CN113945475A - Antifriction material test device - Google Patents

Antifriction material test device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113945475A
CN113945475A CN202111255863.XA CN202111255863A CN113945475A CN 113945475 A CN113945475 A CN 113945475A CN 202111255863 A CN202111255863 A CN 202111255863A CN 113945475 A CN113945475 A CN 113945475A
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CN
China
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horizontal
vertical
test
actuator
guide rail
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CN202111255863.XA
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Chinese (zh)
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李春林
徐朋波
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Jinan Popwil Instrument Co ltd
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Jinan Popwil Instrument Co ltd
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Priority to CN202111255863.XA priority Critical patent/CN113945475A/en
Publication of CN113945475A publication Critical patent/CN113945475A/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/56Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N19/00Investigating materials by mechanical methods
    • G01N19/02Measuring coefficient of friction between materials
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02Details

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  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)

Abstract

The application discloses an antifriction material testing device, which relates to the field of material detection equipment, and is characterized in that a vertical testing mechanism and a horizontal testing mechanism are arranged on a base, and a vertical and horizontal two-dimensional synchronous or asynchronous loading mode is adopted to complete the performance test of the antifriction material, so that the testing efficiency is high, the data is accurate, and the installation difficulty of the equipment is reduced; the vertical force sensor in the working state is protected by the protection mechanism, the vertical force sensor is guaranteed to bear the force in the vertical direction only and is not influenced by the horizontal friction force, equipment loss is reduced, and measurement precision is improved.

Description

Antifriction material test device
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of material detection equipment, in particular to an antifriction material testing device.
Background
Antifriction materials are an old and widely used industrial material indispensable in the machine manufacturing industry. Statistically, more than about one third of the world's energy consumption is in friction, and about 80% of the damaged parts are caused by wear. The aim of applying antifriction materials is mainly to require as low a coefficient of friction as possible in order to reduce friction losses and to increase transmission efficiency. In recent years, antifriction materials have been developed in many ways, and their applications have become more and more widespread. The friction reducing properties of the friction reducing material directly determine the level of mechanical properties. Therefore, the corresponding test device is needed to complete the mechanical property detection.
The traditional mechanical property detection equipment can only test in a single direction generally, if horizontal and vertical two-dimensional performance tests are required, multi-step operation of multiple equipment is required, the detection process is low in efficiency and cannot be carried out synchronously, and test data is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem, the application provides an antifriction material testing device, which adopts a vertical and horizontal two-dimensional loading mode, completes the whole test through the whole test process of servo control, and measures the accurate test data of the antifriction material.
The technical problem of the application is realized by the following technical scheme: an antifriction material testing device comprises a base, wherein a vertical testing mechanism, a horizontal testing mechanism, a protection mechanism and a testing loading mechanism are arranged on the base, the protection mechanism is arranged at the position below the vertical testing mechanism, the testing loading mechanism is arranged above the protection mechanism, the testing loading mechanism is a loading part shared by the vertical testing mechanism and the horizontal testing mechanism, and the vertical testing mechanism and the horizontal testing mechanism are connected through an inclined support; the base, the test loading mechanism, the vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism form a closed self-reaction structure.
Further, the vertical test mechanism comprises a cross beam, a vertical actuator, a stand column and a lower pressing plate; the transverse beam is arranged on the base through the upright column, the vertical actuator is arranged on the transverse beam, and a vertical displacement sensor is arranged at the top of the vertical actuator; an upper pressure plate is arranged below the vertical actuator; the base is provided with a vertical force sensor, the vertical force sensor is positioned below the test loading mechanism, and a lower pressing plate is arranged on the vertical force sensor.
Further, a transition connecting disc is arranged at the bottom of the vertical actuator, a guide beam is arranged between the transition connecting disc and the upper pressing plate, and the guide beam is in contact with the stand column through a first rolling body.
Further, the horizontal test mechanism comprises a horizontal bearing beam, a horizontal actuator and a connecting rod; the horizontal bearing beam is fixed on the outer side wall of the inclined support, the horizontal actuator is arranged on the horizontal bearing beam, and a horizontal displacement sensor is arranged at the top of the horizontal actuator; the test loading mechanism is characterized in that a connecting rod is arranged below the horizontal actuator, a horizontal force sensor and a connecting piece are arranged at the tail end of the connecting rod, and the connecting piece is movably connected with the test loading mechanism.
Furthermore, a ball pin device is arranged at the tail end of the connecting piece, and the contact surface of the ball pin device and the test loading mechanism is a spherical surface; the ball pin device is internally provided with a pin hole structure, and a cylindrical pin is arranged in the pin hole and connected with the connecting piece.
Further, the test loading mechanism comprises a horizontal loading plate, and a rolling device is arranged at the bottom of the horizontal loading plate.
Furthermore, the rolling device comprises pulling plates on two sides and baffles on the front side and the rear side, a rolling shaft is arranged in the rolling device and is parallel to the pulling plates, and the front side and the rear side of the rolling shaft are movably connected with the baffles.
Furthermore, the protection mechanisms are arranged on two sides of the lower pressing plate, and a plurality of protection mechanisms are arranged at the front and the back of each side; the protection mechanism is fixed on the base through a support piece, a guide rail support is arranged on the inner side of the support piece, a linear guide rail and a sliding block matched with the linear guide rail are arranged on the guide rail support, and the sliding block is connected with the lower pressing plate through a transition piece.
Furthermore, a horizontal guide rail is arranged on the base, is located under the connecting rod and is parallel to the connecting rod, a horizontal moving trolley is arranged on the horizontal guide rail, the top of the horizontal moving trolley is connected with the connecting rod, and limit stops are arranged at two ends of the horizontal guide rail.
In summary, the present application has the following beneficial effects:
1. this application adopts vertical and horizontal two-dimensional synchronous or asynchronous loading mode through installing vertical test mechanism and horizontal test mechanism on the base, accomplishes the capability test to antifriction material, and efficiency of software testing is high, and data is accurate, has reduced the installation degree of difficulty of equipment simultaneously.
2. This application is protected operating condition's vertical force transducer through setting up protection mechanism, guarantees that vertical force transducer only bears the power of vertical direction, does not influenced by horizontal friction, has reduced the equipment loss, has improved measurement accuracy.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a friction reduction test apparatus according to the present application;
FIG. 2 is a front view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a rolling device;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of the protection device;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a second embodiment of the protection device;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of A;
fig. 7 is a partially enlarged view of B.
Description of reference numerals:
1. a base; 2. a vertical force sensor; 3. a lower pressing plate; 4. a rolling device; 401. pulling a plate; 402. a baffle plate; 403. a roller; 5. a horizontal loading plate; 6. a column; 7. an upper pressure plate; 8. a guide beam; 9. a cross beam; 10. a vertical actuator; 11. a vertical displacement sensor; 12. obliquely supporting; 13. a first rolling element; 14. a cylindrical pin; 15. a connecting member; 16. a horizontal force sensor; 17. a ball pin device; 18. a connecting rod; 19. a horizontal load beam; 20. a horizontal actuator; 21. a horizontal displacement sensor; 22. horizontally moving the trolley; 23. a support member; 24. a second rolling element; 25. a transition piece; 26. a transition connecting disc; 27. a guide rail support; 28. a linear guide rail; 29. a slider; 30. a horizontal guide rail; 31. and a limit stop.
Detailed Description
The present application is described in further detail below with reference to the attached drawings. Referring to fig. 1-7, the application discloses antifriction material test device, as shown in fig. 1-2, including base 1, set up vertical test mechanism, horizontal test mechanism, protection mechanism and experimental loading mechanism on the base 1 respectively, can realize vertical, horizontally synchronous and asynchronous loading, protection mechanism sets up in the position under vertical test mechanism, experimental loading mechanism sets up in the protection mechanism top, and experimental loading mechanism is vertical test mechanism and horizontal test mechanism sharing loading portion, connects through bearing diagonal 12 between vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism.
The base 1, the test loading mechanism, the vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism form a closed self-reaction structure, all bearing forces generated during loading tests can become internal forces and are borne by the main body frame, the installation foundation below the base 1 cannot bear the huge load of an upper actuator, and the installation foundation only bears the self gravity of equipment; in addition, the manufacturing requirement of the equipment installation foundation and the difficulty of equipment installation can be greatly reduced.
As shown in fig. 3, the test loading mechanism comprises a horizontal loading plate 5, and a rolling device 4 is arranged at the bottom of the horizontal loading plate 5.
The rolling device 4 comprises pulling plates 401 at two sides and baffles 402 at the front and rear sides, a rolling shaft 403 is arranged in the rolling device 4, the rolling shaft 403 is parallel to the pulling plates 401, and the rolling shaft 403 is movably connected with the baffles 402 in the front and rear directions. The rolling device 4 is arranged between the lower pressure plate 3 and the horizontal loading plate 5 and consists of a plurality of precisely machined rollers, and the rollers are used for reducing horizontal friction force to the maximum extent while ensuring that the rollers can bear vertical test force, and reducing errors caused by the horizontal friction force.
The vertical test mechanism comprises a cross beam 9, a vertical actuator 10, a stand column 6 and a lower pressing plate 3; the cross beam 9 is arranged on the base 1 through four sides of the upright columns 6, the vertical actuator 10 is arranged in the middle of the cross beam 9, and the top of the vertical actuator 10 is provided with a vertical displacement sensor 11; an upper pressure plate 7 is arranged below the vertical actuator 10; set up vertical force transducer 2 on the base 1, vertical force transducer 2 is located experimental loading mechanism under, sets up holding down plate 3 on the vertical force transducer 2.
As shown in FIG. 6, a transition connecting disc 26 is arranged at the bottom of the vertical actuator 10, a guide beam 8 is arranged between the transition connecting disc 26 and the upper pressure plate 7, and the guide beam 8 is in contact with the upright 6 through a first rolling body 13.
The guide beam 8 is respectively connected with the vertical actuator 10 and the upper pressure plate 7, and simultaneously contacts with the four upright posts 6 through the first rolling bodies 13 to prevent the piston of the vertical actuator 10 from rotating along the axis when moving up and down. As the piston of the vertical actuator 10 moves up and down, the guide beam 8 moves up and down the column 6 with it. The first rolling elements 13 are of a ball structure, and can reduce friction between the guide beam 8 and the upright 6 while ensuring that the guide beam 8 moves up and down along the upright 6.
The horizontal test mechanism comprises a horizontal bearing beam 19, a horizontal actuator 20 and a connecting rod 18; the horizontal bearing beam 19 is fixed on the outer side wall of the inclined support 12, the horizontal actuator 20 is arranged in the middle of the horizontal bearing beam 19, and the top of the horizontal actuator 20 is provided with a horizontal displacement sensor 21; and a connecting rod 18 is arranged below the horizontal actuator 20, a horizontal force sensor 16 and a connecting piece 15 are arranged at the tail end of the connecting rod 18, and the connecting piece 15 is movably connected with the test loading mechanism.
As shown in fig. 7, a ball pin device 17 is arranged at the end of the connecting piece 15, and the contact surface of the ball pin device 17 and the test loading mechanism is a spherical surface; the ball pin device 17 is internally provided with a pin hole structure, a cylindrical pin 14 is arranged in the pin hole, and the cylindrical pin 14 is connected with the connecting piece 15.
When the horizontal actuator 20 performs repeated loading tests on the sample through the horizontal loading plate 5, the guide beam 8 can bear the horizontal force transmitted through the upper pressure plate 7, and besides the horizontal force can be borne by the first rolling element 13, the up-and-down micro motion of the guide beam 8 along the upright post 6 in a normal state is also ensured.
When the horizontal loading plate 5 is in a non-horizontal state, external horizontal force can be positively loaded on the horizontal loading plate 5 through the adjustment action of the spherical structure. The ball pin device 17 is internally provided with a pin hole structure and is connected with the connecting piece 15 through the cylindrical pin 14, when the horizontal loading plate 5 slightly moves up and down due to sample deformation in the test process, the horizontal loading plate can incline, and at the moment, the ball pin device 17 can slightly move up and down along the cylindrical pin 14, so that the horizontal loading plate 5 is kept in a horizontal state.
The base 1 is provided with a horizontal guide rail 30, the horizontal guide rail 30 is located under the connecting rod 18 and is parallel to the connecting rod 18, the horizontal guide rail 30 is provided with a horizontal moving trolley 22, the top of the horizontal moving trolley 22 is connected with the connecting rod 18, the horizontal moving trolley 22 is used for supporting the connecting rod 18, and two ends of the horizontal guide rail 30 are provided with limit stops 31.
As shown in fig. 4, the protection mechanisms are arranged on two sides of the lower press plate 3, and two protection mechanisms are arranged in front of and behind each side; the protection mechanism is fixed on the base 1 through a support member 23, a guide rail support 27 is arranged on the inner side of the support member 23, a linear guide rail 28 and a sliding block 29 matched with the linear guide rail are arranged on the guide rail support 27, and the sliding block 29 is connected with the lower pressing plate 3 through a transition member 25.
In addition, the protection mechanism may be in other support forms, as shown in fig. 5, for example, a second rolling element 24 is provided on a guide rail support 27, the structure and operation principle of the second rolling element 24 are the same as those of the first rolling element 13, and the second rolling element 24 is connected to the lower platen 3 through a transition piece 25.
During the test, when the sensor is subjected to the vertical load transmitted by the rolling device 4, the lower pressing plate 3 moves along the vertical direction of the support 23 through the second rolling body 24; when the sensor receives the horizontal friction load transmitted by the rolling device 4, the load is transmitted to the supporting piece 23 through the lower pressing plate 3 and the second rolling body 24, and the vertical force sensor 2 is ensured to only bear the vertical pressure and is not influenced by the horizontal friction force.
The oil source of the antifriction material testing device is designed, produced and manufactured according to standard modules, the technology is mature, and the performance is stable. An inlet gear pump having high pump pressure, low noise, excellent durability and long life. The precision oil filter with the filtering precision of 5 mu is used for filtering the hydraulic oil, so that the cleanliness of the hydraulic oil is ensured. The air cooler is used for cooling the hydraulic oil to ensure the cooling effect, the hydraulic oil reaches the servo actuator through the oil absorption oil filter, the oil pump motor set, the high-pressure oil filter, the overflow valve, the oil separator and the servo valve, and the test is completed through the movement of the servo actuator.
In addition, the device uses a self-developed double-channel full-digital program control amplifier and a PC controller, and is matched with a data processing software package, so that the closed-loop control of parameters such as test force, piston displacement and the like of the testing machine is realized, and the digital zero setting and calibration of measurement parameters are realized; the full Chinese control software package adopts computer virtual instrument technology, and realizes screen display of test force, test force peak value, piston displacement and test curve; the specially set control mode intelligently sets the expert system, so that a user has the capability of automatically programming the test process control mode according to different test requirements.
The working principle of this application does: during the experiment, antifriction material makes the sample and places between top board 7 and horizontal loading plate 5 through the frock, and vertical actuator 10 can adopt two kinds of control methods of experimental power and displacement to pass through guide beam 8, top board 7 to the vertical loading of antifriction material, and horizontal actuator 20 also can adopt two kinds of control methods of experimental power and displacement to pass through connecting rod 18, horizontal migration dolly 22, connecting piece 15, horizontal loading plate 5 and carry out the repeated loading in the horizontal direction to the antifriction material. In the test process, the vertical force sensor and the vertical displacement sensor 11 can detect vertical test force and vertical displacement, and the horizontal force sensor 16 and the horizontal displacement sensor 21 can detect horizontal test force and horizontal displacement. After the test is finished, the performance of the antifriction material is finally judged by observing friction traces of the friction material and the friction pair in a macroscopic mode and a microscopic mode, calculating a friction coefficient and the like.
The above is a preferred embodiment of the present application, and the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned structure, and may have various modifications, and may be applied to more similar fields, and in short, all modifications and changes that do not depart from the design idea, mechanical structure form, and intelligent driving control manner of the present application fall within the scope of the present application.

Claims (9)

1. The utility model provides an antifriction material test device, includes base (1), its characterized in that: the base (1) is provided with a vertical test mechanism, a horizontal test mechanism, a protection mechanism and a test loading mechanism, the protection mechanism is arranged below the vertical test mechanism, the test loading mechanism is arranged above the protection mechanism, the test loading mechanism is a loading part shared by the vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism, and the vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism are connected through an inclined support (12); the base (1), the test loading mechanism, the vertical test mechanism and the horizontal test mechanism form a closed self-reaction structure.
2. A friction reducing material testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the vertical test mechanism comprises a cross beam (9), a vertical actuator (10), a stand column (6) and a lower pressing plate (3); the cross beam (9) is arranged on the base (1) through the upright column (6), the vertical actuator (10) is arranged on the cross beam (9), and the top of the vertical actuator (10) is provided with a vertical displacement sensor (11); an upper pressure plate (7) is arranged below the vertical actuator (10); the device is characterized in that a vertical force sensor (2) is arranged on the base (1), the vertical force sensor (2) is located below the test loading mechanism, and a lower pressing plate (3) is arranged on the vertical force sensor (2).
3. A friction reducing material testing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the vertical actuator (10) bottom sets up transition connection pad (26), set up guide beam (8) between transition connection pad (26) and top board (7), guide beam (8) contact with stand (6) through first rolling element (13).
4. A friction reducing material testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the horizontal test mechanism comprises a horizontal bearing beam (19), a horizontal actuator (20) and a connecting rod (18); the horizontal bearing beam (19) is fixed on the outer side wall of the inclined support (12), the horizontal actuator (20) is arranged on the horizontal bearing beam (19), and the top of the horizontal actuator (20) is provided with a horizontal displacement sensor (21); the device is characterized in that a connecting rod (18) is arranged below the horizontal actuator (20), a horizontal force sensor (16) and a connecting piece (15) are arranged at the tail end of the connecting rod (18), and the connecting piece (15) is movably connected with the test loading mechanism.
5. An antifriction material testing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, characterized in that: the tail end of the connecting piece (15) is provided with a ball pin device (17), and the contact surface of the ball pin device (17) and the test loading mechanism is a spherical surface; the ball pin device (17) is internally provided with a pin hole structure, a cylindrical pin (14) is arranged in the pin hole, and the cylindrical pin (14) is connected with the connecting piece (15).
6. A friction reducing material testing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the test loading mechanism comprises a horizontal loading plate (5), and a rolling device (4) is arranged at the bottom of the horizontal loading plate (5).
7. An antifriction material testing apparatus in accordance with claim 6, characterized in that: the rolling device (4) comprises pull plates (401) on two sides and baffles (402) on the front side and the rear side, a rolling shaft (403) is arranged inside the rolling device (4), the rolling shaft (403) is parallel to the pull plates (401), and the front side and the rear side of the rolling shaft (403) are movably connected with the baffles (402).
8. A friction reducing material testing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein: the protection mechanisms are arranged on two sides of the lower pressing plate (3), and a plurality of protection mechanisms are arranged in front of and behind each side; the protection mechanism is fixed on the base (1) through a support piece (23), a guide rail support (27) is arranged on the inner side of the support piece (23), a linear guide rail (28) and a sliding block (29) matched with the linear guide rail are arranged on the guide rail support (27), and the sliding block (29) is connected with the lower pressing plate (3) through a transition piece (25).
9. An antifriction material testing apparatus in accordance with claim 4, characterized in that: the base (1) is provided with a horizontal guide rail (30), the horizontal guide rail (30) is located under the connecting rod (18) and is parallel to the connecting rod (18), the horizontal guide rail (30) is provided with a horizontal moving trolley (22), the top of the horizontal moving trolley (22) is connected with the connecting rod (18), and two ends of the horizontal guide rail (30) are provided with limit stops (31).
CN202111255863.XA 2021-10-27 2021-10-27 Antifriction material test device Pending CN113945475A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111255863.XA CN113945475A (en) 2021-10-27 2021-10-27 Antifriction material test device

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202111255863.XA CN113945475A (en) 2021-10-27 2021-10-27 Antifriction material test device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN113945475A true CN113945475A (en) 2022-01-18

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CN202111255863.XA Pending CN113945475A (en) 2021-10-27 2021-10-27 Antifriction material test device

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Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101290269A (en) * 2008-05-30 2008-10-22 杭州邦威机电控制工程有限公司 Initiative and follow-up loading structure experiment system
CN102928293A (en) * 2012-10-26 2013-02-13 重庆交通大学 Dynamic and static testing system and method for multifunctional wharf structure
CN204903315U (en) * 2015-07-31 2015-12-23 北京博源天衡科技有限公司 Self -balancing simple shear compression test machine
CN109520865A (en) * 2019-01-25 2019-03-26 河南交院工程技术有限公司 A kind of guide wheel type compression shear test device
CN211205994U (en) * 2019-12-20 2020-08-07 济南中路昌试验机制造有限公司 Electronic universal testing machine with guiding function
CN112255119A (en) * 2020-11-09 2021-01-22 上海华龙测试仪器有限公司 Dynamic compression-shear testing machine
CN112517773A (en) * 2020-11-27 2021-03-19 宁波盛德气动液压有限公司 Self-protection hydraulic equipment for aluminum alloy drawing and extrusion composite forming
CN213875210U (en) * 2020-11-09 2021-08-03 新疆城建试验检测有限公司 Upper pressure plate guiding device of dynamic compression-shear testing machine

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101290269A (en) * 2008-05-30 2008-10-22 杭州邦威机电控制工程有限公司 Initiative and follow-up loading structure experiment system
CN102928293A (en) * 2012-10-26 2013-02-13 重庆交通大学 Dynamic and static testing system and method for multifunctional wharf structure
CN204903315U (en) * 2015-07-31 2015-12-23 北京博源天衡科技有限公司 Self -balancing simple shear compression test machine
CN109520865A (en) * 2019-01-25 2019-03-26 河南交院工程技术有限公司 A kind of guide wheel type compression shear test device
CN211205994U (en) * 2019-12-20 2020-08-07 济南中路昌试验机制造有限公司 Electronic universal testing machine with guiding function
CN112255119A (en) * 2020-11-09 2021-01-22 上海华龙测试仪器有限公司 Dynamic compression-shear testing machine
CN213875210U (en) * 2020-11-09 2021-08-03 新疆城建试验检测有限公司 Upper pressure plate guiding device of dynamic compression-shear testing machine
CN112517773A (en) * 2020-11-27 2021-03-19 宁波盛德气动液压有限公司 Self-protection hydraulic equipment for aluminum alloy drawing and extrusion composite forming

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