CN114047172B - Method for quenching biological background fluorescence to realize Raman spectrum detection - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for quenching biological background fluorescence to realize Raman spectrum detection, which utilizes the radial local surface plasma resonance of a gold nanorod and quenches the background fluorescence of a biological sample through a fluorescence energy resonance transfer mechanism. The method aims at background fluorescence of different biological samples, gold nanorods with different length-diameter ratios are obtained by adjusting different components or proportions of reactants in the preparation process of the gold nanorods, and the gold nanorods with the proper length-diameter ratio are selected to quench the background fluorescence of the biological samples, so that clear Raman signals are obtained.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nanotechnology and a spectroscopic technology, in particular to a method for quenching background Fluorescence of a biological sample by utilizing the radial Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of a gold nanorod through a Fluorescence Energy Resonance Transfer (FRET) mechanism to obtain a Raman (Raman) spectrum of the biological sample.
Background
The gold nanoparticles not only have various beautiful colors, but also have very unique properties. The gold nanoparticles have excellent optical, electrical, catalytic, sensing and other characteristics due to the fact that the Surface of the gold element has strong Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). For biological research, gold nanoparticles have good biocompatibility, the surface of the gold nanoparticles is easy to be improved, and the gold nanoparticles can be obtained by non-covalent or covalent bonding of groups such as sulfydryl and amino with biomolecules such as nucleic acid and proteinThe labeled and functionalized nanoparticle composites still have various characteristics of electricity, spectroscopy, catalytic activity and the like similar to those of the gold nanoparticles, and provide necessary foundation for the applications of the composites in various fields of biology. Therefore, the biological gold nanoparticles are not only the hot spot of the scientific research of nano materials, but also the nanoparticles which are most widely applied in the life science research [1] 。
With the continuous development of nano-processing technology, people can not only prepare particles with different sizes, but also control the shapes of the particles. Common gold nanoparticles have spherical, rod-like, flake-like, star-like, raspberry-like, and cubic shapes. Wherein, the rodlike gold nano-particles (gold nano-rods, GNR) are simple to synthesize, have the advantages of adjustable length-diameter ratio and the like, and have great application prospect in the aspects of biological detection, biological imaging and the like [2] . GNRs have both longitudinal and transverse surface plasmon resonances due to their different dimensions in both the transverse and radial directions. The transverse surface plasmon resonance is similar to the situation of gold nanospheres, and the SPR peak appears at about 520 nm; the longitudinal size is large and the length is adjustable, the absorption peak of the nano-rod is red-shifted and is changed along with the change of the length of the nano-rod, and the maximum absorption peak can be red-shifted to 1700nm [3] Therefore, a good foundation is laid for the gold nanorods to quench fluorescence with various wavelengths.
Raman spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy) is a scattering spectrum, and analysis of Raman spectra of substances and cells can yield fingerprint information in terms of molecular vibration, rotation, and the like. For the research of life science, raman spectroscopy has a very outstanding advantage that raman scattering of water molecules is weak, and living cells cannot leave water, so that raman spectroscopy has become an ideal tool for studying compounds in living cells or aqueous solutions. In addition, the Raman spectrum band is clear, the peak shape is narrow and sharp, and the resolution is very high, so the Raman spectrum analysis is widely applied to identifying various biological molecules and cells [4] . Different from Raman spectrum, water molecules have strong infrared absorption, and the infrared spectrum capable of providing fingerprint information is easily interfered by water, so that the method has certain limitation in life science research.
Cyanobacteria is a kind of prokaryotic algae of unicellular or multicellular groups, has a long evolutionary history, is the first organism on the earth to carry out oxygen production and photosynthesis, and has a milestone significance of 'promoting changes by one change' in the process of life evolution of the earth. In addition, cyanobacteria can also perform nitrogen fixation, and thus they are important model prokaryotic microorganisms. Research and application of cyanobacteria requires classification and identification of cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria cell contains a large amount of pigment molecules to absorb light energy, and the pigment molecules such as chlorophyll, phycobilichrome and the like contain a large amount of spectroscopic information and can provide abundant spectral signals, so that the cyanobacteria can be analyzed and detected through common spectrums such as UV-Vis, fluorescence or Raman spectrum [5] . Phycobilichrome and chlorophyll in cyanobacteria cells can generate fluorescence, particularly phycobilichrome, can emit strong fluorescence when excited, and are fluorescent labeling molecules with high potential [6] 。
In laser Raman spectroscopy, there are typically only excitation light sources at 532, 633 and 785nm wavelengths. Due to the longer laser wavelength and lower energy of 633 nm and 785nm, the signal generated when the Raman spectrum of the cyanobacteria is tested is weaker, and the use in practical testing is greatly limited. The laser with the wavelength of 532nm can generate obvious Raman signals, but the laser with the wavelength can simultaneously excite the cyanobacteria to generate strong fluorescence. In this case, the raman signal is often subject to very strong interference from the fluorescence signal. The reason is that the scattered light is only a few, and the mass of the photon is much smaller than that of the measured molecule, so when the photon collides with the molecule, most of the photons generate elastic collision, the scattered light is basically rayleigh scattered light, and the probability of raman scattering due to inelastic collision is extremely low, so that the raman signal is generally weak. If the sample being tested is also capable of generating fluorescence, the raman signal will be swamped in the fluorescent background. At this time, a suitable method is required to attenuate the fluorescence background to obtain the raman signal.
The longitudinal SPR peak of the gold nanorod appears at the position of 600-1700 nm and can cover the emission spectrum of the fluorescence of the cyanobacteria, and the gold nanorod has good biocompatibility and can approach to the detected biomolecule at a short distance, which means that the longitudinal SPR of the gold nanorod can effectively absorb the excited fluorescence and quench the fluorescence through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism, thereby reducing the fluorescence background and effectively realizing the analysis and detection of the Raman spectrum.
Reference:
[1] qiaofenyan, Zhangli, Li Furong, application of gold nanoparticles in biomedical engineering [ J ], International journal of biomedical engineering, 2006(6): 333-336).
[2] Huxue, gao guan bin, zhanming, gold nanorods-from controllable preparation and modification to nano-biology and biomedical applications [ J ], report of physico-chemistry, 2017 (7).
[3] Fanyanping, gold nanorod preparation review [ J ], chemical engineering and equipment, 2011, 000(004): 106-.
[4]Liang Q,Dwaraknath S,Persson K A.High-throughput computation and evaluation of raman spectra[J].Scientific Data,2019,6(1).
[5]Vera,J.,U
Fritz,J.,Weber,I.,&HW Hübers.(2012).Detection of cyanobacteria and methanogens embedded in Mars analogue minerals by the use of Raman spectroscopy.EGU General Assembly 2012.
[6] Cheng chao, xuefeng, wanxing ping, etc., phycobiliprotein extraction and purification and physiological activity research progress [ J ], food science, 2012.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to realize the measurement of the Raman spectrum of cyanobacteria or other organisms and overcome the problem of background fluorescence, the invention provides a method which has adjustable wavelength and can quench the background fluorescence.
According to the invention, the gold nanorods with proper length-diameter ratio are prepared according to the fluorescence spectrum of the cyanobacteria or other organisms, and the clear Raman spectrum of the cyanobacteria or other organisms is obtained by utilizing the fluorescence quenching effect of the gold nanorods.
Specifically, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for quenching biological background fluorescence to realize Raman spectrum detection comprises the following steps:
1) testing the fluorescence emission spectrum of a biological sample to be tested under the excitation of Raman spectrum excitation wavelength laser to obtain the wavelength range of the excited fluorescence peak;
2) preparing gold nanorods with a proper length-diameter ratio, wherein the radial Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) peak of the gold nanorods is positioned in the wavelength range obtained in the step 1);
3) adding the gold nanorods prepared in the step 2) into a biological sample to be detected, quenching the fluorescence of the biological sample to be detected, and obtaining a clear Raman spectrum of the biological sample to be detected.
In the step 1), because the raman spectrum of the tested biological sample (such as the cyanobacterial lysate) usually needs to be excited by using laser with the wavelength of 532nm, the position of the fluorescence peak can be determined through fluorescence emission spectrum, and the proper gold nanorod SPR peak is selected according to the determination of the fluorescence emission spectrum. As shown in FIG. 4, the stimulated fluorescence peaks of two cyanobacteria, Calothrix sp (Geranium) and Synechococcus sp (Synechococcus) under excitation of 530nm and 535nm lasers are between 650-750 nm.
In the step 2), the gold nanorods with proper length-diameter ratio are selected according to the fluorescence emission spectrum of the step 1) to quench the fluorescence. The preparation method of the gold nanorods can be as follows:
a) to HAuCl 4 Adding NaBH into the solution 4 Mixing, standing, and preparing seed solution;
b) to another HAuCl 4 Adding AgNO into the solution 3 Adding ascorbic acid to enable the solution to be colorless after uniform mixing, adding hydrochloric acid or not adding hydrochloric acid, then adding the seed solution prepared in the step a), standing overnight after uniform mixing to obtain the gold nanorod colloidal solution.
AgNO regulation in the process of preparing gold nanorods 3 The concentration of the gold nanorods and the difference of the addition amount of the hydrochloric acid and the addition amount of the hydrochloric acid are not added, the gold nanorods with different length-diameter ratios can be obtained, and the radial SPR absorption peak of the gold nanorods changes along with the length-diameter ratio of the gold nanorods.
Gold nanorods with proper length-diameter ratio can be screened out by preparing colloidal solutions of the gold nanorods with different length-diameter ratios and then testing ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of the colloidal solutions.
Taking the two cyanobacteria, i.e., the Calothrix sp and the Synechococcus sp, as an example, 10 × 40nm gold nanorods with longitudinal LSPR peaks around 700nm can be selected as a quencher of background fluorescence based on fluorescence emission spectra of the two cyanobacteria. The gold nanorods have good biocompatibility, can be adsorbed on cyanobacteria cells in a large amount after being mixed with cyanobacteria, and fluorescence excited by the cyanobacteria in 532nm laser can be quenched by the gold nanorods through a fluorescence energy resonance transfer mechanism, so that clear Raman signals can be obtained.
According to the invention, for background fluorescence of different biological samples, gold nanorods with different length-diameter ratios are obtained by adjusting different components or proportions of reactants in the preparation process of the gold nanorods, and the gold nanorods can quench the background fluorescence of the biological samples to obtain clear Raman signals.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is the UV-visible absorption spectrum of the gold nanorods with different aspect ratios prepared in example 1.
FIG. 2.10X 40nm TEM photograph of gold nanorods
FIG. 3 shows Raman spectra of a cyanobacterial lysate, in which (a) is a Raman spectrum of a Calothrix sp.
FIG. 4 fluorescence emission spectrum of cyanobacterial lysate, wherein (a) is fluorescence emission spectrum of Calothrix sp lysate under excitation of 530nm and 535nm laser light; (b) fluorescence emission spectra of Synechococcus sp.
FIG. 5 Raman spectra of cyanobacterial lysates after mixing with Gold Nanorods (GNR), wherein: (a) is the raman spectrum of the calotrix sp. (b) Raman spectrum of its Synechococcus sp.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described in detail by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the scope of the present invention is not limited in any way.
The whole implementation process of the whole method is completely explained by taking a gold nanorod with the size of 10 multiplied by 40nm as an example. 1. Lysis of cyanobacteria and testing of lysates for fluorescence emission spectra
Inoculating single colonies of cyanobacteria Calothrix sp and Synechococcus sp to 20mL BG-11 liquid culture medium, and culturing to OD 730 At about 2.0;
transferring the cyanobacteria culture solution to a 50mL centrifuge tube, centrifuging for 10min at 5000r/m to precipitate thalli, and suspending the thalli precipitate in 2mL lysis buffer solution;
thirdly, transferring the 1mL of thallus suspension liquid to a 2mL centrifuge tube, and placing the centrifuge tube in a liquid nitrogen tank for quick freezing; taking out the centrifugal tube from the liquid nitrogen tank, and adding steel balls into the centrifugal tube;
placing the centrifugal tube in a cell disruption instrument N7548 for treatment;
centrifuging at 12000r/m for 10min, transferring the supernatant to another sterile centrifuge tube, taking out 1mL of supernatant to test fluorescence spectrum, and storing the rest solution in a refrigerator at-20 ℃;
sixthly, opening the fluorescence spectrometer and setting corresponding parameters; fluorescence emission spectra were analyzed.
2. Preparing gold nanorods with adjustable length-diameter ratio and measuring UV-Vis thereof
Firstly, preparing a temperature box at 28 ℃ for later use;
② adding 5mL of 0.1M CTAB solution and 103 μ L of 0.5% HAuCl into a clean 15mL centrifuge tube 4 And 4.897mL MillQ water;
③ adding 300 mu L of 0.01M ice bath NaBH into the mixed solution obtained in the step II 4 After 2 minutes of vigorous mixing, the solution was brown and then left at 28 ℃ for 3 hours, which was a seed solution.
Fourthly, in another clean 15mL centrifuge tube, 5mL of 0.1M CTAB solution is added, and 206 mu L of 0.5 percent HAuCl is added 4 Mixing, adding 40-200 mu L of 0.01M AgNO 3 Repeatedly inverting the centrifuge tube to mix the components uniformly, wherein the solution is yellow;
fifthly, adding 65 microliter 0.1M ascorbic acid into the mixed solution obtained in the step IV, and inverting the centrifuge tube until the solution is colorless;
sixthly, adding 60 mu L of 15 percent hydrochloric acid solution into the centrifuge tube obtained in the fifth step, finally adding 24 mu L of seed solution obtained in the third step, uniformly mixing for several times, and reacting overnight at 28 ℃ to obtain the gold nanorod colloidal solution.
Seventhly, opening a Cary60 UV-Vis spectrometer, setting various parameters and adjusting zero;
drawing 1mL of gold nanorod colloidal solution, and transferring the gold nanorod colloidal solution into a cuvette; testing the UV-Vis spectrum of 300-800 nm.
By regulating AgNO in the preparation process 3 The concentration and whether HCl is added (and HCl with different volumes is added) can prepare the gold nanorods with different length-diameter ratios. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the gold nanorods prepared by the method are shown in figure 1, generally have two remarkable absorption peaks which are characteristic peaks caused by the transverse and radial Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) phenomenon of the gold nanorods, and the SPR absorption peaks are changed along with the size and the shape of the nanoparticles due to different length-diameter ratios of each gold nanorod, so that the fluorescence with different wavelengths can be absorbed. FIG. 2 shows the addition of 40mg AgNO during the preparation process 3 And 60. mu.L HCl, the SPR peak of the TEM photograph of the 10X 40nm gold nanorods obtained is shown in FIG. 1.
3. Quenching background fluorescence of cyanobacteria lysate by using 10 x 40nm gold nanorods
Firstly, 60 mu L of cyanobacteria lysate is absorbed and transferred to a sample groove of a special sample-carrying glass plate;
opening a Horiba laser Raman instrument, and testing by using a 532nm laser light source;
thirdly, the test wave number range is 600-1700 cm -1 (ii) a Raman spectrum of;
fourthly, 18 mu L of gold nanorod solution is added into the sample groove containing the cyanobacteria lysate, and a pipettor is used for repeatedly blowing, beating and uniformly mixing;
fifthly, testing the wave number range of 600-1700 cm again -1 (ii) a Raman spectrum of;
sixthly, comparing the Raman spectra before and after adding the gold nanorods.
Fig. 3 is a raw raman spectrum of directly measured cyanobacteria Calothrix sp. In the original Raman spectrum of the cyanobacteria lysate, the baseline shift is serious due to the interference of the cyanobacteria background fluorescence, and the weaker Raman signal is also covered by the fluorescence background.
FIG. 4 shows the emission spectra of fluorescence generated by 530nm and 535nm laser excitation of lysates of the cyanobacteria Calothrix sp. As can be seen from the figure, strong fluorescence peaks appear between 650 nm and 750nm in both cyanobacteria, but the fluorescence peaks are different, but certain overlap with the radial SPR of the 10 x 40nm gold nanorod. The gold nanorods have good biological affinity, so the gold nanorods can be combined with cyanobacteria cells to quench background fluorescence generated by cyanobacteria.
FIG. 5 shows Raman signals obtained by separately testing 10X 40nm gold nanorods and Raman signals obtained by mixing lysis solutions of cyanobacteria Calothrix sp. and Synechococcus sp. with 10X 40nm gold nanorods, respectively. As can be seen from FIG. 5, the wavenumber of the film is 893cm -1 、1062cm -1 、1502cm -1 The Raman signal is very obvious, and the 10X 40nm gold nanorod has no obvious Raman signal, so that the Raman signal of the mixed solution is generated by the cyanobacteria.
Claims (4)
1. A method for quenching biological background fluorescence to realize Raman spectrum detection comprises the following steps:
1) testing the fluorescence emission spectrum of a biological sample to be tested under the excitation of Raman spectrum excitation wavelength laser to obtain the wavelength range of the excited fluorescence peak;
2) preparing gold nanorods with a proper length-diameter ratio, wherein the radial local surface plasma resonance peak of the gold nanorods is positioned in the wavelength range obtained in the step 1);
3) adding the gold nanorods prepared in the step 2) into a biological sample to be detected, quenching the fluorescence of the biological sample to be detected, and obtaining a clear Raman spectrum of the biological sample to be detected;
wherein, the biological sample to be detected is a cyanobacteria lysate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gold nanorods are prepared according to the following method in step 2):
a) to HAuCl 4 In solutionAdding NaBH 4 Mixing, standing, and preparing seed solution;
b) to another HAuCl 4 Adding AgNO into the solution 3 Adding ascorbic acid to enable the solution to be colorless after uniform mixing, adding hydrochloric acid or not adding hydrochloric acid, then adding the seed solution prepared in the step a), standing overnight after uniform mixing to obtain the gold nanorod colloidal solution.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein step 2) is performed by adjusting AgNO during the preparation of gold nanorods 3 The concentration of the gold nanorods, whether hydrochloric acid is added or not and the adding amount of the hydrochloric acid are added are determined to obtain gold nanorod colloidal solutions with different length-diameter ratios, and then the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of the gold nanorod colloidal solutions is tested to screen out the gold nanorods with proper length-diameter ratios.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the biological sample to be tested is a lysate of glabella and/or synechococcus, and clear raman signal is obtained under 532nm laser excitation by selecting 10 x 40nm gold nanorods as a quencher of background fluorescence.
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| CN110779905B (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2022-05-20 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院 | Gold nano-labeled test strip based on surface enhanced Raman scattering, preparation method and use method |
| CN111422829A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-07-17 | 山西大同大学 | Preparation method of gold nanorod single-layer film substrate |
| CN112326628B (en) * | 2020-11-19 | 2022-09-16 | 济南大学 | Preparation of ratio-type SERS detection platform based on self-assembly aggregation |
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| US4542104A (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1985-09-17 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. | Phycobiliprotein fluorescent conjugates |
| WO2006130921A1 (en) * | 2005-06-08 | 2006-12-14 | Monash University | Investigating biological cells using enhanced raman spectroscopy |
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