CN113965957B - Multi-hop-based adaptive transmission rate adjusting method in wireless body area network - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-hop-based adaptive transmission rate adjusting method in a wireless body area network, which comprises the following steps: an initialization stage: nodeTransmitting hello and position information thereof to hub, hub calculating SINR (signal to interference plus noise ratio) (i, hub) between hub and the node, and establishing an information table for storageThe remaining energy RE (i, t), SINR (i, hub) at time t is broadcast. The preparation stage: and selecting the relay of the area and notifying other common nodes of the area, wherein the common nodes select a communication mode according to the channel state condition between the common nodes and the hub, notify the relay, collect and package data by the relay, and send the data to the hub. Planning: the hub sets a TDMA schedule and sends to the relays for each zone, designating nodes that are active and dormant for each round, and the relays set a sub-TDMA schedule and inform the general nodes of the sub-TDMA schedule. Stabilization phase: and each node sends the data to hub or relay in the allocated time slot, and sleeps in turn according to the TDMA and sub-TDMA plans, and meanwhile, the node and the relay can adapt to the transmission rate according to the quality of the communication link, and the WBAN works stably.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wireless communication, and particularly relates to a multi-hop-based adaptive transmission rate adjusting method in a wireless body area network.
Background
With the technological development in integrated circuits, wireless communications, and biosensors, wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) have grown. WBAN is considered a technique that may have a significant impact on healthcare technology by reducing the number of wires and monitoring devices around the body during physical monitoring, thereby improving the quality of life for some people in need of medical treatment.
Typically, the biosensor is worn on or implanted in the human body and requires a reduction in the transmission power of the WBAN in order to mitigate interference and minimize the deleterious effects associated with radio frequency radiation. At the same time, because WBAN handles medical data that is important to patient health, reliability and efficient resource management of WBAN data is also critical. One major problem faced by WBAN is that as a person moves about, such as walking, the location of the connected sensor nodes changes and the channel between the nodes and hub is disturbed. If the hub is not adapted to the transmission rate in the sensor node, a decrease in the inter-node distance may cause intra-node interference. Interference can be avoided using time multiplexed access (TDMA), however this technique is best suited to WBANs with a small number of nodes, and for WBANs with high traffic load and high number of nodes, the extra energy consumption makes performance poor.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes a topology design that allows for patient mobility while ensuring reliable data transfer. The design has a multi-hop topological structure based on a star, except hub and sensor nodes, part of the sensor nodes are changed into relay nodes to serve as a transmission network for monitoring and controlling data, and meanwhile, a dormancy mechanism is adopted for the sensor nodes. Each node has fixed neighbors, providing relatively stable and reliable links between the backbone nodes even when the body is in motion.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
in WBAN where a large number of nodes exist, in order to achieve high energy efficiency, the nodes in WBAN are divided into m areas (regions) according to the positions where they are located, each area has i nodes (nodes), and there are h kinds (types) in total according to the difference of the monitored health data. To facilitate distinguishing between different nodes, useUniquely indicates that the inode is located in the m-zone and belongs to the h-category.
The working mechanism of the node is divided into 4 stages: an initialization phase, a preparation phase, a planning phase and a stabilization phase.
During the initialization phase, the nodeTransmitting 'hello' and its position information to hub, hub calculating SINR (i, hub) between hub and node, hub creating an information table to store +.>The remaining energy TR (i, t), SINT (i, hub) at time t is broadcast.
In the preparation stage, each area elects the relay of the area according to the election function, the relay informs other common nodes of the area of election, the common nodes select a communication mode according to the channel state condition between the common nodes and the hub and inform the relay, and the relay collects and packages data and sends the data to the hub.
In the planning stage, hub is used as a control center of all nodes, a TDMA schedule is set and sent to relays of all areas, all kinds of nodes and dormant nodes working in each round are designated, and the relays set a sub-TDMA schedule and inform the common node of the sub-TDMA schedule.
And finally, in a stable stage, each node respectively transmits the data to hub or relay in the allocated time slot, and alternately sleeps according to the TDMA and sub-TDMA plans, and meanwhile, the node and the relay can adapt to the transmission rate according to the quality of the communication link, and the WBAN can perform stable work.
In the preparation stage, the selection of the regional relay is determined according to the residual energy of the node and the interference of hub during the transmission of the node i. A function U (i, t) is defined to represent the competing function of the inode at time t:
wherein p is i Representing the power level of node i, h ii Representing the channel functions of node i to its corresponding hub, h ji Representing channel function, SINR between hub corresponding to node j and i node th Representing the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio threshold, sigma 2 Representing additive white gaussian noise, N -i Representing the set of nodes transmitting simultaneously with i, RE (i, t) representing the remaining energy of node i at time t, E 0 Representing the node initial energy.
Alpha is a proportionality coefficient, the larger alpha indicates that the node is more influenced by the interference condition on election, the smaller alpha indicates that the node residual energy is more influenced on election, and the value of U (i, t) is changed according to the selection of different values of the alpha value. Each area is bid out max [ U (i, [) ], and the corresponding node selects the area relay.
Due to the effects of human motion and the radio frequency signals in the environment, the signals may experience deep fades during propagation, i.e. the received signal level is less than 50% of the transmitted signal level. The channels are classified into deep fading channels and normal channels according to whether deep fading occurs. Each nodeThe communication channel with hub has markov transition probabilities:
wherein P is i1 、1-P i1 、P i2 、1-P i2 The probability that the deep fading channel remains unchanged, the probability that the deep fading channel is converted into a normal channel, the probability that the normal channel is converted into the deep fading channel, and the probability that the normal fading channel remains unchanged are respectively expressed.
The presence of a plateau in the markov chain can be expressed as a steady state vector pi= [ P ] d ,P n ]Such that pi p=pi, P d And P n Representing each node separatelyProbability of whether the communication channel with hub is a deep fade channel or a normal channel.
If P d >P n The node i selects a mode of indirect communication, namely, information transmission is carried out through a relay; if P d <P n Node i chooses to communicate directly with hub by way of direct communication.
In the planning stage, hub is used as a control center of all nodes, a TDMA schedule is set and sent to relays of all areas, all kinds of nodes and dormant nodes working in each round are designated, and the relays set a sub-TDMA schedule and inform the common node of the sub-TDMA schedule.
And finally, in a stable stage, the common node and the relay node can adapt to the transmission rate through judging the link quality, so that the energy consumption of hub is reduced to a certain extent. SINR (Signal to interference plus noise ratio) th And SINR respectively represent the set SNR threshold and the actual SNR, assuming thatTo represent link quality:
wherein beta is present to preventThe value of (2) varies too much.
Let node i transmit rate T i ∈{T 0 ,T 1 ,T 2 ,T 3 ,T 4 ,T 5 ,T 6 ,T 7 }, T therein 0 <T 1 <T 2 <T 3 <T 4 <T 5 <T 6 <T 7 Let the transmission rate of a round of node i on the node be T j J ε {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. To prevent the node transmission rate from continually toggling between increasing and decreasing, a constant delta is set to prevent the ping-pong effect that may occur. By combiningAnd SINR th Delta is compared, and the common sensor node and the relay node can adapt to the transmission rate T of the round i ：
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the topology design is provided, mobility of users is considered, meanwhile, the effectiveness and reliability of data transmission can be effectively improved, and the service quality is improved.
2. The sensor node adopts a dormancy mechanism, so that the energy benefit of the wireless body area network is ensured. Each node has fixed neighbors, providing relatively stable and reliable links between the backbone nodes even when the body is in motion.
3. All the sensor nodes work at an ideal transmission rate through the self-adaptive transmission rate, so that the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes is improved, and the reliability of data transmission is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a relay election flow chart;
FIG. 2 is a regional relay wireless body area network scene diagram;
fig. 3 is a TDMA and sub-TDMA schedule.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention provides a multi-hop-based adaptive transmission rate strategy in a wireless body area network. In a WBAN where a large number of nodes exist, in order to realize high energy efficiency, the nodes in the WBAN are according to the followingThe positions of the nodes are divided into m areas (regions), each area is provided with i nodes, and the nodes are totally provided with h types (types) according to different monitoring health data. To facilitate distinguishing between different nodes, useUniquely indicates that the inode in the m-zone belongs to h categories.
The working mechanism of the node is divided into 4 stages: an initialization phase, a preparation phase, a planning phase and a stabilization phase.
During the initialization phase, the nodeTransmitting 'hello' and its position information to hub, hub calculating SINR (i, hub) between hub and node, hub creating an information table to store +.>The remaining energy RE (i, t), SINR (i, hub) at time t is broadcast.
In the preparation stage, each region elects the region relay according to the election function, the relay informs other common nodes in the region of election, the common nodes judge that the current channel state is deep fading or normal according to the probability obtained in the Markov chain steady state of the channel state, if the current channel state is the deep fading channel, the relay is selected to communicate indirectly, and otherwise, the relay is directly communicated with hub. The common node informs the relay communication mode that the relay collects and packages data and sends the data to the hub.
In the planning stage, hub is used as a control center of all nodes, a TDMA time table is set and sent to relays of all areas, the TDMA time table designates all kinds of nodes working each round and dormant nodes, and meanwhile, the relays set sub-TDMA time tables after receiving the TDMA time table and inform common nodes of sub-TDMA plans. The TDMA time table is formed by sequentially arranging a plurality of sub-TDMA time tables, hub determines the node working in each sub-TDMA time table in the TDMA time table, the relay distributes working time slots to the nodes needing to work in the sub-TDMA according to the priority of health data monitored by the nodes, the nodes upload the data to the relay or hub in the working time slots, rest time remains dormant and data transmission is not carried out, and the relay or hub confirms and feeds back ACK signals after receiving the data. The data priority is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 data priority
And finally, in a stable stage, each node respectively transmits the data to the hub or the relay in the allocated time slot, and works or sleeps according to a TDMA and sub-TDMA plan, and meanwhile, the node and the relay can adapt to the transmission rate according to the quality of the communication link, and the WBAN works stably.
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, in the preparation stage, each area elects the relay according to the election function, the relay informs other common nodes in the area of the election, and the common nodes select a communication mode according to the channel state condition between the common nodes and the hub and inform the relay, and the relay collects and packages data and sends the data to the hub.
In the preparation stage, the method for selecting the relay of each area according to the election function comprises the following steps:
determining whether to be an area relay according to the residual energy of the node and the interference of hub during transmission of the node i, and defining a function U (i, t) to represent a competition function of the node i at the moment t:
wherein p is i Representing the power level of node i, h ii Representing the SINR of node i to its corresponding hub channel function th Representation ofSignal-to-interference-and-noise ratio threshold, sigma 2 Representing additive white gaussian noise, N -i Representing the set of nodes transmitting simultaneously with i, RE (i, t) representing the remaining energy of node i at time t, E 0 Representing the node initial energy. Alpha is a proportionality coefficient, the larger alpha indicates that the node is more influenced by the interference condition on election, the smaller alpha indicates that the node residual energy is more influenced on election, and the value of U (i, t) is changed according to the selection of different values of the alpha value. Each region bid for max [ U (i, t)]The corresponding node selects the regional relay.
Due to the effects of human motion and the radio frequency signals in the environment, the signals may experience deep fades during propagation, defined as received signal levels below 50% of the transmitted signal level. The channels are classified into deep fading channels and normal channels according to whether deep fading occurs.
The specific process of selecting a communication mode by the node according to the channel state condition between the node and the hub is as follows:
each nodeMarkov transition probability exists for communication channel with hub
Wherein P is i1 、1-P i1 、P i2 、1-P i2 The probability that the deep fading channel remains unchanged, the probability that the deep fading channel is converted into a normal channel, the probability that the normal channel is converted into the deep fading channel, and the probability that the normal fading channel remains unchanged are respectively expressed.
The presence of a plateau in the markov chain can be expressed as a steady state vector pi= [ P ] d ,P n ]Such that pi p=pi, P d ,P n Representing each node separatelyThe communication channel with hub is deep fadeThe probability of falling or normal channels.
If P d >P n The node i selects a mode of indirect communication, namely, information transmission is carried out through a relay; if P d <P n Node i chooses to communicate directly with hub by way of direct communication. As shown in fig. 2, the zone relay communication is divided into 3 zones according to the different positions of the 12 sensor nodes and 1 hub, and zone relay is elected according to a relay election mechanism. Meanwhile, the sensor node selects different communication modes according to channel conditions, and communicates with the hub or communicates with the hub through regional relay.
In the planning stage, hub is used as a control center of all nodes, a TDMA schedule is set and sent to relays of all areas, the TDMA schedule designates all kinds of nodes and dormant nodes working each round, and meanwhile, the relays receive the TDMA schedule, set sub-TDMA schedules and inform common nodes of sub-TDMA plans.
In the final stable stage, the common node and the relay node can realize self-adaptive adjustment of the transmission rate through judging the link quality, so that the energy consumption of hub is reduced to a certain extent. SINR (Signal to interference plus noise ratio) th And SINR respectively represent the set SINR threshold and the actual SINR, and are definedTo represent the communication link quality:
wherein beta is present to preventThe value of (2) varies too much.
Let node i transmit rate T i ∈{T 0 ,T 1 ,T 2 ,T 3 ,T 4 ,T 5 ,T 6 ,T 7 Setting the transmission rate of the previous round node i as T j ，j∈{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. To prevent the node transmission rate from continually toggling between increasing and decreasing, a constant delta is set to prevent the ping-pong effect that may occur. By combiningAnd SINR th Delta is compared, and the common sensor node and the relay node can adapt to the transmission rate T of the round i ：
The above list of detailed descriptions is only specific to practical embodiments of the present invention, and they are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent manners or modifications that do not depart from the technical scope of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The multi-hop-based adaptive transmission rate adjusting method in the wireless body area network is characterized by comprising four stages:
s1, in an initialization stage, a nodeTransmitting 'hello' and its position information to hub, hub calculating SINR (i, hub) between hub and node, hub creating an information table to store +.>The remaining energy RE (i, t), SINR (i, hub) at time t is broadcast;
s2, in the preparation stage, each area selects a relay of the area, the relay informs other common nodes of the area of selecting the relay, the common nodes select a communication mode according to the channel state condition between the common nodes and the hub and inform the relay, and the relay collects and packages data and sends the data to the hub;
in S2, the method of electing the regional relay is according to an election function, specifically:
determining according to the residual energy of the node and the interference of hub during transmission of the node i during region relay election, and defining a function U (i, t) to represent a competition function of the node i at the moment t:
wherein p is i Representing the power level of node i, h ii Representing the SINR of node i to its corresponding hub channel function th Representing the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio threshold, sigma 2 Representing additive white gaussian noise, N -i Representing the set of nodes transmitting simultaneously with i, RE (i, t) representing the remaining energy of node i at time t, E 0 Representing node initial energy;
alpha is a proportionality coefficient, the larger alpha indicates that the influence of the interference condition of the node on election is larger, the smaller alpha indicates that the influence of the rest energy of the node on election is larger, the values of U (i, t) are correspondingly different according to the difference of the alpha values, each area is bid out of max [ U (i, t) ], and the node corresponding to the maximum max [ U (i, t) ] is selected for relay in the selected area;
in S2, the node selects a communication mode according to the channel state condition between the node and the hub, and the specific method is as follows:
suppose a nodeThe Markov transition probability of the communication channel with hub is
Wherein P is i1 、1-P i1 、P i2 、1-P i2 Respectively, indicating that the deep fading channels remain unchangedThe probability of change, the probability of conversion of a deep fading channel into a normal channel, the probability of conversion of a normal channel into a deep fading channel, and the probability of keeping the normal fading channel unchanged;
and the steady state of the markov chain presence can be expressed as a steady state vector pi= [ P ] d ,P n ]And pi p=pi, P d ,P n Representing each node separatelyProbability of whether the communication channel with hub is a deep fade channel or a normal channel;
if P d >P n The node i selects a mode of indirect communication, namely, information transmission is carried out through a relay; if P d <P n The node i selects a direct communication mode, namely, directly communicates with hub;
s3, in the planning stage, hub is used as a control center of all nodes, a TDMA time table is set and sent to relays of all areas, all kinds of nodes and dormant nodes working in each round are designated, and the relays set a sub-TDMA time table and inform the common node of the sub-TDMA plan;
s4, finally, in a stable stage, each node respectively transmits data to hub or relay in an allocated time slot, and alternately works and sleeps according to a TDMA and sub-TDMA plan, and meanwhile, the node and the relay self-adaptively adjust the transmission rate according to the quality of a communication link, so that the WBAN stably works;
in S4, the communication link quality is defined as:
wherein SINR th The SINR and the SINR respectively represent a set signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio threshold value and an actual signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio;
in S4, the method for adaptively adjusting the transmission rate according to the quality of the communication link is as follows:
let node i transmit rate T i ∈{T 0 ,T 1 ,T 2 ,T 3 ,T 4 ,T 5 ,T 6 ,T 7 Setting the transmission rate of the previous round node i as T j J e {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, to prevent the node transmission rate from continually toggling between increasing and decreasing, a constant delta is set to prevent this possible ping-pong effect byAnd SINR th Delta comparison, the common sensor node and the relay node can adapt to the transmission rate T of the round i ：
2. The method for adaptive transmission rate adjustment based on multiple hops in a wireless body area network according to claim 1, further comprising, before S1: dividing nodes in WBAN into m areas according to their positions, each area having i nodes, and dividing into h kinds according to different monitored health dataIndicating that the inode is located in the m-zone and belongs to the h-class.
3. A method of adaptive multi-hop based transmission rate adjustment in a wireless body area network as claimed in claim 1, wherein the deep fade channel is defined by a received signal level less than 50% of a transmitted signal level.
4. The adaptive transmission rate adjustment method based on multi-hops in a wireless body area network according to claim 1, wherein in S3, the TDMA schedule is formed by sequentially arranging a plurality of sub-TDMA schedules, hub determines a node working in each sub-TDMA schedule in the TDMA schedule, the relay allocates working time slots to the nodes needing to work in the sub-TDMA according to the priority of health data monitored by the node, the node uploads the data to the relay or hub in the working time slots, and the rest of the time keeps dormant without data transmission, and the relay or hub receives the acknowledgement and feeds back the ACK signal.
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| 无线体域网中改进的联合中继选择和发射功率控制算法;郭英;武俊芳;;实验室研究与探索;20160415(04);全文 * |
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