CN113975293B - 多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113975293B CN113975293B CN202111000463.4A CN202111000463A CN113975293B CN 113975293 B CN113975293 B CN 113975293B CN 202111000463 A CN202111000463 A CN 202111000463A CN 113975293 B CN113975293 B CN 113975293B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
- A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂及其制备方法,多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂成分为多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒,多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的制备方法,包括下列步骤:将一种或多种多聚磷酸钠钾盐溶解于水中,边搅拌/振荡边加入三价铁盐固体或者溶液,待三价铁盐固体不再溶解或溶液滴加完毕,将反应体系pH调至3.0‑8.0;滤膜过滤制得无色或浅黄色澄清透亮的多聚磷酸纳米铁混悬液;冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥,制得白色或浅黄色多聚磷酸纳米铁固体粉末。本发明中多聚磷酸纳米铁的粒径和色泽可通过调节多聚磷酸的链长或铁与磷的摩尔比来控制,具有很低的促氧化活性、理想的胶体稳定性及与硫酸亚铁相当的生物利用度,其肠道吸收主要涉及了依赖于巨胞饮的内吞吸收途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂,特别是涉及一种多聚磷酸盐介导的纳米铁化合物的制备方法及其用途。
背景技术
铁是人体需求量最高的微量元素,是肌红蛋白、血红蛋白、细胞色素和多种酶的内在组成部分,在DNA合成、能量和底物代谢、电子转移和氧化还原酶活性中起着不可或缺的作用。虽然过去几十年,全球在食物铁强化方面取得了一定的进展,但铁缺乏仍然是最常见的营养缺乏,据全球疾病负担研究的调查显示,2017年铁缺乏影响了全球11亿人口(占营养不足人口总数61%),所致伤残调整寿命年(Disability-Adjusted Life-Years,DALYs)高达3000万人年,是造成5-14岁儿童DALYs的头号因素,是导致育龄妇女DALYs的第五大因素。
贫血的治疗并非一蹴而就,需要患者长期坚持补充铁元素,故食物铁强化是一种具有较大潜力和成本效益的长期有效的方法。然而,临床研究发现过量铁的摄入有着极大的健康风险,会造成肠道微生态功能紊乱,进而引起儿童腹泻和感染性疾病发生几率的上升,故食物铁强化最好能够使用较小剂量、较高生物利用度的铁化合物。亚铁盐类化合物(如硫酸亚铁、葡萄糖酸亚铁和乳酸亚铁等)尽管易溶于水而具有良好的生物利用度,但由于其较高的氧化还原反应活性,会对食品基质造成不利的感官变化。近年来,纳米铁化合物因其生物利用度高且与食品基质反应性较低,具有成为新一代铁强化剂的潜力,受到了人们的广泛关注。
膳食中多种聚阴离子生物大分子(如多肽、磷脂、硫酸多糖和DNA)均能够介入三价铁水解过程而导致纳米铁的形成。多聚磷酸盐是两个及以上磷酸基团通过高能磷酸键连接而成的线性聚合物,包括焦磷酸盐、三聚(偏)磷酸盐、六等偏磷酸盐等,是食品工业中常用的抗结剂、稳定剂、膨松剂和水分保持剂,广泛应用于加工肉制品、奶酪、烘焙食品和软饮料中。焦磷酸铁是目前国内外批准使用的铁营养强化剂之一,但由于溶解度很低而生物利用度不理想,且难以在饮料类食品中应用。国内外目前主要通过球磨、热解等物理方法来降低不溶性铁化合物的粒径,进而提高不溶性铁化合物的生物利用度,但由于这些物理方法具有能量损耗高、所得颗粒易于团聚、生物利用度提高有限的缺点,目前并未被广泛推广使用。本发明利用常温湿法制得一种水溶性、生物利用度极高、食品基质兼容性好的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂,该工艺具有操作简单、成本低、易于推广的优点,该产品可在营养强化、营养补充或临床治疗中广泛应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新型多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的制备方法。
本发明所要解决的技术问题是:制备一种多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂,成分为多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒。
实现本发明目的采取的技术方案如下:
将多聚磷酸盐配成一定浓度溶液,加入铁盐后调节pH至近中性,再经过滤膜过滤后,得到水合粒径小于200 nm、ζ电位大于−25 mV的多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒。
多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的制备方法,包括下列步骤:
(1)将一种或多种多聚磷酸钠钾盐溶解于水中,边搅拌/振荡边缓慢加入一定量三价铁盐固体或者溶液,待三价铁盐固体不再溶解或溶液全部滴加完毕,将反应体系pH调至3.0-8.0;
(2)用孔径为0.2-0.8 μm滤膜过滤获得滤液,制得无色或浅黄色澄清透亮的多聚磷酸纳米铁(水合粒径小于200 nm、ζ电位大于−25 mV)混悬液;
(3)冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥,制得白色或浅黄色、能完全复溶、复溶后粒径无显著变化的多聚磷酸纳米铁固体粉末。
优选的,本发明步骤(1)中多聚磷酸链长越短、铁与磷的摩尔比越低,形成的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的颜色越浅、粒径越小,所用多聚磷酸盐最佳为焦磷酸盐、铁与磷的摩尔比最佳为0.25,形成的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的水合粒径小于100 nm、溶液色泽为无色、固体粉末色泽为白色。
进一步的,本发明步骤(1)中铁与磷的摩尔比不超过2.0,此时溶液中不会形成沉淀,本发明步骤(2)中滤膜过滤操作可省略。铁与磷的摩尔比过大时,溶液中会形成氢氧化铁沉淀,会造成铁盐的浪费,并增加过滤成本。
进一步的,本发明步骤(1)反应体系的pH不超过8 .0。pH值越高,反应体系氢氧根离子浓度越大,当超过8.0后,氢氧根离子对多聚磷酸的铁负载能力影响过大。
进一步的,多聚磷酸盐包括多聚磷酸钠盐或多聚磷酸钾盐。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明利用多聚磷酸盐介入三价铁水解的温和反应而制备了一种多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒,该纳米铁颗粒经过冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥后,仍可复溶为粒径无显著变化的胶体粒子;在食品体系中具有很低的促氧化活性和较好的色泽兼容性;在胃肠道消化后仍能保持很好的胶体稳定性;在体外肠道上皮细胞模型和大鼠药物代谢动力学研究中具有与硫酸亚铁相当的生物利用度,其肠道吸收主要涉及了依赖于巨胞饮的内吞吸收途径。本发明中多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂相比亚铁类补铁剂而言,能够缓慢持续释放,对胃肠道的刺激较低,且不易造成食品基质色泽改变和发生脂质氧化等不利反应,且生物可利用性与亚铁类补铁剂相当,故是一种较为理想的补铁剂,可在营养强化、营养补充或临床治疗中广泛应用。
附图说明
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式和有益效果作进一步详细的说明。
图1是多聚磷酸纳米铁制备过程的表征。(a)是三价铁溶解度曲线;(b)是动态光散射(DLS)粒径分布;(c)是ζ电位;(d)是透射电镜图(TEM);(e)是多聚磷酸纳米铁溶液拍照图。
图2是多聚磷酸纳米铁化学组成的表征。(a)初始磷与铁摩尔比(P/Fe)为4.0和0.5时的紫外全波长扫描;(b)为272 nm吸光度与370 nm吸光度比值;(c)是在初始磷与铁摩尔比(P/Fe)为4.0醇沉后的纳米铁粉末拍照及测定纳米铁中的实际磷铁摩尔比。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图3是多聚磷酸纳米铁粉末的稳定性。(a),(b),(c)是焦磷酸铁及多聚磷酸盐纳米铁喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥后的粉剂状态及复溶后的溶液状态;(d)复溶后粒径及PDI的变化;(e),(f)是喷雾和冷冻干燥后粉剂的色差;(g)是多聚磷酸纳米铁在亚油酸乳液贮藏过程中的TBA值变化。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图4是多聚磷酸纳米铁胶体溶液的胃肠道稳定性。(a)是多聚磷酸盐纳米铁模拟胃肠道消化过程中的铁溶解度;(b)是其模拟消化过程中粒径的变化。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图5是多聚磷酸纳米铁在Caco-2细胞模型中的铁吸收。采用了Caco-2单层分化细胞,细胞外液pH值为5.5,细胞铁的摄入会让钙黄绿素荧光发生猝灭,利用钙黄绿素荧光的变化相对定量细胞的铁摄入。(a)是多聚磷酸纳米铁在Caco-2细胞模型中的铁吸收动力学变化;(b)是不同抑制剂对于Caco-2 单层分化细胞吸收多聚磷酸纳米铁中铁的影响。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图6是大鼠单次灌胃多聚磷酸纳米铁后血清铁的代谢动力学变化。(a)水溶液体系;(b)牛奶体系。
图7是水溶液和全脂牛奶体系单次灌胃硫酸亚铁或多聚磷酸纳米铁大鼠的药代动力学参数。数据均以平均值±标准偏差(n = 3)来表示。均值的差异性采用LSD进行分析,在没有共同上标字母(a,b和c)的行中表示的P < 0.05。
缩略词释义: iAUC, 曲线以下和基线以上的面积; Tmax, 达到最高血清铁浓度的时间; Cmax, 给药后观察到的最大血清铁浓度。铁的相对生物利用度通过iAUC(多聚磷酸盐纳米铁)/iAUC (硫酸亚铁)计算。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本实施例提供一种基于焦磷酸钠(PP)、三聚磷酸钠(TPP)、六偏磷酸钠(HMP)、链长为25的多聚磷酸钠(PolyP25)制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂及其制备过程。
具体技术方案步骤如下:
(1)将四种多聚磷酸盐分别溶解在水中,配成0.6 g/L浓度,在室温的条件下连续搅拌至完全溶解。
(2)将氯化铁配置成一系列浓度的溶液,缓慢加入步骤(1)制备的多聚磷酸盐溶液中,边加边搅拌,终体积比为2:1;逐滴加入1 M 氢氧化钠将反应溶液的 pH 调至7.0,然后用孔径为0.45 µm滤膜过滤获得滤液,制得四种多聚磷酸盐纳米铁混悬液。
实施例2
本实施例主要进行下列实验测定和对比验证。
(1)对实施例1制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂进行效果和参数测定.
(2)研究不同铁与磷的摩尔比制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁的效果。
(3)选择市售的补铁剂焦磷酸铁,对实施例1制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁进行对比。
本实施例的相关实验是以实施例1中多聚磷酸盐制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂为基础进行的。具体为:
(一)多聚磷酸纳米铁制备过程的表征,具体实验过程和实验结论如下:
图1中,(a)是三价铁溶解度曲线;(b)是动态光散射(DLS)粒径分布;(c)是ζ电位;(d)是透射电镜图(TEM);(e)是多聚磷酸纳米铁溶液拍照图。
图2中,(a)初始磷与铁摩尔比(P/Fe)为4.0和0.5时的紫外全波长扫描;(b)为272nm吸光度与370 nm吸光度比值;(c)是在初始磷与铁摩尔比(P/Fe)为4.0醇沉后的纳米铁粉末拍照及测定纳米铁中的实际磷铁摩尔比。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
在实例1中,控制多聚磷酸盐的浓度不变,改变滴入的氯化铁溶液的浓度,利用氢氧化钠调节反应溶液的pH至7后,经过0.45 µm滤膜过滤,使用AA6300C火焰原子吸收分光光度计测定未过滤和过滤样品中的铁浓度,从而可绘制出三价铁溶解度曲线。氯化铁在中性水溶液中水解会发生沉淀,随着初始(P/Fe)的增加,铁溶解度逐渐增加,当PP和TPP的(P/Fe)≥0.5,HMP的(P/Fe)≥0.4,PolyP25的(P/Fe)≥0.34时,三价铁的溶解度能够达到100%,可计算出1000 mg的PP, TPP,HMP和PolyP25分别能够溶解896 mg,896 mg,1120 mg和1344mg的三价铁。DLS的分析使用激光粒度分析仪(Malvern Nano ZS),633 nm He-Ne激光器,在25±0.1℃下,恒定散射角为173°。测定滤液中存在平均水合粒径为纳米级(50-120 nm)的颗粒,并与初始(P/Fe)成反比(图1b)。因此PP、TPP、HMP和PolyP25通过介导形成可溶的纳米胶体溶液来阻止氯化铁的水解沉淀,ζ电位值大于- 25 mV,表明它们是高度带负电荷的纳米铁,具有很高的胶体稳定性。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观测时(图1d),样品溶液滴加到碳涂层的铜网上,风干,然后使用JEM-2100Plus设备在200 kv下进行检测,这些胶体呈形状不规则的近球形的2-4 nm单体的纳米聚集体(图1d),且与PP和TPP相比,HMP和Poly25介导形成了水合粒径和表面电荷更大的三价铁胶体(图1b和1d)。在初始(P/Fe)为4.0时利用PP、TPP、HMP和PolyP25在pH为7时制备的胶体溶液拍照图如图1e所示,可见其为澄清透明的溶液状态,颜色随着多聚磷酸盐链长的增加逐渐加深。目前市售的补铁剂焦磷酸铁在水溶液中呈现出乳白色混浊状态,静置后在瓶底产生了大量沉淀(图1e)。因此,本发明中多聚磷酸纳米铁补充剂相比于市售常用的补铁剂焦磷酸铁而言,具有能够完全溶解、可在饮料体系中应用的优点。
图2a显示了PP、TPP、HMP和PolyP25存在时,滤液在初始(P/Fe)为0.5和4.0时的紫外吸收光谱。在272 nm处的肩峰,为Fe(III)-PO4键的吸收峰,同时铁氢氧化物由于配体场的跃迁作用在290-500 nm处也有一定程度的吸收。因此,272 nm附近的肩峰由Fe(III)-PO4键和Fe(III)-OH键两部分的吸收共同组成,而370 nm处的吸收仅反映的是Fe(III)-OH键的吸收。因此,272 nm和370 nm吸光度表明多聚磷酸盐介导三价铁水解形成的可溶性纳米胶体是由多聚磷酸氢氧化铁构成的,在三价铁水解过程中,多聚磷酸盐的磷酸基团与氢氧根离子竞争与铁结合,介导形成了多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒(Fe(OH)PolyP-NPs),将其称为多聚磷酸纳米铁。
图2b计算了272 nm和370 nm的吸光度比值,其与初始(P/Fe)和聚磷酸盐链长的关系可总结为,较高的初始(P/Fe)和较短的多聚磷酸盐链长有利于Fe(III)-PO4键的形成,而减少了Fe(III)-OH键的比例。为了更清楚说明多聚磷酸盐纳米铁的组成成分,利用乙醇对纳米铁溶液进行沉淀,得到初始(P/Fe)为4.0的多聚磷酸纳米铁颗粒,其中的实际磷铁比通过硝酸酸解后利用火焰原子吸收测定。如图2c所示,三价铁水解胶体中的Fe(III)-OH键可以从典型黄色的铁氢氧化物中直观地看到,随着多聚磷酸盐链长的增加,其呈现出加深的黄色,表明其中-OH的含量逐渐增加,而测定颗粒中的实际磷铁比随链长的增加逐渐降低,表明其中形成Fe(III)-PO4键的含量逐渐降低。。证实了本发明中的多聚磷酸纳米铁的主要组成为Fe(III)-PO4键与Fe(III)-OH键,且多聚磷酸盐的链长能够影响Fe(III)-PO4键与Fe(III)-OH键的比例,链长较短的多聚磷酸盐有利于更多Fe(III)-PO4键的形成,而Fe(III)-OH键的含量则相对较少,因而其颜色较白。
本发明利用多聚磷酸盐介导氯化铁水解提够了一种方便和绿色的湿化学法制备纳米铁的方法,多聚磷酸纳米铁由Fe(III)-PO4键与Fe(III)-OH键构成,为制备新型纳米补铁剂提供了广阔的前景,但作为食品添加剂使用时,纳米补铁剂还需要考虑胶体稳定性、食品基质兼容性和生物利用度等因素。
(二)多聚磷酸纳米铁的稳定性研究,具体实验过程和实验结论如下:
图3中,(a),(b),(c)是焦磷酸铁及多聚磷酸纳米铁在喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥后的粉剂状态及复溶后的溶液状态;(d)是复溶后粒径及PDI的变化;(e),(f)是喷雾和冷冻干燥后粉剂的色差;(g)是多聚磷酸纳米铁在亚油酸乳液贮藏过程中的硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值变化。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图4 中,(a)是多聚磷酸纳米铁模拟胃肠道消化过程中的铁溶解度,(b)是其模拟消化过程中粒径的变化。不同字母组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
图3a和c为喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥制备的多聚磷酸纳米铁粉剂和复溶后的形态。喷雾干燥采用SD-1550实验型喷雾干燥机(上海沃迪智能装备股份有限公司),入口温度为180℃、进料速度为1.3 L/h,对铁浓度为2 mM、初始(P/Fe)为4.0的多聚磷酸盐纳米铁样品溶液进行喷雾干燥。冷冻干燥时,将铁浓度为2 mM、初始(P/Fe)为4.0的多聚磷酸盐纳米铁样品在-20℃下预冻24 h,然后转移到Scientz-10ND冷冻干燥机(宁波新芝生物技术有限公司),进行梯度干燥: -30℃— -20℃ 2 h,-10℃—0℃ 10 h, 5℃—20℃ 20 h。制备的粉末样品利用色度计(X-Rite spectrophotometer-SP62),选用8 mm透光孔模块,光源A,10°测定参数L*,a*和b*值。如图3e和f所示,PP、TPP、HMP和PolyP25形成的纳米铁黄度(b*)值急剧增加,这与视觉上从接近白色到黄色的变化相对应(图3a和3c)。由L*和a*值可知,随着多聚磷酸盐链长的增加,其亮度(L*)逐渐降低,红度(a*)逐渐增加。因此喷雾和冻干粉末会随着多聚磷酸盐链长的增加呈现出逐渐加深的黄色,其中,PP合成的纳米铁在粉末和溶液形式下都为无色,因此,考虑到与食品基质的色泽兼容性,短链多聚磷酸盐比长链多聚磷酸盐在制备纳米铁补充剂方面更有优势。
喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥是食品加工中的延长货架期的良好技术。纳米颗粒溶液的干燥可能会造成颗粒的不稳定性增加,导致不可逆的聚集沉淀。将喷雾和冷冻干燥制备的多聚磷酸盐纳米铁干粉复溶于水中后能够形成具有明显丁达尔效应的澄清溶液(图3a和3c)。通过DLS分析显示,复溶后的多聚磷酸纳米铁能够恢复到原来的粒径,其PDI值也不受喷雾和冻干操作的影响(图3c),表明其在喷雾和冷冻干燥条件下具有良好的胶体稳定性。而如图3b所示,焦磷酸铁粉末直接加水复溶,产生了大量沉淀,其溶解度较差,更进一步表明本发明制备多聚磷酸纳米铁的溶解度优势。
多聚磷酸纳米铁的促氧化活性,是在亚油酸乳液体系下测定脂质氧化速率来判定的。使用磁力搅拌器将5 g亚油酸与1 g吐温20在150 mL 0.2 M磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.4)中混合15 min,然后使用超声探针在4℃下以5.0 s脉冲速率超声10 min。以不添加铁的乳化液作为对照,将新制备的铁浓度为20 mM的硫酸亚铁或多聚磷酸纳米铁的溶液按照体积比1:19加入到亚油酸乳液中,不断搅拌,然后在30℃黑暗中孵育72 h。每隔一段时间取0.2 mL进行分析。利用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定脂质过氧化产物,如图3e所示,多聚磷酸纳米铁在亚油酸乳状液中储存24、48和72 h后,TBA值显著低于硫酸亚铁 (P < 0.01)。脂质过氧化导致不良的感官变化和酸败是铁强化食品的主要挑战,与催化活性较强的硫酸亚铁相比,多聚磷酸纳米铁在催化食品基质脂质氧化方面具有相对惰性。
利用模拟胃液和肠液,进一步研究多聚磷酸纳米铁在消化过程中的稳定性。将含有0.4 mM铁的多聚磷酸纳米铁的样品溶液与同等体积的2倍浓度的模拟胃液(13.8 mMKCl, 1.8 mM KH2PO4, NaHCO3 50 mM,94 mM NaCl,0.2mM MgCl2,1 mM (NH4)2CO3, 0.15 mMCaCl2)混合,调节pH值3.0,37℃恒温孵育2 h,通过0.45 μm滤膜过滤,收集滤液。模拟肠道消化采用平衡盐HBSS溶液作为模拟肠液,将含有0.4 mM铁的多聚磷酸纳米铁的样品溶液与等体积的2倍浓缩的HBSS(pH 5.5)混合,在37℃孵育1 h,通过0.45 μm滤膜过滤,收集滤液。使用AA6300C火焰原子吸收仪测定未过膜和过膜后样品中的铁浓度,从而计算铁的溶解度。溶液中铁的溶解度超过80%,说明多聚磷酸纳米铁在胃肠道条件下具有良好的胶体稳定性。测定过膜后滤液中的粒径可见,经过胃肠道的模拟消化后Z-平均粒径显著增加,表明它们在胃肠道条件下逐渐聚集的状态,但粒径未超过300 nm,仍能够以纳米形态存在。
(三)多聚磷酸纳米铁在体外Caco-2细胞模型中的铁吸收动力学,具体实验过程和实验结论如下:
具体见图5,采用了Caco-2单层分化细胞,细胞外液pH值为5.5,细胞铁的摄入会让钙黄绿素荧光发生猝灭,利用钙黄绿素荧光的变化相对定量细胞的铁摄入。
人结肠腺癌细胞Caco-2 细胞株,购自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库;Caco-2 细胞日常培养于高糖 DMEM 完全培养液(添加10 %胎牛血清),在 37℃、5%二氧化碳和恒定湿度的培养箱中培养, 每隔2-3 d 传代一次。将 Caco-2 细胞用高糖 DMEM 完全培养液稀释至一定浓度,以5×104 个/cm2的密度接种于胶原覆盖的24 孔板,每隔2 d更换一次培养液;至Caco-2 细胞分化完全,构建体外肠道细胞模型。随后更换无血清的MEM培养基进行饥饿处理24 h。之后加入钙黄绿素在37℃孵育30分钟后,加入970 μL的HBSS溶液,及包含1mM 硫酸亚铁或多聚磷酸纳米铁的样品溶液,在SpectraMax i3x荧光酶标仪(Molecular Devices)中37 ℃孵育30分钟,每3分钟记录一次钙黄绿素荧光(485 nm激发,530 nm发射)。
利用Caco-2细胞模型模拟小肠近端pH值5.5的条件。外源铁通常先进入肠道细胞的细胞质中,即先进入细胞弱结合铁池,因此,利用钙黄绿素是反映细胞弱结合铁池中的铁含量。如图5a所示,钙黄绿素荧光变化表明,与硫酸亚铁相比多聚磷酸盐纳米铁诱导的荧光猝灭速度更慢,荧光猝灭程度略低,所以多聚磷酸纳米铁的细胞铁的吸收比硫酸亚铁温和得多,同时不同链长的多聚磷酸盐合成的纳米铁对于细胞吸收没有明显的影响。
含铁纳米颗粒的细胞铁吸收涉及依赖于二价金属转运体1 (DMT1)或内吞途径。红菲绕啉二磺酸钠(BPDS)是一种二价铁螯合剂,可作为DMT1的细胞铁摄取途径的阻断剂。BPDS对多聚磷酸纳米铁在Caco-2细胞上钙黄素荧光的猝灭没有显著的抑制作用(图5b),因此其细胞铁摄取似乎不涉及DMT1依赖的途径,而是完全依赖于细胞内吞作用。细胞内吞作用一般可分为受体介导的特异性内吞作用和非特异性巨胞饮作用,前者需要能量消耗。叠氮钠能够影响细胞对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的利用,而细胞外液缺钾,可以抑制受体介导的内吞作用,这两种抑制剂对多聚磷酸纳米铁的吸收没有显著的抑制作用(图5b),因此多聚磷酸纳米铁的细胞吸收不依赖于ATP的非特异性过程。巨胞饮抑制剂阿米洛利和能够降低细胞膜流动性的低温(4℃)处理分别抑制了20%和50%以上的多聚磷酸纳米铁的吸收 (图5b) (P< 0.05),表明其肠道吸收主要涉及了依赖于巨胞饮的内吞吸收途径。
(四)多聚磷酸盐纳米铁生物利用度的药代动力学评估,具体实验过程和实验结论如下:
具体见图6。(a)水溶液体系中血清铁浓度药代动力学曲线;(b)牛奶体系中血清铁浓度药代动力学曲线。
7周龄的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(200 g)-单笼饲养,动物房温度22 ± 2 ℃,湿度55 ± 15 %,12/12 h光照周期(早上8点至晚上8点照明),在整个研究期间动物可自由摄食和饮用超纯水。获得中国海洋大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: SPXY20201210)。
药代动力学实验如下:
适应1周后,将大鼠随机分为6组(每组6只),禁食过夜。动物单次灌胃含有硫酸亚铁或者多聚磷酸纳米铁的水溶液或全脂牛奶,其初始(P/Fe)为4.0,灌胃剂量为2 mg Fe/kg体重。定期从颈动脉取血,室温凝血约30分钟后,3000 rpm离心15分钟,取血清。使用微量血清铁含量测定试剂盒测定血清样品中的铁浓度。药代动力学参数使用PKSolver软件计算。各补铁剂组的曲线下面积(iAUC)计算方法为血清铁含量曲线下和对照组基线上的面积。铁的相对生物利用度计算公式为iAUC(多聚磷酸纳米铁)/iAUC (硫酸亚铁)。图6a和6b显示了在水溶液或全脂牛奶中灌胃硫酸亚铁和多聚磷酸纳米铁后血清铁浓度(SIC)的变化。对照组SIC在实验期间基本保持不变,平均为24.4 μM。在灌胃铁后,SIC迅速上升到峰值水平,然后逐渐回落到基线水平。与全脂牛奶相比,水溶液中添加硫酸亚铁和多聚磷酸纳米铁后,SIC在较短时间内达到峰值(P < 0.05)(图7),表明在食物基质的影响下释放铁的时间明显延长。在水溶液和全脂牛奶中,多聚磷酸纳米铁在较长时间内产生的SIC峰值水平显著低于硫酸亚铁(P < 0.05)(图7),表明相较于硫酸亚铁其吸收更温和。多聚磷酸纳米铁组的iAUC在水溶液和全脂牛奶中没有显著差异 (P > 0.05)(图7),同时计算其铁的相对生物利用度为硫酸亚铁的170%左右。根据现有文献报道,目前市售常用补铁剂焦磷酸铁的相对生物利用度不甚理想,仅为21%-74%,根据世界卫生组织的建议,其加入量至少达到硫酸亚铁的两倍,才能够得到理想的疗效。本发明提供了一种简便的湿化学方法制备多聚磷酸盐纳米铁,该纳米微粒可稳定存在于胃肠道环境中,无细胞毒性,并在喷雾和冷冻干燥加工后仍然以纳米形态存在,生物利用度远高于市售常用的焦磷酸铁和硫酸亚铁,可作为一种高效和缓释的新型补铁剂,用于口服治疗和食品铁强化。
当然,上述说明并非是对本发明的限制,本发明也并不限于上述举例,本技术领域的普通技术人员,在本发明的实质范围内,作出的变化、改型、添加或替换,都应属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (1)
1.一种多聚磷酸纳米铁补铁剂的制备方法,其特征在于,成分为多聚磷酸氢氧化铁纳米颗粒,其制备方法包括下列步骤:
(1)将一种或多种多聚磷酸盐溶解于水中,边搅拌/振荡边缓慢加入三价铁盐固体或者溶液,待三价铁盐固体不再溶解或溶液全部滴加完毕,将反应体系pH调至3.0-8.0;
(2)用孔径为0.2-0.8 μm滤膜过滤获得滤液,制得无色或浅黄色澄清透亮的多聚磷酸纳米铁混悬液,其水合粒径小于200 nm、ζ电位大于−25 mV;
(3)冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥,制得白色或浅黄色、能完全复溶、复溶后粒径无显著变化的多聚磷酸纳米铁固体粉末;
多聚磷酸盐为多聚磷酸钠盐。
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