CN114042920A - Superfine flaky zinc powder and preparation process thereof - Google Patents
Superfine flaky zinc powder and preparation process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114042920A CN114042920A CN202111352529.6A CN202111352529A CN114042920A CN 114042920 A CN114042920 A CN 114042920A CN 202111352529 A CN202111352529 A CN 202111352529A CN 114042920 A CN114042920 A CN 114042920A
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- zinc powder
- ball
- ball milling
- milling
- flaky zinc
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- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- MHABMANUFPZXEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-demethyl-aloesaponarin I Natural products O=C1C2=CC=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C2C MHABMANUFPZXEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- UOURRHZRLGCVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentazinc;dicarbonate;hexahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O UOURRHZRLGCVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003064 anti-oxidating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;molecular oxygen Chemical compound O=O.O=C=O UBAZGMLMVVQSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONIOAEVPMYCHKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;zinc Chemical compound [Zn].OC(O)=O ONIOAEVPMYCHKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011667 zinc carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000010 zinc carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/042—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling using a particular milling fluid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/043—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by ball milling
Landscapes
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of manufacturing of flake zinc powder, and particularly relates to superfine flake zinc powder and a preparation process thereof. Adding medium balls, ball-milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball-milling device for ball-milling, separating out solids after ball-milling, and drying and grading to obtain superfine flaky zinc powder; wherein the ball milling solution is a mixed solution of deionized water and DMAC. The process provided by the invention can safely and stably produce the flaky zinc powder with uniform, high zinc content and good glossiness in an industrialized way. Compared with dry ball milling, the process of the invention does not need inert gas protection, reduces the requirements on equipment and production cost, and effectively reduces powder agglomeration and welding. Compared with wet ball milling with organic solvent, the process of the invention solves the problems of flammable and explosive hidden troubles caused by volatilization of the organic solvent and harm to human bodies and environment. Compared with the deionized water wet ball milling, the process slows down the oxidation process of the zinc powder in the ball milling process, and improves the zinc content and the brightness of the flaky zinc powder.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of manufacturing of flake zinc powder, and particularly relates to superfine flake zinc powder and a preparation process thereof.
Background
Dacromet is a zinc-based water-based corrosion-resistant coating technology, which is mainly applied to the surface treatment of steel, and is prepared by coating or dipping a metal matrix with a treatment solution prepared from substances including flaky zinc powder, a corrosion inhibitor and the like, and forming a firm compact corrosion-resistant coating on the surface of the matrix metal after baking. The Dacromet coating has the triple functions of shielding, cathode protection and corrosion inhibition, has good corrosion resistance, low cost, less environmental pollution than electrogalvanizing, wide application prospect and higher economic value.
Flaky zinc powder is an important raw material in a dacromet coating and needs to meet very strict requirements. The flaky zinc powder is required to have large hiding power and floatability, and to have good dispersibility and brightness.
At present, the preparation method of the superfine flaky zinc powder is mainly divided into a wet method and a dry method. For example, patent CN103341632A provides a dry ball milling process, in which zinc powder and a ball milling medium are ball milled and sieved in a closed roller ball mill under the protection of inert gas and the action of a composite assistant to obtain flake zinc powder; for another example, patent CN110405199A provides a wet ball milling process, which is carried out by twice milling under the conditions of organic solvent and grinding aid and cyclone separation to obtain flaky zinc powder.
However, the existing dry process and wet process still have some technical defects which are difficult to overcome respectively.
1) And (3) dry ball milling process. The dry production process has short flow, but the equipment is complicated, inert gas protection is usually needed, and the prepared flaky zinc powder has poor uniformity and high zinc oxide content. In addition, zinc is a metal with excellent ductility, and adheres to the surface of the polishing medium during polishing, thereby reducing the polishing efficiency. When the size of the zinc powder is small to a certain degree, the surface energy is increased sharply, the crushing resistance caused by the surface energy is difficult to overcome only by mechanical force, and the prepared zinc powder is agglomerated and welded due to the overhigh surface energy.
2) Wet ball milling using an organic solvent. Grinding aids such as mineral spirits, glycols, etc. are used to provide dispersing, grinding aid and anti-oxidation. The addition of the grinding aid such as the solvent oil can enable the flaky zinc powder to meet the requirements, but has the problems of flammability, explosiveness, high toxicity and the like, is difficult to store, is harmful to the environment and the bodies of workers, cannot meet the requirements of environmental protection and fire safety, and is difficult to realize large-scale industrial production.
3) And ball milling by using a deionized water wet method. Although deionized water has a good grinding-aiding effect, the flaky zinc powder prepared by the deionized water has low metal zinc content and cannot meet the use requirement. The lower content of metal zinc is because zinc powder reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide and the like in deionized water to generate basic zinc carbonate, and the reaction formula is 4Zn +2O2+CO2+3H2O=ZnCO3•3Zn(OH)2. Meanwhile, the existence of the basic zinc carbonate also shortens the service life of the steel ball.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides superfine flaky zinc powder and a preparation process thereof. The novel preparation process provided by the invention aims to solve and improve various technical defects of the existing process, and specifically comprises the following steps: the flaky zinc powder with uniform, high zinc content and good glossiness is safely and stably produced in an industrialized way; inert gas protection is not used, so that the requirement on equipment is lowered; inhibiting the agglomeration and welding of zinc powder; solves the problems of flammability, explosiveness, health damage and the like caused by organic solvents.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is achieved by the following technical means. A preparation process of superfine flaky zinc powder comprises the steps of adding medium balls, a ball-milling solution and a zinc powder raw material into a ball-milling device for ball milling, separating out solids after ball milling, drying and grading to obtain the superfine flaky zinc powder with the particle size of 15-25 mu m of D50; the ball milling solution is a mixed solution of deionized water and DMAC, and the mass ratio of the DMAC to the water is controlled to be 3-8: 1.
Further, the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is controlled to be 1.5-5 mm; controlling the ball-material ratio to be 3-10: 1; the liquid-material ratio is controlled to be 2-5: 1.
The ball-material ratio is too small, the ball milling efficiency is reduced, the milling time is prolonged, and the oxidation of zinc powder is aggravated; the ball-material ratio is too large, so that the ball milling efficiency can be improved, but the particle size of the prepared flaky zinc powder is small, and the flake thickness ratio is small.
The diameter of the medium ball is too small, the number of the medium balls is increased, the contact area with the material is increased, the friction surface is increased, the grinding effect is good, but the mass of the medium ball is correspondingly small, the impact shearing effect of the medium ball is not obvious, and the grinding time is long; the diameter of the medium ball is too large, so that the grinding time is shortened, but the impact shearing action is too strong, so that the prepared flaky zinc powder has non-uniform particle size and larger difference.
The liquid-material ratio is larger, the ball milling efficiency is reduced, the particle size of the flaky powder is larger, and the yield is low; the liquid-material ratio is smaller, the ball milling slurry has poor fluidity, the ball milling effect is not uniform, and the thickness deviation of the flaky zinc powder is large.
Further optimizing, and controlling the diameter of the stainless steel ball to be 2-3 mm; controlling the ball-material ratio to be 5-8: 1; the liquid-material ratio is controlled to be 3-4: 1.
Further, if the proportion of DMAC and water is larger, the ball milling efficiency is reduced; if the proportion is smaller, the powder is more oxidized. More preferably, the mass ratio of DMAC to water is controlled to be 4-6: 1.
Further, the ball milling speed is controlled to be 200-500 r/min, and the ball milling time is controlled to be 3-6 h.
Further, the apparent density of the prepared superfine flaky zinc powder is controlled to be 0.5-1.0 g/cm3。
And further, after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on the slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out a solid, and then transferring the solid to a vacuum drying oven for drying.
Further, the drying temperature is set to be 100-150 ℃, and the drying time is 2-6 h.
Has the advantages that:
the superfine flaky zinc powder ball milling process provided by the invention can safely and stably produce flaky zinc powder with uniform zinc content and good glossiness in an industrialized way. Compared with dry ball milling, the process of the invention does not need inert gas protection, reduces the requirements on equipment and production cost, and effectively reduces powder agglomeration and welding. Compared with wet ball milling with organic solvent, the process of the invention solves the problems of flammable and explosive hidden troubles caused by volatilization of the organic solvent and harm to human bodies and environment. Compared with the deionized water wet ball milling, the process slows down the oxidation process of the zinc powder in the ball milling process, and improves the zinc content and the brightness of the flaky zinc powder.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are illustrative and intended to illustrate the problem and explain the invention, but not limiting.
Example 1
Adding medium balls, ball-milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball-milling device for ball milling, after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out solids, then transferring the solids to a vacuum drying oven for drying, and finally grading to obtain the superfine flaky zinc powder.
In this embodiment, the ball-milling solution is a uniformly mixed solution obtained by stirring deionized water and DMAC at a low speed for 0.5h, and the mass ratio of DMAC to water is 3: 1.
In this embodiment, the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is 1.5 mm; the ball material ratio is 3: 1; the liquid-material ratio is 5: 1.
In this example, the ball milling speed was 500r/min, and the ball milling time was 6 hours.
In this example, the drying temperature was 100 ℃ and the drying time was 6 hours.
In this example, an ultrafine flaky zinc powder having a D50 value of 23.3 μm and a loose density of 0.68g/cm was obtained by classification3。
Example 2
Adding medium balls, ball-milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball-milling device for ball milling, after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out solids, then transferring the solids to a vacuum drying oven for drying, and finally grading to obtain the superfine flaky zinc powder.
In this embodiment, the ball-milling solution is a uniformly mixed solution obtained by stirring deionized water and DMAC at a low speed for 0.5h, and the mass ratio of DMAC to water is 4: 1.
In this embodiment, the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is 2 mm; the ball material ratio is 5: 1; the liquid-material ratio is 4: 1.
In this example, the ball milling speed was 400r/min, and the ball milling time was 5 hours.
In this example, the drying temperature was 110 ℃ and the drying time was 5 hours.
In this example, an ultrafine flaky zinc powder having a D50 value of 20.4 μm and a loose density of 0.76g/cm was obtained by classification3。
Example 3
Adding medium balls, ball-milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball-milling device for ball milling, after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out solids, then transferring the solids to a vacuum drying oven for drying, and finally grading to obtain the superfine flaky zinc powder.
In this embodiment, the ball-milling solution is a uniformly mixed solution obtained by stirring deionized water and DMAC at a low speed for 0.5h, and the mass ratio of DMAC to water is 6: 1.
In this embodiment, the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is 3 mm; the ball material ratio is 8: 1; the liquid-material ratio is 3: 1.
In this example, the ball milling speed was 300r/min, and the ball milling time was 4 hours.
In this example, the drying temperature was 130 ℃ and the drying time was 4 hours.
In this example, an ultrafine flaky zinc powder having a D50 value of 19.0 μm and a loose density of 0.89g/cm was obtained by classification3。
Example 4
Adding medium balls, ball-milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball-milling device for ball milling, after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out solids, then transferring the solids to a vacuum drying oven for drying, and finally grading to obtain the superfine flaky zinc powder.
In this embodiment, the ball-milling solution is a uniformly mixed solution obtained by stirring deionized water and DMAC at a low speed for 0.5h, and the mass ratio of DMAC to water is 8: 1.
In this embodiment, the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is 5 mm; the ball material ratio is 10: 1; the liquid-material ratio is 2: 1.
In this example, the ball milling speed was 200r/min, and the ball milling time was 3 hours.
In this example, the drying temperature was 150 ℃ and the drying time was 2 hours.
In this example, an ultrafine flaky zinc powder having a D50 value of 17.9 μm and a loose density of 0.96g/cm was obtained by classification3。
The above embodiments are exemplary only, and are intended to illustrate the technical concept and features of the present invention so that those skilled in the art can understand the contents of the present invention and implement the present invention, and not to limit the scope of the present invention. All equivalent changes and modifications made according to the spirit of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation process of superfine flaky zinc powder is characterized by comprising the following steps: adding medium balls, a ball milling solution and zinc powder raw materials into a ball milling device for ball milling, separating out solids after the ball milling is finished, and drying and grading to obtain superfine flaky zinc powder with the particle size of D50 being 15-25 mu m; the ball milling solution is a mixed solution of deionized water and DMAC, and the mass ratio of the DMAC to the water is controlled to be 3-8: 1.
2. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: the medium ball is a stainless steel ball; the diameter of the stainless steel ball is controlled to be 1.5-5 mm; controlling the ball-material ratio to be 3-10: 1; the liquid-material ratio is controlled to be 2-5: 1.
3. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 2, characterized in that: the diameter of the stainless steel ball is controlled to be 2-3 mm; controlling the ball-material ratio to be 5-8: 1; the liquid-material ratio is controlled to be 3-4: 1.
4. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mass ratio of DMAC and water is controlled to be 4-6: 1.
5. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: the ball milling speed is 200-500 r/min, and the ball milling time is 3-6 h.
6. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: the apparent density of the prepared superfine flaky zinc powder is controlled to be 0.5-1.0 g/cm3。
7. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: and after the ball milling is finished, carrying out filter pressing on the slurry obtained by the ball milling to separate out a solid, and then transferring the solid to a vacuum drying oven for drying.
8. The process for preparing ultrafine flaky zinc powder according to claim 7, which is characterized in that: the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and 150 ℃, and the drying time is 2-6 h.
9. An ultrafine flaky zinc powder is characterized in that: the ultra-fine flaky zinc powder as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111352529.6A CN114042920A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Superfine flaky zinc powder and preparation process thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111352529.6A CN114042920A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Superfine flaky zinc powder and preparation process thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114042920A true CN114042920A (en) | 2022-02-15 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111352529.6A Pending CN114042920A (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2021-11-16 | Superfine flaky zinc powder and preparation process thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN114042920A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115650196A (en) * | 2022-09-09 | 2023-01-31 | 株洲冶炼集团股份有限公司 | Synthesis method of zinc metaphosphate and application of zinc metaphosphate in thallium removal of zinc sulfate solution |
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| KR20180121102A (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-07 | 메탈페이스 주식회사 | A manufacturing method of a flake type zinc powder slurry treated from anti-oxidization |
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- 2021-11-16 CN CN202111352529.6A patent/CN114042920A/en active Pending
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| CN115650196A (en) * | 2022-09-09 | 2023-01-31 | 株洲冶炼集团股份有限公司 | Synthesis method of zinc metaphosphate and application of zinc metaphosphate in thallium removal of zinc sulfate solution |
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