CN114006035A - Electrolyte solution, and electrochemical device and electronic device using same - Google Patents

Electrolyte solution, and electrochemical device and electronic device using same Download PDF

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CN114006035A
CN114006035A CN202111286926.8A CN202111286926A CN114006035A CN 114006035 A CN114006035 A CN 114006035A CN 202111286926 A CN202111286926 A CN 202111286926A CN 114006035 A CN114006035 A CN 114006035A
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compound
electrolyte
particles
positive electrode
active material
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陈辉
周邵云
林能镖
陈伟伟
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Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd
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Priority to CN202311031846.7A priority Critical patent/CN116979148A/en
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Publication of CN114006035A publication Critical patent/CN114006035A/en
Priority to PCT/CN2022/125307 priority patent/WO2023078059A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The present application relates to an electrolyte solution, and an electrochemical device and an electronic device using the same. Specifically, the present application provides an electrolyte solution, characterized in that: the electrolyte contains a compound a and a compound B, the compound a including at least one of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, propyl propionate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl pivalate, γ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, ethylpropyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1, 3-dioxane, or 1, 4-dioxane, and the compound B including the compound a substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. The electrolyte of the present application helps to improve high temperature cycling or storage performance of an electrochemical device.

Description

Electrolyte solution, and electrochemical device and electronic device using same
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of energy storage, in particular to an electrolyte and an electrochemical device and an electronic device using the same.
Background
Electrochemical devices (e.g., lithium ion batteries) have attracted much attention due to their characteristics of high energy density, low maintenance, relatively low self-discharge, long cycle life, no memory effect, stable operating voltage, and environmental friendliness, and are widely used in the fields of portable electronic devices (including electronic products such as mobile phones, notebooks, and cameras), electric tools, and electric vehicles. However, with the rapid development of technology and the diversity of market demands, higher demands are made on power supplies for electronic products, such as thinner, lighter, more diversified profiles, higher power, higher cruising power, and the like. When these requirements are met, the cycle performance of the cell, the cell expansion performance during the cycle process, and the like are usually sacrificed at the same time, and at the same time, the cell temperature rise at high power may be too high, which may further deteriorate the performance of the cell.
In view of the above, there is a need for an improved electrolyte solution that helps to improve high-temperature cycling or storage performance of an electrochemical device, and an electrochemical device and an electronic device using the same.
Disclosure of Invention
The present application attempts to solve at least one of the problems existing in the related art to at least some extent by providing an electrolyte and an electrochemical device and an electronic device using the same.
According to one aspect of the present application, there is provided an electrolyte, characterized in that: the electrolyte contains a compound a and a compound B, the compound a including at least one of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, propyl propionate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl pivalate, γ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, ethylpropyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1, 3-dioxane, or 1, 4-dioxane, and the compound B including the compound a substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
According to embodiments of the application, the compound a and the compound B have the same main structure.
According to the embodiment of the application, the mass percent of the compound A is a, the mass percent of the compound B is B, and a and B satisfy the relation: a/b is more than or equal to 0.0016 and less than or equal to 2.
According to an embodiment of the application, the electrolyte is further a compound C having formula II:
Figure BDA0003333416480000021
wherein:
r1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 ether linkage-containing alkyl, when substituted, the substituent comprises at least one of F or C3-C5 cycloalkyl; and
m is an alkali metal, and
based on the total amount of the electrolyte, the mass percent of the compound C is C, and a and C satisfy the relation: a/c is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 500.
According to embodiments herein, the compound C comprises at least one of the following compounds:
Figure BDA0003333416480000022
according to an embodiment of the application, the electrolyte further comprises a compound D comprising at least one of 1, 2-bis (cyanoethoxy) ethane, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, 1, 4-dicyano-2-butene, 1,3, 6-adiponitrile, or 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanato) propane, and the compound D is present in an amount of 0.5% to 3% based on the weight of the electrolyte.
According to an embodiment of the application, the electrolyte is further a compound E comprising LiBOB, LiBF4、LiDFOB、LiPO2F2、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiCF3SO3LITDI or B4Li2O7At least one of (1).
According to another aspect of the present application, there is provided an electrochemical device comprising a positive electrode and an electrolyte according to the present application.
According to an embodiment of the present application, the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material satisfying at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) the positive electrode active material includes first particles and second particles, wherein Dv50 of the first particles is 7-20 μm, and Dv50 of the second particles is 1-6 μm;
(b) the positive electrode active material includes first particles and second particles, and a mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is 0.1 to 10.
(c) The positive electrode active material has a chemical formula LiNixCoyMnzO2Wherein x is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and a + b + c is 1.
According to yet another aspect of the present application, there is provided an electronic device comprising an electrochemical device according to the present application.
The electrolyte provided by the application has good dynamic performance, and can obviously improve the high-temperature circulation or storage performance of an electrochemical device.
Additional aspects and advantages of the present application will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of embodiments of the present application.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below. The embodiments of the present application should not be construed as limiting the present application.
In the detailed description and claims, a list of items connected by the term "at least one of can mean any combination of the listed items. For example, if items a and B are listed, the phrase "at least one of a and B" means a only; only B; or A and B. In another example, if items A, B and C are listed, the phrase "at least one of A, B and C" means a only; or only B; only C; a and B (excluding C); a and C (excluding B); b and C (excluding A); or A, B and C. Item a may comprise a single element or multiple elements. Item B may comprise a single element or multiple elements. Item C may comprise a single element or multiple elements. The term "at least one of" and "at least one of" have the same meaning.
The term "alkyl" is intended to be a straight chain saturated hydrocarbon structure having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. "alkyl" is also contemplated to be a branched or cyclic hydrocarbon structure having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms. When an alkyl group having a particular carbon number is specified, all geometric isomers having that carbon number are intended to be encompassed; thus, for example, "butyl" is meant to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and cyclobutyl; "propyl" includes n-propyl, isopropyl and cyclopropyl. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, octyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, norbornyl, and the like. In addition, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term "alkenyl" refers to a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group that can be straight or branched chain and has at least one and typically 1,2, or 3 carbon-carbon double bonds. Unless otherwise defined, the alkenyl groups typically contain 2 to 20 carbon atoms and include, for example, -C2-4Alkenyl, -C2-6Alkenyl and-C2-10An alkenyl group. Representative alkenyl groups include, by way of example, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, n-hex-3-enyl, and the like. In addition, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term "alkynyl" refers to a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group that can be straight-chain or branched and has at least one, and typically 1,2, or 3 carbon-carbon triple bonds. Unless otherwise defined, the alkynyl group typically contains 2 to 20 carbon atoms and includes, for example, -C2-4Alkynyl, -C3-6Alkynyl and-C3-10Alkynyl. Representative alkynyl groups include, for example, ethynyl, prop-2-ynyl (n-propynyl), n-but-2-ynyl, n-hex-3-ynyl, and the like. In addition, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term "ether linkage-containing alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing an-O-linkage. In addition, the ether bond-containing alkyl group may be optionally substituted.
The term "cycloalkyl" encompasses cyclic alkyl groups. The cycloalkyl group may be a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, cycloalkyl groups can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. In addition, cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted.
The term "alkali metal" refers to metallic elements other than hydrogen (H) in group ia of the periodic table of elements, including lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
Electrolyte solution
Manufacturers or developers often increase the energy density of electrochemical devices (e.g., lithium ion batteries) by increasing the charging voltage or increasing the capacity of the active material. However, these methods generally accelerate the decomposition of the electrolyte, resulting in the excessive consumption of the electrolyte and the occurrence of gassing, which leads to the rapid capacity fade of the electrochemical device and expansion during high temperature cycling or storage.
In order to solve the above problems, the present application provides an electrolyte solution, characterized in that: the electrolyte contains a compound A and a compound B, wherein the compound A comprises dimethyl carbonate
Figure BDA0003333416480000041
Carbonic acid methyl ethyl ester
Figure BDA0003333416480000042
Carbonic acid diethyl ester
Figure BDA0003333416480000051
Propylene carbonate
Figure BDA0003333416480000052
Propylpropionate
Figure BDA0003333416480000053
Ethyl acetate
Figure BDA0003333416480000054
Propionic acid ethyl ester
Figure BDA0003333416480000055
Propyl acetate
Figure BDA0003333416480000056
Acetic acid methyl ester
Figure BDA0003333416480000057
Methyl propyl carbonate
Figure BDA0003333416480000058
Propionic acid methyl ester
Figure BDA0003333416480000059
Butyric acid methyl ester
Figure BDA00033334164800000510
Pivalic acid methyl ester
Figure BDA00033334164800000511
Gamma-butyrolactone
Figure BDA00033334164800000512
Sulfolane
Figure BDA00033334164800000513
Ethyl propyl ether
Figure BDA00033334164800000514
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
Figure BDA00033334164800000515
1, 3-dioxane
Figure BDA00033334164800000516
Or 1, 4-dioxane
Figure BDA00033334164800000517
And compound B includes compound a substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
In some embodiments, compound B comprises at least one of the following compounds:
Figure BDA00033334164800000518
Figure BDA0003333416480000061
in some embodiments, compound a and compound B may have the same or different main structures. As used herein, the "same main structure" means that the number and manner of attachment of atoms other than hydrogen/fluorine in compound a and compound B are the same, compound B being in the fluoro form corresponding to compound a (i.e., some or all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms). For example, compound a is dimethyl carbonate and compound B is dimethyl fluorocarbonate. As used herein, "different main structures" means that the number and manner of attachment of atoms other than hydrogen/fluorine in compound a and compound B are different, and compound B can be the fluoro form of any of compound a described above. For example, compound a is dimethyl carbonate and compound B is fluoroethyl carbonate.
The compound B (i.e., the fluoro compound of the compound a) may be polymerized into a film at the negative electrode to enhance the interface stability of the negative electrode, and it may improve the oxidation resistance of the electrolyte to inhibit oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte. However, compound B is defluorinated to produce hydrofluoric acid. The presence of the compound a just suppresses the generation of hydrofluoric acid in the electrolytic solution, whereby the destruction of the electrode material by hydrofluoric acid can be reduced. Also, the compound a can improve the dynamic performance of the electrolyte. Therefore, the combined use of compound a and compound B in the electrolyte can significantly improve the high-temperature cycle or storage performance of the electrochemical device.
In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the compound a is a, the mass percentage of the compound B is B, and a and B satisfy the following relation: a/b is more than or equal to 0.0016 and less than or equal to 2. In some embodiments, 0.002. ltoreq. a/b. ltoreq.1.5. In some embodiments, 0.005 ≦ a/b ≦ 1. In some embodiments, 0.01 ≦ a/b ≦ 0.5. In some embodiments, 0.05 ≦ a/b ≦ 0.3. In some embodiments, 0.1 ≦ a/b ≦ 0.2. In some embodiments, a/b is 0.0016, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing values. When the content ratio of the compound a and the compound B is within the above range, it contributes to further improvement of high-temperature cycle or storage performance of the electrochemical device.
In some embodiments, 0.05 ≦ a ≦ 50. In some embodiments, 0.1 ≦ a ≦ 40. In some embodiments, 0.5 ≦ a ≦ 30. In some embodiments, 1 ≦ a ≦ 20. In some embodiments, 5 ≦ a ≦ 100. In some embodiments, the mass percentage a of the compound a in the electrolyte is 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing values.
In some embodiments, 5 ≦ b ≦ 70. In some embodiments, 10 ≦ b ≦ 60. In some embodiments, 20 ≦ b ≦ 50. In some embodiments, 30 ≦ b ≦ 40. In some embodiments, the mass percentage B of the compound B in the electrolyte is 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing values.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte is further compound C, having formula II:
Figure BDA0003333416480000071
wherein:
r1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 ether linkage-containing alkyl, when substituted, the substituent comprises at least one of F or C3-C5 cycloalkyl; and
m is an alkali metal.
In some embodiments, the compound C comprises at least one of the following compounds:
Figure BDA0003333416480000081
compound C is a lithium organophosphate salt that can further assist in the formation of a negative Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) film and a positive solid electrolyte interface (CEI) film, thereby further protecting the active material. Moreover, the SEI film formed by the aid of the compound C has lower impedance, and the rate performance of the electrochemical device can be further improved.
In some embodiments, the mass percent of compound C based on the total amount of electrolyte is C, a and C satisfying the relationship: a/c is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 500. In some embodiments, 5 ≦ a/c ≦ 450. In some embodiments, 10 ≦ a/c ≦ 400. In some embodiments, 50 ≦ a/c ≦ 350. In some embodiments, 100 ≦ a/c ≦ 300. In some embodiments, 150 ≦ a/c ≦ 200. In some embodiments, a/c is 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing values. When the content ratio of the compound a and the compound C is within the above range, it contributes to further improvement of the rate performance of the electrochemical device.
In some embodiments, 0.01 ≦ c ≦ 0.5. In some embodiments, 0.05 ≦ c ≦ 0.4. In some embodiments, 0.1 ≦ c ≦ 0.3. In some embodiments, the mass percent C of compound C in the electrolyte is 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte further comprises compound D comprising at least one of 1, 2-bis (cyanoethoxy) ethane, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, 1, 4-dicyano-2-butene, 1,3, 6-adiponitrile, or 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanato) propane. The nitrile compound can effectively stabilize the transition metal of the positive electrode, inhibit the dissolution of the transition metal and the deposition of the transition metal on the surface of the negative electrode, and reduce the growth of lithium dendrite of the battery cell, thereby effectively improving the overcharge performance of the electrochemical device. In addition, compound D does not affect the high temperature cycling or storage performance of the electrochemical device.
In some embodiments, the compound D is present in an amount of 0.5% to 3% based on the weight of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the compound D is present in an amount of 1% to 2% based on the weight of the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the compound D is present in an amount of 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 3%, or within the range consisting of any of the foregoing values, based on the weight of the electrolyte.
In some embodiments, the electrolyte is further compound E, which includes LiBOB, LiBF4、LiDFOB、LiPO2F2、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiCF3SO3LITDI or B4Li2O7At least one of (1). The compound E can form a solid electrolyte interface film with good stability on the positive electrode and the negative electrode, protect the electrode material, and avoid the direct contact of the electrode material and the electrolyte, so that the further oxidation of the electrolyte is inhibited, and the floating charge performance of the electrochemical device is improved. In addition, the compound E does not affect the high-temperature cycle or storage performance of the electrochemical device.
In some embodiments, the compound E is present in an amount of 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.5% or in a range consisting of any of the foregoing values, based on the weight of the electrolyte.
The electrolyte of the present application can be prepared by any known method. In some embodiments, the electrolytes of the present application can be prepared by mixing the components.
Positive electrode
The positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material disposed on one or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
In some embodiments, the positive electrode active material includes first particles and second particles, wherein the Dv50 of the first particles is 7-20 μm, and the Dv50 of the second particles is 1-6 μm. In some embodiments, the Dv50 of the first particles is 10-15 μm. In some embodiments, and the Dv50 of the second particles is 3-5 μm.
The Dv50 of the first and second particles of the positive electrode active material can be determined by the following method: measuring the Dv50 of the positive active material by a Malvern laser particle size analyzer; or discharging the lithium ion battery until the voltage is 2.8V, soaking the anode in dimethyl carbonate solution for 4 hours, then baking at 80 ℃ for 12 hours, taking the anode active material layer, setting the temperature at 400 ℃ in the air atmosphere, baking for 4 hours to obtain the anode active material, and then testing by using a Malvern laser particle size analyzer to obtain the Dv50 of the anode active material.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is from 0.1 to 10. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is from 0.5 to 8. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is 1 to 5. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is 2 to 4. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is 0.1, 0.5, 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or within a range consisting of any of the foregoing.
In some embodiments, the positive active material has the formula LiNixCoyMnzO2Wherein x is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and a + b + c is 1. In some embodiments, 0.55 < x < 0.92, 0.03 < y < 0.2, 0.04 < z < 0.3.
In some embodiments, the positive active material includes, but is not limited to, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2、LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2。
In some embodiments, the positive active material layer further includes a binder. The binder may improve the binding of the positive electrode active material particles to each other, and may improve the binding of the positive electrode active material to the positive electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the binder includes, but is not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene oxide containing polymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene 1, 1-difluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene butadiene rubber, epoxy, nylon, and the like.
In some embodiments, the positive active material layer further includes a conductive material, thereby imparting conductivity to the electrode. The conductive material may include any conductive material as long as it does not cause a chemical change. Non-limiting examples of the conductive material include carbon-based materials (e.g., natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, etc.), metal-based materials (e.g., metal powders, metal fibers, etc., including, for example, copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, etc.), conductive polymers (e.g., polyphenylene derivatives), and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, the positive current collector includes, but is not limited to, aluminum (Al).
Negative electrode
The negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material disposed on one or both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector. The specific kind of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited and may be selected as desired.
In some embodiments, the negative current collector may be selected from the group consisting of copper foil, nickel foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, nickel foam, copper foam, polymer substrates coated with conductive metals, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the negative active material is selected from natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesophase micro carbon spheres (abbreviated as MCMB), hard carbon, soft carbon, silicon-carbon composite, Li-Sn alloy, Li-Sn-O alloy, Sn, SnO2Spinel-structured lithiated TiO2-Li4Ti5O12And one or more of Li-Al alloy. Non-limiting examples of carbon materials include crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, and mixtures thereof. The crystalline carbon may be natural graphite or artificial graphite in an amorphous form or in a form of a flake, a platelet, a sphere or a fiber. The amorphous carbon may be soft carbon, hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbide, calcined coke, or the like.
In some embodiments, the negative active material includes a binder. The binder improves the binding of the negative active material particles to each other and the binding of the negative active material to the current collector. Non-limiting examples of binders include polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene oxide containing polymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene 1, 1-difluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy, nylon, and the like.
In some embodiments, the negative active material includes a conductive material, thereby imparting conductivity to the electrode. The conductive material may include any conductive material as long as it does not cause a chemical change. Non-limiting examples of the conductive material include carbon-based materials (e.g., carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, etc.), metal-based materials (e.g., metal powders, metal fibers, etc., such as copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, etc.), conductive polymers (e.g., polyphenylene derivatives), and mixtures thereof.
Isolation film
In some embodiments, a separator is provided between the positive and negative electrodes to prevent short circuits. The material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited, and may be any of the techniques disclosed in the prior art. In some embodiments, the separator includes a polymer or inorganic substance or the like formed of a material stable to the electrolyte of the present application.
In some embodiments, the barrier film comprises a substrate layer. In some embodiments, the substrate layer is a nonwoven fabric, a film, or a composite film having a porous structure. In some embodiments, the material of the substrate layer is selected from at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide. In some embodiments, the material of the substrate layer is selected from a polypropylene porous film, a polyethylene porous film, a polypropylene nonwoven fabric, a polyethylene nonwoven fabric, or a polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene porous composite film.
In some embodiments, a surface treatment layer is disposed on at least one surface of the substrate layer. In some embodiments, the surface treatment layer may be a polymer layer, an inorganic layer, or a layer formed by mixing a polymer and an inorganic. In some embodiments, the polymer layer comprises a polymer selected from at least one of polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, acrylate polymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylidene fluoride, and poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene).
In some embodiments, the inorganic layer comprises inorganic particles and a binder. In some embodiments, the inorganic particles are selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, magnesia, titania, hafnia, tin oxide, ceria, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, zirconia, yttria, silicon carbide, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and barium sulfate. In some embodiments, the binder is selected from one or a combination of polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyamides, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl ethers, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyhexafluoropropylene.
Electrochemical device
The application also provides an electronic device comprising the electrolyte according to the application.
The electrochemical device of the present application includes any device in which electrochemical reactions occur, and specific examples thereof include all kinds of primary batteries, secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, or capacitors. In particular, the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery including a lithium metal secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium polymer secondary battery, or a lithium ion polymer secondary battery. In some embodiments, the electrochemical device of the present application includes a positive electrode sheet having a positive active material capable of occluding and releasing metal ions; a negative electrode sheet according to an embodiment of the present application; an electrolyte; and a separator disposed between the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab.
Electronic device
The present application further provides an electronic device comprising an electrochemical device according to the present application.
The use of the electrochemical device of the present application is not particularly limited, and it can be used for any electronic device known in the art. In some embodiments, the electrochemical device of the present application can be used in, but is not limited to, notebook computers, pen-input computers, mobile computers, electronic book players, cellular phones, portable facsimile machines, portable copiers, portable printers, headphones, video recorders, liquid crystal televisions, portable cleaners, portable CDs, mini-discs, transceivers, electronic organizers, calculators, memory cards, portable recorders, radios, backup power supplies, motors, automobiles, motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, lighting fixtures, toys, game consoles, clocks, power tools, flashlights, cameras, household large batteries, lithium ion capacitors, and the like.
Taking a lithium ion battery as an example and describing the preparation of the lithium ion battery with reference to specific examples, those skilled in the art will understand that the preparation method described in the present application is only an example, and any other suitable preparation method is within the scope of the present application.
Examples
The following describes performance evaluation according to examples and comparative examples of lithium ion batteries of the present application.
Preparation of lithium ion battery
1. Preparation of the Positive electrode
(1) A positive electrode active material NCM811 (molecular formula LiNi)0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) The conductive agent acetylene black and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are fully stirred and mixed in a proper amount of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent according to the weight ratio of 96:2:2 to form uniform anode slurry; coating the positive electrode slurry on a positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, drying and cold pressing to obtain a positive electrode, wherein the compaction density of the positive electrode is 3.50g/cm3. The preparation process of the positive active material comprises the following steps:
(a) the method comprises the following steps Preparing a nickel-cobalt-manganese metal salt solution, a precipitator solution, an ammonia water solution and a dispersant solution;
(b) the method comprises the following steps Adding the precipitant solution prepared in the step (a) and an ammonia water solution into a reaction kettle, and adjusting the ammonia concentration and the pH value under a stirring state;
(c) the method comprises the following steps On the basis of the step (b), adding a nickel-cobalt-manganese metal salt solution, a precipitator solution and an ammonia water solution into a reaction kettle at the same time to prepare a nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide crystal nucleus; under the stirring state, adjusting the ammonia concentration and the pH value to promote the crystal nucleus growth, so that the primary particles are tightly packed into secondary particles;
(d) the method comprises the following steps When the particle size value of the reaction slurry reaches 60-80% of the target Dv50, stopping the kettle, extracting the supernatant and concentrating;
(e) the method comprises the following steps Stopping the reaction and aging after the particle size in the reaction slurry reaches a target value to obtain a first particle precursor;
(f) the method comprises the following steps Reducing the target Dv50 and repeating the above steps (a) - (e) to obtain a precursor of the second particles;
(g) the method comprises the following steps Mixing the first particle precursor obtained in the step (e) with lithium hydroxide at a high speed, and carrying out oxygen introduction and calcination by using a high-temperature atmosphere furnace to obtain a positive electrode material of first particles;
(h) the method comprises the following steps Mixing the second particle precursor obtained in the step (f) with lithium hydroxide at a high speed, and performing oxygen introduction calcination by using a high-temperature atmosphere furnace to obtain a second particle cathode material;
(i) the method comprises the following steps And (d) mixing the cathode materials obtained in the steps (g) and (h) according to a certain proportion to obtain the cathode material mixed with particles with different lithium contents.
(2) Mixing anode active material LCO (molecular formula is LiCoO)2) The conductive carbon black, the conductive slurry and a binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are fully stirred and mixed in a proper amount of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent according to the weight ratio of 97.9:0.4:0.5:1.2 to form uniform anode slurry; coating the positive electrode slurry on a positive electrode current collector Al foil, drying and cold pressing to obtain a positive electrode, wherein the positive electrode compaction density is 4.15g/cm3。
2. Preparation of the negative electrode
The negative active material graphite, the binder Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and the thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are mixed according to the weight ratio of 97.4:1.4:1.2, fully stirring and mixing in a proper amount of deionized water solvent to form uniform cathode slurry; coating the negative electrode slurry on a copper foil of a negative electrode current collector, drying and cold pressing to obtain a negative electrode, wherein the compaction density of the negative electrode is 1.80g/cm3。
3. Preparation of the electrolyte
In an argon atmosphere glove box with the water content of less than 10ppm, Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 3:3:4, and then fully dried lithium salt LiPF6(12.5%) was dissolved in the above nonaqueous solvent to obtain a base electrolyte. The objective compound was added to the base electrolyte according to the settings of the examples or comparative examples, to obtain an electrolyte.
4. Preparation of the separator
A single layer Polyethylene (PE) porous polymer film having a thickness of 5 microns and a porosity of 39% was used as the separator. The isolating film has organic and inorganic coating of Al2O3The organic particle coating is polyvinylidene fluoride.
5. Preparation of lithium ion battery
And sequentially stacking the anode, the isolating film and the cathode to enable the isolating film to be positioned between the anode and the cathode, then winding, welding a tab and placing the tab into an outer packaging foil, injecting the prepared electrolyte, and performing the procedures of vacuum packaging, standing, formation, shaping and the like to obtain the lithium ion battery.
Second, testing method
1. Method for testing high-temperature cycle performance of lithium ion battery
Under the condition of 45 ℃, the lithium ion battery is charged to 4.35V at 1C, then is charged to 0.05C at constant voltage under the condition of 4.35V, and then is discharged to 2.8V at the current of 10C, and is cycled for 800 circles under the condition, and the capacity retention rate and the cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery are recorded.
2. Method for testing floating charge performance of lithium ion battery
Lithium ion batteries were discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C, charged to 4.35V at 1C, and then charged to 0.05C at 4.35V at constant voltage at 25 deg.C, tested for lithiumThickness of the ion battery and is noted as d0. The lithium ion cell was then placed in a 45 ℃ oven and charged at a constant voltage of 4.35V for 50 days, with the thickness monitored and recorded as d. The float thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery was calculated by the following formula:
float thickness expansion ratio (d-d)0)/d0×100％。
And stopping the test when the float thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery is more than 50 percent.
3. Test method for rate capability of lithium ion battery
Discharging the lithium ion battery to 2.8V at the temperature of 25 ℃ at 0.5 ℃, then charging to 4.35V at the temperature of 1C, then discharging at the constant temperature of 25 ℃ at the multiplying power of 10C, monitoring the surface temperature change of the battery core, and recording the highest value of the temperature in the process as t. And calculating t-25 and recording as the 10C multiplying power temperature rise of the lithium ion battery.
4. Method for testing overcharge safety of lithium ion battery
At 25 ℃, discharging the lithium ion battery to 2.8V at 0.5 ℃, then charging to 6V at 2C constant current (wherein the voltage of the battery at 100% charge state is 4.35V), then charging for 3 hours at constant voltage, monitoring the surface temperature change of the battery core, and passing when the battery does not catch fire and does not smoke. 10 samples were tested per example or comparative example, and the percentage of passing tests was counted.
5. Method for testing high-temperature storage performance of lithium ion battery
Charging the lithium ion battery to 4.45V at a constant current of 0.5C at 25 ℃, then charging the lithium ion battery to a constant voltage of 0.05C, testing the thickness of the lithium ion battery and recording the thickness as d1. Then the lithium ion battery is placed in a 60 ℃ oven for storage for 60 days, the thickness is monitored and recorded as d2. The high temperature storage thickness expansion ratio of the lithium ion battery was calculated by the following formula:
high temperature storage thickness expansion ratio (d)2-d1)/d1×100％。
Third, test results
Table 1 shows the effect of compound a and compound B and their content in the electrolyte on the high temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery. In each comparative example and implementation in table 1, the positive electrode active material was the positive electrode active material NCM 811.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003333416480000151
Figure BDA0003333416480000161
The results show that when a ternary material is used as the positive electrode active material, when the electrolyte does not contain the compound a and the compound B or the electrolyte contains only one of the compound a and the compound B, the high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery is low and the high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate is high. When the electrolyte contains the compound A and the compound B, the high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery can be remarkably improved, and the high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery can be remarkably reduced.
When the content ratio a/B of the compound A and the compound B is in the range of 0.0016-2, the high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate and the high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery are further improved.
Table 2 shows the effect of compound a and compound B and their contents in the electrolyte on the high temperature storage performance of the lithium ion battery. In each comparative example and implementation in table 2, the positive active material was the positive active material LCO.
TABLE 2
Figure BDA0003333416480000162
Figure BDA0003333416480000171
The results show that when lithium cobaltate is used as the positive electrode active material, the high-temperature storage thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery is high when the electrolytic solution does not contain the compound a and the compound B or the electrolytic solution contains only one of the compound a and the compound B. When the electrolyte contains the compound a and the compound B, the high-temperature storage thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery can be significantly reduced.
When the content ratio a/B of the compound a and the compound B is in the range of 0.0016 to 2, it contributes to further improvement of the high-temperature storage thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery.
Table 3 shows the effect of compound C and its content in the electrolyte on the high temperature cycle performance and rate performance of the lithium ion battery. In each of the examples in table 3, the positive electrode active material was the positive electrode active material NCM 811.
TABLE 3
Figure BDA0003333416480000172
Figure BDA0003333416480000181
The result shows that on the basis that the electrolyte contains the compound A and the compound B, when the electrolyte further contains the compound C, the lithium ion battery still maintains good high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate and high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate, and meanwhile, the 10C rate temperature rise of the lithium ion battery is remarkably reduced.
When the content ratio a/C of the compound a and the compound C is in the range of 1 to 500, it contributes to further improvement of rate performance of the lithium ion battery.
Table 4 shows the effect of compound D and its content in the electrolyte on the overcharge safety of the lithium ion battery. In each of the examples in table 4, the positive electrode active material was the positive electrode active material NCM 811. TCEP is 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanoethoxy) propane and HTCN is 1,3, 6-hexanetricarbonitrile.
TABLE 4
Figure BDA0003333416480000191
The results show that, on the basis that the electrolyte contains the compound a and the compound B, when the electrolyte further contains the compound D, the lithium ion battery has significantly improved overcharge safety. In addition, the lithium ion battery can still maintain good high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate and high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate.
Table 5 shows the effect of compound E and its content in the electrolyte on the float charge performance of the lithium ion battery. In each of the examples in table 5, the positive electrode active material was the positive electrode active material NCM 811.
TABLE 5
Figure BDA0003333416480000192
Figure BDA0003333416480000201
The results show that, when the electrolyte further contains compound E, the float thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery is significantly reduced on the basis that the electrolyte contains compound a and compound B. In addition, the lithium ion battery can still maintain good high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate and high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate.
Table 6 shows the effect of the particle diameters of the first and second particles of the positive electrode active material on the high-temperature cycle performance of the lithium ion battery. In each of the examples in table 6, the positive electrode active material was the positive electrode active material NCM 811.
TABLE 6
Figure BDA0003333416480000202
The results show that when the Dv50 of the first particles of the positive electrode active material is in the range of 7-20 μm and the Dv50 of the second particles is in the range of 1-6 μm, the high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery can be significantly improved and the high-temperature cycle thickness expansion rate thereof can be reduced.
Reference throughout this specification to "an embodiment," "some embodiments," "one embodiment," "another example," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples" means that at least one embodiment or example in this application includes a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in the embodiment or example. Thus, throughout the specification, descriptions appear, for example: "in some embodiments," "in an embodiment," "in one embodiment," "in another example," "in one example," "in a particular example," or "by example," which do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example in this application. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.
Although illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments are not to be construed as limiting the application and that changes, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit, principles and scope of the application.

Claims (10)

1. An electrolyte, characterized by:
the electrolyte contains a compound A and a compound B,
the compound A comprises at least one of dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, propyl propionate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, propyl acetate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl pivalate, gamma-butyrolactone, sulfolane, ethyl propyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1, 3-dioxane or 1, 4-dioxane, and
compound B includes compound a substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
2. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the compound a and the compound B have the same main structure.
3. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the mass percent of the compound A is a, the mass percent of the compound B is B, and a and B satisfy the following relation: a/b is more than or equal to 0.0016 and less than or equal to 2.
4. The electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrolyte is further a compound C having formula II:
Figure FDA0003333416470000011
wherein:
R1is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkynyl or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 ether bond-containing alkyl, and when substituted, the substituent comprises at least one of F or C3-C5 cycloalkyl; and
m is an alkali metal, and
based on the total amount of the electrolyte, the mass percent of the compound C is C, and a and C satisfy the relation: a/c is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 500.
5. The electrolyte according to claim 4, characterized in that the compound C comprises at least one of the following compounds:
Figure FDA0003333416470000021
6. the electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrolyte further comprises a compound D comprising at least one of 1, 2-bis (cyanoethoxy) ethane, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, 1, 4-dicyano-2-butene, 1,3, 6-adiponitrile or 1,2, 3-tris (2-cyanato) propane, and the content of compound D is 0.5 to 3% based on the weight of the electrolyte.
7. The electrolyte according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrolyte is further a compound E comprising LiBOB, LiBF4、LiDFOB、LiPO2F2、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiCF3SO3LITDI or B4Li2O7At least one of (1).
8. An electrochemical device comprising a positive electrode and the electrolyte of any one of claims 1-7.
9. The electrochemical device according to claim 8, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material satisfying at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) the positive electrode active material includes first particles and second particles, wherein Dv50 of the first particles is 7-20 μm, and Dv50 of the second particles is 1-6 μm;
(b) the positive electrode active material includes first particles and second particles, and a mass ratio of the first particles to the second particles is 0.1 to 10;
(c) the positive electrode active material has a chemical formula LiNixCoyMnzO2Wherein x is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, y is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, z is more than or equal to 0 and less than 1, and a + b + c is 1.
10. An electronic device comprising the electrochemical device of claim 8 or 9.
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