CN113888414A - Method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity, which further defines expressions of normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) and normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) on the basis of constructing a visual perception quality PQ (AL) expression, and detects the visual perception quality of an image by means of average brightness data of the image. The effect is as follows: the quantitative relation between the physical quantity and the psychological quantity is established, and the accurate quantification of the psychological quantity is realized. Can be used for evaluating the image quality and screening out the required images. Can obtain the best quality image and achieve intelligent optimal imaging.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the interdisciplinary field of psychophysics and computer science, in particular to a method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity.
Background
Human perception is a mental activity and it is difficult to quantify the mental activity. Methods for measuring the psychosensory amount of the physical amount include a Weber _ Fechner logarithmic method, and a Stevens-like power function method. But human perception is a way for humans to gain knowledge and respond to the external environment. Without human hearing, there is no acoustic, but only mechanical waves. Acoustic waves are a portion of mechanical waves that the human auditory system can perceive. Likewise, without human vision, there is no optics, but only electromagnetic waves. Light waves are a part of electromagnetic waves that the human visual system can perceive. Human hearing and vision are in charge of two major parts of physics: acoustic and optical.
The Weber _ Fechner logarithmic method, and also the Stevens et al power function method, are methods of describing a quantitative relationship between a one-dimensional stimulus quantity and a sensation quantity, and are methods of describing a (one-dimensional) sensation quantity by means of a one-dimensional physical stimulus quantity. The Weber _ Fechner logarithmic method is the most influential. The formula of the sound intensity level and loudness level in acoustics is the perception law formula of Weber _ Fechner. The Weber _ Fechner method is a method for describing the strength of a psychosensory quantity corresponding to the strength of a physical stimulus quantity.
The reflection of human vision to the objective world is an image. The recognition and evaluation of the two-dimensional stimulus amount (e.g., image) by human vision can be used as a standard for measuring the visual quality of the two-dimensional stimulus amount. The core characteristic of the two-dimensional stimulus quantity is the chromaticity and the two-dimensional distribution characteristic thereof. The distribution characteristic is a characteristic that the one-dimensional stimulus amount does not have. The visual perception of the amount of two-dimensional stimulus is therefore not primarily a quantity but rather a perception of quality, whether high or low or good. In short, therefore, the perception of a one-dimensional stimulus amount is a perception of magnitude of a quantity, and the perception of a two-dimensional stimulus amount is mainly a perception of high quality or good or bad. Strictly speaking, the two-dimensional stimulus amount has no magnitude of the amount, and only the magnitude of the average amount, such as the average brightness. At present, no technology exists for testing the psychophysical quantity such as the visual perception quality of the two-dimensional stimulation quantity, so that the technology for testing the visual perception quality of the two-dimensional stimulation quantity is very necessary and timely.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity, which realizes quantitative detection of a psychophysical quantity. The direct application of the method is image (vision) quality evaluation, which is quantitative evaluation instead of fuzzy concept evaluation in general life, and has important application in image science, product quality and daily life.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
a method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity comprises the following specific steps:
s1: randomly selecting an image as a two-dimensional optical stimulation amount, and calculating the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulation amount;
s2: calculating visual boundary conditions of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity;
s3: constructing a calculation formula of visual perception quality PQ (AL) of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity according to the visual boundary condition of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity;
s4: constructing a visual perception quality formula of the image according to the step S3, and calculating to obtain the average brightness AL corresponding to the best visual perception quality image corresponding to the symmetric high-low end visual perception difference JND by combining an extreme value methodOPTThe calculation formula of (2);
s5: according to the content of the step S4, a calculation formula of the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) is constructed;
s6: and constructing a calculation formula of the normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) of the image.
Through the design, the following purposes can be achieved:
(1) a quantitative relation between the physical quantity and the psychological quantity is established, and the accurate quantification of the psychological quantity is realized. Specifically, a quantitative relationship of how well the human vision reflects the two-dimensional stimulus amount (image) (psychological amount) is established, and a measurement step of the perceptual quality of the two-dimensional stimulus amount is established on the basis of the quantitative relationship.
(2) More importantly, the method is used for evaluating the image quality and screening out satisfactory images in image science.
(3) The method is further used for evaluating the quality of the image enhancement method and screening a better image enhancement method. This method does not require human intervention and is therefore often referred to as machine vision. The method is self-comparing and does not require a standard image, and is therefore also referred to as no reference image quality evaluation.
(4) Post (soft) intelligent optimization of the image is achieved: by matching the method with a proper image enhancement method, the best quality image can be obtained from the existing image.
(5) Pre (hard) intelligent optimization of the image is achieved: the method is embedded into imaging equipment, and intelligent optimal imaging can be achieved.
The sensory amount PD of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount has the following relationship with the image average luminance AL:
PQ(AL)＝C*(AL-ALO)*(ALE-AL)
where AL denotes the average brightness and C is the color factor. PQ (AL) denotes the perceived quality PQ as a function of AL. ALEThe calculation is as follows:
ALE＝255-JNDE
referred to as the terminal boundary condition. ALOThe calculation is as follows:
ALO＝JNDO
referred to as the starting boundary condition. In the formula, JNDOAnd JNDEJND (just noticeable difference, or just noticeable difference for short) indicating the beginning and end of the luminance range of an image, respectively, was experimentally determined. At ALOIn the following, at ALEAbove the average luminance, the image visual perception quality is 0.
Represented by the formula PQ (AL) ═ C (AL-AL)O)*(ALEAvailable at AL, PQ (AL)OPTSometimes maximum, indicating that the best quality Image (Image) corresponds toOPT)。ALOPTThe calculation is as follows:
ALOPT＝(ALE+ALO)/2
at ALO0 and ALEBoundary condition of 255, ALOPT127.5. By the formula PQ (AL) ═ C(AL-ALO)*(ALEAL) the visually perceived quality of the best quality image available is:
for grayscale images there are:
PQg(AL＝127.5)＝16256.2500
for color images:
PQc(AL＝127.5)＝48768.7500
the normalized visual perception quality npg (al) is defined as follows:
NPQ(AL)＝PQ(AL)/PQ(ALOPT)
where C is referred to as the color factor. In physics and architectural acoustics, the level of intensity and loudness are essentially unitless (dimensions), but are assigned bells (bells) and bells (bells), respectively
(phon) units. Here we give the normalized visual perceptual quality npg (al) in units of quarts (qual). The normalized visual perceptual quality of the best quality image of any object is 1qual (quart).
Specifically, a further technical solution is that the calculation formula of the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount is:
wherein M and N respectively represent the pixel numbers of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction; red (x, y), Green (x, y) and Blue (x, y) respectively represent the chrominance values of the Red, Green and Blue components of a pixel.
In still another embodiment, the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual boundary condition includes a low-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual fieldOAnd high-end boundary value AL of two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionE；
In vision, there is a special amount jnd (just noticeable difference in brightness) that is just noticeable in vision (here just noticeable difference in average brightness). In the visual 0-255 luminance range, there is a low end sense of coincidenceKnown difference JNDOI.e. the visual low-end boundary value ALO。
Wherein the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount lower boundary value ALOThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALO＝JNDO
wherein JNDOJust perceptible difference JND representing the start of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is less than ALOThen, the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≤ALO)＝0；
the above formula PG (AL ≦ AL)O) 0 is the first boundary condition for visual perception.
Within the visual 0-255 luminance range, there is a high-end just perceptible difference JNDEVisual high end boundary value of ALE。
High-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionEThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALE＝255-JNDE；
JNDEa perceivable difference JND representing the high end (terminal end) of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is higher than ALEThen, the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≥ALE)＝0。
PG (AL ≧ AL) of the above formulaE) 0 is the second boundary condition for visual perception. The boundary conditions of the image can be found experimentally.
Still further, the visual perception quality pq (al) of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount is calculated by the formula:
PQ(AL)＝C*(AL-ALO)*(ALE-AL)；
AL is the average brightness of the two-dimensional optical stimulus; ALOA low-end boundary value for two-dimensional optical stimulus amount vision; ALEFor two-dimensional optical stimulus volume visionThe high end boundary value of the sense, C is the color factor.
Still further, the average brightness AL of the image with the best visual perception quality is calculated by the expression of PQ (AL) according to the extreme value conditionoPTThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALOPT＝(ALE+ALO)/2。
for any symmetric high-low end visual JND, it can be represented by ALOPT＝(ALE+ALO) The calculation of/2 is as follows: ALOPT＝127.5；
ALOPTThe corresponding image is the best quality image. For image acquisition, AL can be obtained by adjusting illumination and/or aperture size and exposure timeOPTThereby obtaining an image of optimal quality.
The optimal visual quality image calculated by the calculation formula of the visual perception quality PQ (AL) has different visual perception quality values under different boundary conditions. To avoid this instability, a normalized visual perception quality algorithm may be defined to obtain a normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality formula.
Wherein, the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus image perception quality npq (al) formula is:
NPQ(AL)＝PQ(AL)/PQ(ALOPT)
in the above formula, npq (al) is called the normalized visual perception quality of the image, and its value is between [0,1 ].
The normalized visual perception quality distance dnpq (al) represents the distance (difference) between the normalized visual perception quality of any image and the normalized visual perception quality of the best visual quality image corresponding to the image, and is calculated by the formula:
DNPQ(AL)＝(NPQ(ALOPT)-NPQ(AL))；
the smaller the normalized visual perception quality distance is, the closer the image is to the corresponding image with the best visual quality, and thus the better the visual perception quality is. The larger the normalized visual perception quality distance, the farther the image is from the corresponding best visual quality image, and thus the worse its visual perception quality.
The normalized visual perception quality defined by the formula npq (al) and the normalized visual perception quality distance defined by the formula dnpq (al) are dimensionless quantities, taking values between [0,1 ]. In contrast to the definition method of units such as bell (bell), bit (bit), etc., the normalized visual perception quality defined by the formula npq (al) and the normalized visual perception quality distance defined by the formula dnpq (al) may be given units called qual (quart). The units reduced by 10 are deciqual (deci-qual), centiqual (centi-qual), milliqual (milli-qual), and the like. The normalized visual perception quality of the image with the best visual perception quality is 1qual, and the normalized visual perception quality distance is 0 qual. The normalized visual perception quality of the image with the worst visual perception quality is 0qual, and the normalized visual perception quality distance is 1 qual.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) a quantitative relation between the physical quantity and the psychological quantity is established, and the accurate quantification of the psychological quantity is realized. Specifically, a quantitative relationship of how well the human vision reflects the two-dimensional stimulus amount (image) (psychological amount) is established, and a measurement step of the perceptual quality of the two-dimensional stimulus amount is established on the basis of the quantitative relationship.
(2) More importantly, the method is used for evaluating the image quality and screening out satisfactory images in image science.
(3) The method is further used for evaluating the quality of the image enhancement method and screening a better image enhancement method. This method does not require human intervention and is therefore often referred to as machine vision. The method is self-comparing and does not require a standard image, and is therefore also referred to as no reference image quality evaluation.
(4) Post (soft) intelligent optimization of the image is achieved: by matching the method with a proper image enhancement method, the image with the best visual quality can be obtained from the existing image.
(5) Pre (hard) intelligent optimization of the image is achieved: the method is embedded into imaging equipment, and intelligent optimal imaging can be achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the steps of measuring the quality of visual perception according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a series of images of Office series of images obtained at different illumination intensities, with the visual perception quality varying with the average brightness of the images;
FIG. 3 is a series of images of the ratio series of images acquired at different illuminations with the visual perception quality varying with the average brightness of the images.
Detailed Description
The following provides a more detailed description of the embodiments and the operation of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity can be seen from figure 1, and comprises the following specific steps:
s1: randomly selecting an image as a two-dimensional optical stimulation amount, and calculating the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulation amount;
the calculation formula of the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity is as follows:
wherein M and N respectively represent the pixel numbers of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction; red (x, y), Green (x, y) and Blue (x, y) respectively represent the chrominance values of the Red, Green and Blue components of a pixel.
S2: calculating visual boundary conditions of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity;
the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual boundary condition comprises a low-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual senseOAnd high-end boundary value AL of two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionE；
The two-dimensional optical stimulus amount lower boundary value ALOThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALO＝JNDO
wherein JNDOJust perceptible difference JND representing the start of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is less than ALOThen, the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≤ALO)＝0；
high-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionEThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALE＝255-JNDE；
JNDEa perceivable difference JND representing the end of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is higher than ALEThen, the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≥ALE)＝0。
s3: constructing a calculation formula of visual perception quality PQ (AL) of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity according to the visual boundary condition of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity;
the visual perception quality PQ (AL) of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity is calculated by the formula:
PQ(AL)＝C*(AL-ALO)*(ALE-AL)
AL is the average brightness of the two-dimensional optical stimulus; ALOA low-end boundary value for two-dimensional optical stimulus amount vision; ALEThe high-end boundary value of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount vision.
In this embodiment, C is a color factor. If the image is a gray image, C is 1; if the color image is obtained, C is 3. This means that the visual quality of the color image is better when the average luminance is the same.
S4: constructing a visual perception quality formula of the image according to the step S3, and calculating to obtain the average brightness AL corresponding to the best visual perception quality image corresponding to the symmetric high-low end visual perception difference JND by combining an extreme value methodOPTThe calculation formula of (2):
average brightness AL corresponding to the best visual perception quality image corresponding to the symmetric high-low end visual perception difference JNDOPTThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALOPT＝(ALE+ALO)/2。
s5: according to the content of the step S4, a calculation formula of the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) is constructed;
the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) formula is as follows:
NPQ(AL)＝PQ(AL)/PQ(ALOPT)
s6: and constructing a calculation formula of the normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) of the image.
The calculation formula of the normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) is as follows:
DNPQ(AL)＝(NPQ(ALOPT)-NPQ(AL))
the first embodiment: a series Of sub-images with different average brightness obtained under 6 different illumination levels Of an object named Office (in short, the object Of) is used, and comprises 6 color images with different illumination levels and 6 gray scale images with different illumination levels, which are detailed in fig. 2.
Because the invention relates to the recognition and calculation of images, the color picture is required to be demonstrated in the calculation process, the color picture is adopted in the attached drawing, and if the color picture needs to be corrected, the color picture is required to be corrected after being delayed to a substantial examination stage.
The 6 images with different illumination intensities were used as two-dimensional optical stimulus amounts, and the above steps were used to perform calculation and demonstration, and data shown in table 1 were obtained. As can be seen from table 1, the visual quality of the display increases and then decreases with increasing average brightness, and the display has a convex character. The average luminance, visual perception quality pq (al), normalized visual perception quality npq (al), and normalized visual perception quality distance dnpq (al) are shown in table 1 on rows 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The table also includes ALOPTPredicted value of (a) and its visually perceived quality PQ (AL)OPT) Normalized visual perception quality NPQ (AL)OPT) Normalized visual perceptual quality distance DNPQ (AL)OPT) The amount of (c).
TABLE 1 parameter Table for best quality image calculated by different boundary conditions
1. In JNDO＝JNDEUnder 0 symmetric visual perception boundary conditions of 0, see Note1 sub-entry of table 1, fig. 2e) the visual perception quality is 0.9879qual, at a distance of 0.0121qual from the visual perception quality of the best quality image.
2. In JNDO＝JNDEUnder 5 symmetric visually perceived boundary conditions, see Note2 sub-entry of table 1, fig. 2e) has a visually perceived quality of 0.9869qual, and a distance of.0131 qual from the visually perceived quality of the best quality image.
3. Under asymmetric visual perception boundary conditions (JND)O＝5，JNDE0), see Note3 sub-entry of table 1, fig. 2e) has a visually perceived quality of 0.9915qual, and a distance of 0.0085qual from the visually perceived quality of the best quality image.
4. As can be seen from the example of table 1, pq (al), npq (al) have a convex characteristic with the change of the average brightness of the image.
5. As can be seen from the example of table 1, dnpq (al) has a concave characteristic with the change in brightness.
Second embodiment: with an object named as a pair (P object for short), 6 sub-images of different average brightness obtained under different illumination levels comprise 6 color images and 6 grayscale images, and the series of sub-images serve as two-dimensional stimulus, and the specific image series is shown in fig. 3.
As can be seen from table 2, the visual quality of the series of images increases and then decreases with increasing average brightness, and has a convex character. The average luminance, visual perception quality pq (al), normalized visual perception quality npq (al), and normalized visual perception quality distance dnpq (al) are shown in table 2, rows 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The table also includes ALOPTPredicted value of (a) and its visually perceived quality PQ (AL)OPT) Normalized visual perception quality NPQ (AL)OPT) Normalized visual perceptual quality distance DNPQ (AL)OPT) The magnitude of (c).
TABLE 2 parameter table corresponding to best quality image calculated by different boundary conditions
It should be noted that the above description is not intended to limit the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and those skilled in the art should also make changes, modifications, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for measuring visual perception quality of two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
s1: randomly selecting an image as a two-dimensional optical stimulation amount, and calculating the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulation amount;
s2: calculating visual boundary conditions of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity;
s3: constructing a calculation formula of visual perception quality PQ (AL) of the two-dimensional optical stimulation amount according to the visual boundary condition of the two-dimensional optical stimulation amount;
s4: constructing a visual perception quality formula of the image according to the step S3, and calculating to obtain the average brightness AL corresponding to the best visual perception quality image corresponding to the symmetric high-low end visual perception difference JND by combining an extreme value methodOPTThe calculation formula of (2);
s5: according to the content of the step S4, a calculation formula of the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) is constructed;
s6: and constructing a calculation formula of the normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) of the image.
2. The method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 1, characterized in that: the calculation formula of the average brightness AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity is as follows:
wherein M and N respectively represent the pixel numbers of the two-dimensional optical stimulation quantity in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction; red (x, y), Green (x, y) and Blue (x, y) respectively represent the chrominance values of the Red, Green and Blue components of a pixel.
3. The method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 2, characterized in that: the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual boundary condition comprises a low-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus visual senseOAnd high-end boundary value AL of two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionE；
The two-dimensional optical stimulus amount lower boundary value ALOThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALO＝JNDO
wherein JNDOJust perceptible difference JND representing the start of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is less than ALOThen the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≤ALO)＝0；
high-end boundary value AL of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount visionEThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALE＝255-JNDE；
JNDEa perceivable difference JND representing the end of the luminance range of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount;
if the average brightness AL of any two-dimensional optical stimulus is higher than ALEThen the visual perception quality PG of the two-dimensional optical stimulus amount exists:
PG(AL≥ALE)＝0。
4. the method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 3, characterized in that: the visual perception quality PQ (AL) of the two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity is calculated by the formula:
PQ(AL)＝C*(AL-ALO)*(ALE-AL)；
AL is the average brightness of the two-dimensional optical stimulus; ALOA lower boundary value for two-dimensional optical stimulus amount vision; ALEA high-end boundary value for two-dimensional optical stimulus amount vision; c is called the color factor.
5. The method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 4, characterized in that:
average brightness AL corresponding to the best visual perception quality image corresponding to the symmetric high-low end visual perception difference JNDOPTThe calculation formula of (2) is as follows:
ALOPT＝(ALE+ALO)/2。
6. the method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 5, wherein: the normalized two-dimensional optical stimulus quantity image perception quality NPQ (AL) formula is as follows:
NPQ(AL)＝PQ(AL)/PQ(ALOPT)
7. the method of measuring visual perception quality of a two-dimensional optical stimulus amount according to claim 6, wherein: the calculation formula of the normalized visual perception quality distance DNPQ (AL) is as follows:
DNPQ(AL)＝(NPQ(ALOPT)-NPQ(AL))。
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