internal resistance of a battery and high safety performance, and a preparation method and application thereof.
The invention provides a pole piece, which comprises a composite current collector, an active substance, a pole lug and a metal sheet, wherein the composite current collector comprises a polymer layer, a first metal layer and a second metal layer, wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer are arranged on two sides of a polymer;
the composite current collector is provided with a dressing area and a hollow foil area, wherein an active substance is coated in the dressing area, the area which is not coated with the active substance is the hollow foil area, and the hollow foil area is provided with a through hole or a notch;
the metal sheet is arranged on one side of the first metal layer and is connected and communicated with the first metal layer, and the tab is arranged on one side of the second metal layer and is connected and communicated with the second metal layer;
the metal sheet and the electrode lug are connected and conducted through the through hole or the notch.
Further, the metal sheet includes, but is not limited to, one or more of aluminum foil, aluminum sheet, aluminum tab, copper foil, copper sheet, copper tab, iron sheet, nickel sheet, and nickel tab.
Further, the first metal layer and the second metal layer include, but are not limited to, one or more of aluminum, copper, silver, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, and silver alloy.
Further, the polymer layer includes, but is not limited to, one or more of polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol.
Further, the active material is at least one of a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
Further, the positive active material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of lithium cobaltate, nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material, nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary material, nickel-cobalt-manganese-aluminum quaternary material, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate, and lithium manganate, and the negative active material includes one or more of graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon material, silicon-oxygen material, silicon-carbon material, and lithium titanate.
Further, the shape of the through hole or the gap includes, but is not limited to, one or more of a rectangle, a circle, a polygon or an ellipse.
The invention also provides a method for preparing the pole piece, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: coating active substances on two sides of a partial area of the composite current collector, determining one or more tab welding positions in the area without the active substances, and arranging through holes or notches;
step two: welding a metal sheet to a first metal layer of the composite current collector, enabling the metal sheet to be conducted with the first metal layer, and welding a tab to a second metal layer of the composite current collector, so that the tab is conducted with the second metal layer;
step three: and welding the metal sheet and the lug together at the through hole or the notch, so that the metal sheet and the lug are mutually conducted to form a pole piece with the lug, the first metal layer and the second metal layer both conducted.
The invention also provides a battery, which is prepared by adopting the pole piece or the pole piece prepared by adopting the method.
Compared with the prior art, the pole piece and the preparation method and application thereof have the following beneficial effects: the pole piece, the preparation method and the application of the pole piece are used for solving the problem of electronic conduction at two sides of the metal-polymer-metal structure composite current collector and improving the safety performance of the battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the current collector of the pole piece of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a pole piece of an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a pole piece;
FIG. 4 is a top view of the pole piece shown in FIG. 3; and
fig. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a structure of winding a battery according to an embodiment.
Description of the reference numerals
The composite current collector comprises a composite current collector 1, an active material 2, a tab 3, a metal sheet 4, a polymer layer 11, a first metal layer 12, a second metal layer 13, a positive pole piece 6, a negative pole piece 7 and a diaphragm 8.
Detailed Description
To facilitate an understanding of the invention, the invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Referring to fig. 1-5, the present invention provides a pole piece, which includes a composite current collector 1, an active material 2, a tab 3 and a metal sheet 4, wherein the composite current collector includes a polymer layer 11, and a first metal layer 12 and a second metal layer 13 disposed on two sides of the polymer;
the composite current collector is provided with a dressing area and a hollow foil area, wherein an active substance is coated in the dressing area, the area which is not coated with the active substance is the hollow foil area, and the hollow foil area is provided with a through hole or a notch;
the metal sheet is arranged on one side of the first metal layer and is connected and communicated with the first metal layer, and the tab is arranged on one side of the second metal layer and is connected and communicated with the second metal layer;
the metal sheet and the electrode lug are connected and conducted through the through hole or the notch.
In one embodiment, the metal sheet includes, but is not limited to, one or more of aluminum foil, aluminum sheet, aluminum tab, copper foil, copper sheet, copper tab, iron sheet, nickel sheet, and nickel tab.
In one embodiment, the first metal layer and the second metal layer include, but are not limited to, one or more of aluminum, copper, silver, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, silver alloy.
In one embodiment, the polymer layer includes, but is not limited to, one or more of polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol.
In one embodiment, the active material is at least one of a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
Specifically, the positive active material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of Lithium Cobaltate (LCO), nickel cobalt manganese ternary material (NCM), nickel cobalt aluminum ternary material (NCA), nickel cobalt manganese aluminum quaternary material (NCMA), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), Lithium Manganese Phosphate (LMP), Lithium Vanadium Phosphate (LVP), and Lithium Manganate (LMO), and the negative active material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon material, silicon oxygen material, silicon carbon material, lithium titanate, and the like.
In one embodiment, the shape of the through hole or the notch includes, but is not limited to, one or more of a rectangle, a circle, a polygon or an ellipse, and the through hole or the notch is provided by a manner including, but not limited to, one or more of mechanical cutting, laser cutting and plasma cutting.
In one embodiment, the attachment means includes, but is not limited to, one or more of ultrasonic welding, laser welding, and riveting.
The invention also provides a method for preparing the pole piece, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: coating active substances on two sides of a partial area of the composite current collector, determining one or more tab welding positions in the area without the active substances, and arranging through holes or notches;
step two: welding a metal sheet to a first metal layer of the composite current collector, enabling the metal sheet to be conducted with the first metal layer, and welding a tab to a second metal layer of the composite current collector, so that the tab is conducted with the second metal layer;
step three: and welding the metal sheet and the lug together at the through hole or the notch, so that the metal sheet and the lug are mutually conducted to form a pole piece with the lug, the first metal layer and the second metal layer both conducted.
Further, any one step and a plurality of steps may be performed separately or simultaneously.
Further, the welding position of the tab can be any position on the pole piece, which is not coated with the active substance.
The invention also provides a battery, which is prepared by adopting the pole piece or the pole piece prepared by adopting the method.
Further, the battery includes, but is not limited to, wound, laminated, etc. structures.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1 and fig. 2, the preparation steps of this embodiment are as follows: adopting an aluminum-polyethylene terephthalate-aluminum composite current collector;
the method comprises the following steps: preparing an aluminum sheet metal with the width of 20mm, the length of 30mm and the thickness of 0.06 mm;
step two: coating lithium cobaltate on partial area of the aluminum composite current collector, and selecting the area which is 15mm away from the active material and is not coated with lithium cobaltate as a tab welding position;
step three: firing a rectangular through hole at the position in the second step by using a laser, wherein the width of the rectangular through hole is 6mm, and the length of the rectangular through hole is 15mm, so as to obtain a pole piece with the through hole;
step four: ultrasonically welding an aluminum metal sheet on the first aluminum metal layer of the pole piece composite current collector obtained in the step three, so that the metal sheet is connected and conducted with the first aluminum metal layer of the composite current collector;
step five: ultrasonically welding an aluminum tab with the width of 5mm and the length of 25mm on the second aluminum metal layer of the pole piece composite current collector obtained in the fourth step, so that the aluminum metal sheet is connected and conducted with the second aluminum metal layer of the composite current collector;
step six: and D, enabling the aluminum lug of the pole piece obtained in the step five to pass through the through hole, and welding the aluminum lug and the aluminum sheet together by using ultrasonic welding, so that the aluminum lug and the aluminum sheet are mutually conducted, and finally, the aluminum lug, the aluminum sheet, the first aluminum metal layer and the second aluminum metal layer are mutually connected and conducted.
Further, any one step and a plurality of steps may be performed separately or simultaneously.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 3 and 4, the preparation steps of this embodiment are as follows: adopting a copper-polyethylene terephthalate-copper composite current collector;
the method comprises the following steps: preparing a copper metal sheet with the width of 15mm, the length of 40mm and the thickness of 0.04 mm;
step two: coating an artificial graphite material on partial area of a current collector, and selecting an area which is 20mm away from an active substance and is not coated with the artificial graphite as a tab welding position;
step three: firing a rectangular notch at the position in the second step by using a laser, wherein the width of the rectangular notch is 8mm, and the length of the rectangular notch is 15mm, so as to obtain a pole piece with a notch;
step four: ultrasonically welding a copper metal sheet on the first copper metal layer of the pole piece composite current collector obtained in the step three, so that the copper metal sheet is connected and conducted with the first copper metal layer of the composite current collector;
step five: ultrasonically welding a nickel lug with the width of 6mm and the length of 28mm on the second copper metal layer of the pole piece composite current collector obtained in the fourth step, so that the copper metal piece is connected and conducted with the second copper metal layer of the composite current collector;
step six: and D, enabling the lug of the pole piece obtained in the fifth step and the copper metal layer to pass through the notch prepared in the third step, and welding together by using ultrasonic waves to enable the nickel lug and the copper metal sheet to be mutually conducted, and finally enabling the nickel lug and the copper metal sheet, the first copper metal layer and the second copper metal layer to be mutually connected and conducted.
Further, any one step and a plurality of steps may be performed separately or simultaneously.
Example 3
Referring to fig. 5, the preparation steps of this embodiment are as follows: and winding the positive pole piece 6, the negative pole piece 7 and the diaphragm 8 to prepare a winding core, and carrying out processes of packaging, baking, liquid injection, formation, capacity grading and the like to obtain the lithium ion secondary battery. Comparative tests were conducted below using example 3 and comparative example 1.
The specific preparation of example 3 is as follows: preparing an aluminum sheet metal with the width of 20mm, the length of 30mm and the thickness of 0.06 mm; coating lithium cobaltate on partial area of the aluminum-polyethylene terephthalate-aluminum composite current collector, and selecting the area which is 15mm away from the active material and is not coated with lithium cobaltate as a tab welding position; firing a rectangular through hole at the position by using a laser, wherein the width of the rectangular through hole is 7mm, and the length of the rectangular through hole is 15mm, so as to obtain a pole piece with the through hole; ultrasonically welding a metal sheet on a first aluminum metal layer of the current collector to ensure that the aluminum metal sheet is connected and conducted with the first aluminum metal layer of the current collector; ultrasonically welding an aluminum tab with the width of 5mm and the length of 25mm on a second aluminum metal layer of the current collector, so that the aluminum tab is connected and conducted with the second aluminum metal layer of the current collector; and (3) enabling the aluminum lug and the aluminum sheet metal to pass through the through hole and be welded together by using ultrasonic welding, so that the aluminum lug and the aluminum sheet metal are mutually conducted, and obtaining the positive pole piece which is formed by mutually connecting and conducting the aluminum lug and the aluminum sheet metal, the first aluminum metal layer and the second aluminum metal layer. The negative pole piece adopts copper foil as a current collector and artificial graphite as an active substance. And winding the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the diaphragm to prepare a winding core, and carrying out processes of packaging, baking, liquid injection, formation, capacity grading and the like to obtain the lithium ion secondary battery.
The specific preparation method of comparative example 1 is as follows: and coating lithium cobaltate on partial area of the aluminum current collector, selecting an area which is 15mm away from the active material and is not coated with lithium cobaltate as a tab welding position, and welding an aluminum tab at the position to obtain the positive pole piece. The negative pole piece adopts copper foil as a current collector and artificial graphite as an active substance. And winding the positive pole piece, the negative pole piece and the diaphragm to prepare a winding core, and carrying out processes of packaging, baking, liquid injection, formation, capacity grading and the like to obtain the lithium ion secondary battery.
Example 3 and comparative example 1 were tested. The method for testing the impact of the weight comprises the following steps: after the battery is fully charged, placing a sample on a plane, and placing a steel column with the diameter of 15.8 +/-0.2 mm in the center of the battery pack, wherein the longitudinal axis of the steel column is parallel to the plane, so that a weight with the mass of 9.1kg +/-0.1 kg freely falls onto the steel column above the center of the battery pack from the height of 610mm +/-25 mm; the test battery does not fire and explode to pass. The method for the needling test comprises the following steps: after the battery is fully charged, standing the sample for 2 hours, and then puncturing the central part of the battery or the battery pack in a needling tester at a speed of (25 +/-5) mm/s by using a steel nail with the diameter of 3mm in a direction vertical to the front side of the battery or the battery pack; the tested cells were smoke free, fire free, explosion free and passed a surface temperature of no more than 150 ℃.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from the data in table 1, the battery of example 3 has high safety performance.
The pole piece and the preparation method and the application thereof have the following beneficial effects: the pole piece, the preparation method and the application of the pole piece are used for solving the problem of electronic conduction at two sides of the metal-polymer-metal structure composite current collector and improving the safety performance of the battery.
The above examples only express embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A pole piece, characterized by: the composite current collector comprises a polymer layer, a first metal layer and a second metal layer, wherein the first metal layer and the second metal layer are arranged on two sides of the polymer;
the composite current collector is provided with a dressing area and a hollow foil area, wherein an active substance is coated in the dressing area, the area which is not coated with the active substance is the hollow foil area, and the hollow foil area is provided with a through hole or a notch;
the metal sheet is arranged on one side of the first metal layer and is connected and communicated with the first metal layer, and the tab is arranged on one side of the second metal layer and is connected and communicated with the second metal layer;
the metal sheet and the electrode lug are connected and conducted through the through hole or the notch.
2. The pole piece of claim 1, wherein: the metal sheet comprises one or more of aluminum foil, aluminum sheet, aluminum tab, copper foil, copper sheet, copper tab, iron sheet, nickel sheet and nickel tab.
3. The pole piece of claim 2, wherein: the first metal layer and the second metal layer comprise one or more of aluminum, copper, silver, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, and silver alloy.
4. The pole piece of claim 3, wherein: the polymer layer comprises one or more of polyester, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol.
5. The pole piece of claim 4, wherein: the active material is at least one of a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
6. The pole piece of claim 5, wherein: the cathode active material comprises one or more of lithium cobaltate, a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material, a nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary material, a nickel-cobalt-manganese-aluminum quaternary material, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate and lithium manganate, and the cathode active material comprises one or more of graphite, mesocarbon microspheres, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon materials, silicon-oxygen materials, silicon-carbon materials and lithium titanate.
7. The pole piece of claim 6, wherein: the shape of the through hole or the notch comprises one or more of a rectangle, a circle, a polygon or an ellipse.
8. A method of making the pole piece of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: coating active substances on two sides of a partial area of the composite current collector, determining one or more tab welding positions in the area without the active substances, and arranging through holes or notches;
step two: welding a metal sheet to a first metal layer of the composite current collector, enabling the metal sheet to be conducted with the first metal layer, and welding a tab to a second metal layer of the composite current collector, so that the tab is conducted with the second metal layer;
step three: and welding the metal sheet and the lug together at the through hole or the notch, so that the metal sheet and the lug are mutually conducted to form a pole piece with the lug, the first metal layer and the second metal layer both conducted.
9. A battery, characterized by: the battery is prepared by adopting the pole piece of any one of claims 1 to 7 or the pole piece prepared by adopting the method of claim 8.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114614102A (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2022-06-10 | 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 | Preparation method and application of composite current collector battery cell |
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| CN113314696A (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2021-08-27 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Electrode pole piece, preparation method, composite current collector, battery and electronic equipment |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114614102A (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2022-06-10 | 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 | Preparation method and application of composite current collector battery cell |
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