CN113856662B - Layered biochar catalyst and application thereof in preparation of biodiesel by catalyzing grease - Google Patents

Layered biochar catalyst and application thereof in preparation of biodiesel by catalyzing grease Download PDF

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CN113856662B
CN113856662B CN202111283330.2A CN202111283330A CN113856662B CN 113856662 B CN113856662 B CN 113856662B CN 202111283330 A CN202111283330 A CN 202111283330A CN 113856662 B CN113856662 B CN 113856662B
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catalyst
layered
biochar
biodiesel
methanol
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CN113856662A (en
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李虎
黄金术
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Guizhou University
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Guizhou University
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
    • B01J37/084—Decomposition of carbon-containing compounds into carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
    • C11C3/04—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fats or fatty oils
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Abstract

The invention discloses a layered biochar catalyst and application thereof in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing grease. The invention takes lignin derivative monomers (4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol) as carbon sources, and concentrates H 2 SO 4 As a carbonizing agent, a layered biochar catalyst is prepared at a low temperature (80 ℃). The prepared lamellar biochar catalyst is used for catalyzing grease and methyl ester to prepare biodiesel, and when the reaction temperature is 130 ℃, the reaction time is 5 hours, the catalyst dosage is 4wt.% and the mole ratio of jatropha oil to methanol is 1:20, the yield of the biodiesel is 96.7%. In addition, after 4 times of cyclic use, the yield of the biodiesel is still more than 90 percent. The layered biochar catalyst prepared by the invention has good catalytic activity and stability in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing grease, and is a green, economic and renewable catalyst.

Description

Layered biochar catalyst and application thereof in preparation of biodiesel by catalyzing grease
Technical Field
The invention relates to a layered biochar catalyst and application thereof in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing grease, belonging to the field of heterogeneous catalysis.
Background
Biomass is considered the most abundant, inexpensive and renewable carbon resource worldwide, which is derived from plants, animals and microorganisms, including products, byproducts, residues, wastes of agriculture, forestry and related industries, and organic components in non-fossil and biodegradable industrial, biological wastes. The direct incineration or stacking treatment of the wastes can not only cause environmental pollution, but also cause energy waste. Therefore, conversion of biomass to green fuels and value-added chemicals is considered an effective strategy for developing green renewable energy sources. Biochar, on the other hand, is an environmentally friendly, economical, renewable material obtained from biomass mainly by thermochemical treatment processes. Biochar is widely applied to the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, environmental remediation, soil improvement agents, dye adsorbents and the like. The general method for preparing biochar is to directly treat raw materials such as rice hulls, straw, coconut shells and bagasse under thermal conditions, including a pyrolysis process (400-1200 ℃), a gasification process (500-1400 ℃) and a hydrothermal carbonization process (180-250 ℃).
The development of one country is not separated from energy, and energy is an important basis for the development of one country, and fossil fuels are still used as main energy sources at present. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources and are prone to environmental problems during use. Therefore, there is a great deal of attention to find new energy sources that are green, environmentally friendly, economical and renewable. Biodiesel is a typical green energy source and has the characteristics of good environmental protection performance, good engine starting performance, good fuel performance, wide raw material sources, reproducibility and the like. It can be used not only as fuel, but also as raw material or intermediate of chemical products, such as industrial solvent, surfactant and lubricant, etc. The great development of biodiesel has important strategic significance for sustainable development of economy, replacement of propulsion energy, environmental pressure relief and urban air pollution control. Biodiesel is usually fatty acid methyl ester or ethyl ester prepared by transesterification (esterification) of vegetable oil (such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, etc.), animal oil (such as fish oil, lard, beef tallow, mutton oil, etc.), waste oil or microbial oil with methanol or ethanol with acid or alkali as catalyst. Typically, the feedstock contains a certain amount of free fatty acids that will saponify with the base catalyst, so acid catalysts are more of a concern. However, the use of liquid acid catalysts causes a series of problems such as corrosion of equipment, difficulty in separating products from the catalyst after the reaction, and incapability of recycling the catalyst. In contrast, the above problems can be solved by using solid acid catalysts, common solid acid catalysts include superacids (e.g., SO 4 2- /ZrO 2 -TiO 2 /La 3+ ，SO 4 2- /ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 Etc.), supported solid acids (SO) 4 2- /ZrO 2 ，RSO 3 SBA-15, etc.), metal oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ，MoO 3 Etc.), polyoxometalates (Sn) 1.2 H 0.6 PW 12 O 40 PzS-PW, etc.) and zeolites, etc. The solid acid catalyst has good catalytic performance in the preparation process of biodiesel, however, the catalyst has the problems of complex production process, higher cost, long time consumption, difficult degradation and the like. Therefore, the development of acid-functionalized biochar catalysts for catalyzing the preparation of biodiesel from oils and short chain alcohols would be a suitable and promising option. However, some non-volatile organic compounds exist in biomass, and the biochar catalyst prepared by the above conventional method is generally large in volume, which affects the catalytic performance of the biochar catalyst. In addition, the above conventional methods require a relatively high treatment temperature (. Gtoreq.180 ℃), thereby increasing the overall energy consumption and production costs.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at: aims at the defects of high production cost, high reaction temperature, caking of the biochar and the like of the traditional thermochemical method for preparing the biochar. The invention adopts a two-step synthesis method to prepare the layered biochar catalyst at low temperature (80 ℃).
The invention aims at realizing the following technical scheme:
a method for preparing a layered biochar catalyst, the method comprising the steps of:
dissolving lignin derivative monomers and formaldehyde in an organic solvent, and then adding a catalyst; stirring and refluxing for 2-6 hours at 25-50 ℃, then raising the temperature to 60-90 ℃ and stirring and refluxing for 10-30 hours to obtain a brown polymer; washing the obtained brown polymer with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying; finally the brown polymer is treated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 And (3) washing the carbonized material with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying the carbonized material to obtain the layered biochar catalyst.
The organic solvent includes 1, 2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, n-hexane and n-heptane.
The catalyst comprises anhydrous FeCl 3 And anhydrous CuCl 2 。
The lignin-derived monomers comprise 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-bipropylphenol.
The molar ratio of the lignin derivative monomer to formaldehyde to the catalyst is 9:1:1 to 1:9:9.
the molar ratio of the mixing of the three lignin-derived monomers of 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol is 1:9:9 to 9:1:1.
the application of the layered biochar catalyst in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing jatropha oil transesterification (esterification) reaction.
A method for preparing biodiesel by catalyzing jatropha oil transesterification (esterification) reaction comprises the following steps: the jatropha oil is converted into biodiesel by adopting a one-pot conversion method.
The method for preparing biodiesel by catalyzing the jatropha oil transesterification (esterification) reaction comprises the following steps: the layered biochar catalyst takes jatropha oil and methanol as substrates, and the catalyst is added according to 0.01-0.05 g of layered biochar/1 g of jatropha oil, and the reaction is carried out for 2-6 hours at 120-160 ℃, wherein the molar ratio of jatropha oil to methanol is 1:5-1:30.
After the reaction of the catalyst is finished, separating the catalyst from the product, respectively cleaning the catalyst by methanol and deionized water, and drying the catalyst to be used for catalyzing the jatropha oil transesterification (esterification) to prepare biodiesel.
The application of the layered biochar catalyst in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing fatty acid esterification reaction.
A method for preparing biodiesel by catalyzing fatty acid esterification reaction takes fatty acid and methanol as substrates, and adds catalyst according to 0.01-0.06 g lamellar biochar/1 g fatty acid, and reacts for 0.5-4 h at 25-85 ℃, wherein the mol ratio of fatty acid to methanol is 1:2-1:14.
The fatty acids comprise oleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.
The invention prepares the principle of lamellar biochar:
the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention takes lignin derivative monomer as carbon source, and concentrates H 2 SO 4 As a carbonizing agent, a layered biochar catalyst is prepared at a low temperature (80 ℃). Successfully overcomes the defects of high cost, high temperature, caking of the biochar and the like in the traditional thermochemical method for preparing the biochar.
The reaction process is simple, the prepared layered biochar is used as a catalyst, and the jatropha oil is converted into biodiesel by adopting a one-pot method.
The prepared layered biochar catalyst has good catalytic effect and mild reaction temperature. At a reaction temperature of 130 ℃, a reaction time of 5 hours, a catalyst usage of 4wt.% and a molar ratio of jatropha oil to methanol of 20:1, the yield of biodiesel was 96.7%.
The prepared layered biochar catalyst is heterogeneous, the catalyst can be recovered and used in the next catalytic reaction through a simple centrifugation method after the reaction is finished, and the yield of biodiesel can still reach more than 90% after the catalyst is repeatedly used for 4 times, so that the strategy of green sustainable development is embodied.
The invention solves the problems of high production cost, high reaction temperature, caking of the biochar and the like of the traditional thermochemical method for preparing the biochar, and improves the safety and the economy of a production system. The layered biochar is used as a catalyst, and the jatropha oil can be efficiently converted into biodiesel within the temperature range of 130-160 ℃. The used catalyst can be directly reused after centrifugation, washing and drying treatment, thus realizing the recycling of the layered biochar catalyst.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a hydrogen spectrum of biodiesel of example 4;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the productivity of the layered biochar catalyst of example 4 for catalyzing jatropha oil to produce biodiesel at various temperatures;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the yield of the layered biochar catalyst of example 4 for catalyzing jatropha oil to produce biodiesel at different reaction times;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the productivity of the layered biochar catalyst of example 4 for catalyzing jatropha oil to produce biodiesel at different catalyst dosages;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the yield of the layered biochar catalyst of example 4 for catalyzing jatropha oil to produce biodiesel at different oleyl alcohol molar ratios.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but they are not limiting of the present invention.
Example 1
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
0.02mol of 4-methylphenol and 0.06mol of formaldehyde are taken in a round-bottomed flask and 40ml of 1, 2-dichloroethane are added as solvent, followed by 0.06mol of anhydrous FeCl 3 As a catalyst. After the above round bottom flask was kept at 45℃and refluxed with stirring for 5 hours, the temperature was further raised to 80℃and refluxed with stirring for 20 hours to obtain a brown polymer. The brown polymer obtained was washed to neutrality (ph=7) with hot methanol and deionized water and dried at 80 ℃ for 8-12h. Finally the brown polymer is treated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 Carbonizing at 80deg.C for 4 hr, washing with hot methanol and deionized water to neutrality (pH=7), and drying at 80deg.C for 8-12 hr to obtain layered biochar catalyst.
2. Catalytic performance test
1g of jatropha oil, 0.04g of layered biochar catalyst and 2.9mL of methanol were taken and added to a 15mL pressure-resistant tube, which was then placed in an oil bath at 130℃and stirred for reaction for 5 hours. After the reaction, the mixture in the pressure-resistant tube was poured into a centrifuge tube, and the catalyst was centrifugally separated at 8000rpm, and petroleum ether was added to the centrifugate to extract the product. The product was used for 1 H NMR detection gave a yield of biodiesel of 92.7%. By using 1 The general method for detecting biodiesel yield by H NMR is as follows: deuterium was used as an internal standard for quantitative analysis using Tetramethylsilane (TMS)Chloroform (CDCl) 3 ) Is a solvent dissolution product. At the position of 1 The difference between before and after the reaction in the H NMR spectrum is that the biodiesel has a new-OCH at 3.66ppm 3 A peak. At the same time, the triplet at 2.30ppm in biodiesel and feedstock remained unchanged, which is-CH at the α position of c=o 2 Typical peak of-a. Thus, the yield of biodiesel can be determined from a-CH 2 And novel-OCH 3 Is determined by the peak area of the (c). The calculation formula of biodiesel is as follows:
biodiesel yield (%) = (2A) OMe /3A CH2 )×100％
Wherein: a is that OMe is-OCH 3 Proton peak area at 3.66ppm, A CH2 Is alpha-CH 2 Proton peak area at 2.30 ppm.
Example 2
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
4-methylphenol was changed to 4-ethylphenol (0.007 mol), and the mixture was refluxed at 50℃for 3 hours with stirring, then the temperature was increased to 90℃and refluxed with stirring for 10 hours, otherwise, the same as in example 1.
2. Catalytic performance test
The catalyst used was the layered biochar catalyst (0.05 g) prepared in example 2, which was reacted in an oil bath at 120℃for 6 hours with stirring, and the biodiesel yield was 94.3% as determined in example 1.
Example 3
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
4-methylphenol was changed to 4-propylphenol (0.01 mol), and the mixture was refluxed with stirring at 25℃for 6 hours, and then the temperature was increased to 90℃with stirring for 10 hours, in the same manner as in example 1.
2. Catalytic performance test
The catalyst used was the layered biochar catalyst (0.03 g) prepared in example 3, which was reacted in an oil bath at 150℃for 4 hours with stirring, and the yield of biodiesel was 94.9% as determined in example 1.
Example 4
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
4-methylphenol was changed to a mixture (0.54 mol) of 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol, and the mixture was refluxed with stirring at 30℃for 6 hours, and then the temperature was raised to 60℃with stirring for 30 hours, otherwise as in example 1.
2. Catalytic performance test
The catalyst used was the layered biochar catalyst (0.02 g) prepared in example 4, which was reacted in an oil bath at 160℃for 2 hours with stirring, and the biodiesel yield was determined to be 96.7% in the same manner as in example 1.
Example 5
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
Same as in example 3.
2. Catalytic performance test
1g of oleic acid, 0.022g of a layered biochar catalyst and 2mL of methanol were taken and added to a 15mL pressure-resistant tube, which was then placed in an oil bath at 78℃and stirred for reaction for 2.8 hours. After the reaction is finished, pouring the mixture in the pressure-resistant pipe into a centrifuge tube, centrifugally separating out the catalyst at a rotating speed of 8000rpm, adding petroleum ether into centrifugate to extract a product, measuring the yield of biodiesel according to international standard ISO 661-2009, and measuring the yield of biodiesel to be 97.1%, wherein the general calculation process is as follows:
biodiesel yield (%) = (AV) 0 -AV 1 )/AV 0
Wherein: a is the relative molecular mass of KOH, V 0 And V 1 The volume of KOH consumed before and after the reaction.
Example 6
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
Same as in example 3.
2. Catalytic performance test
Oleic acid was replaced by lauric acid (0.8 g), and the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 60℃with stirring for 3.5 hours, with the exception of example 5, and the yield of biodiesel was 97.8%.
Example 7
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
Same as in example 3.
2. Catalytic performance test
Oleic acid was replaced with palmitic acid (0.7 g), and the reaction was carried out in an oil bath at 40℃with stirring for 4 hours, with the biodiesel yield of 96.5% otherwise as in example 5.
Example 8
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
Same as in example 3.
2. Catalytic performance test
Oleic acid was replaced with palmitic acid (0.6 g), reacted in an oil bath at 85℃for 0.5h with stirring, the yield of biodiesel was 97.3%, otherwise as in example 5.
Example 9
1. Preparation of layered biochar catalyst
Same as in example 3.
2. Catalytic performance test
Oleic acid was replaced by stearic acid (0.5 g), and the biodiesel yield was 96.8% in the same manner as in example 5.

Claims (7)

1. The application of the layered biochar catalyst in catalyzing jatropha oil transesterification to prepare biodiesel is characterized in that the preparation method of the layered biochar catalyst comprises the following steps: dissolving lignin derivative monomers and formaldehyde in an organic solvent, and then adding a catalyst; stirring and refluxing for 2-6 hours at 25-50 ℃, then raising the temperature to 60-90 ℃ and stirring and refluxing for 10-30 hours to obtain a brown polymer; washing the obtained brown polymer with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying; finally the brown polymer is treated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 Carbonizing at 80 ℃, washing with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying to obtain a layered biochar catalyst; the catalyst comprises anhydrous FeCl 3 And anhydrous CuCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The lignin-derived monomers comprise 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol.
2. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that: the molar ratio of the lignin derivative monomer to formaldehyde to the catalyst is 9:1:1 to 1:9:9.
3. the use according to claim 2, characterized in that: the molar ratio of the mixing of the three lignin-derived monomers of 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol is 1:9:9 to 9:1:1.
4. the use according to claim 1, wherein a method for catalyzing a jatropha transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel is specifically as follows: the jatropha oil and the methanol are used as substrates, and the layered biochar catalyst is added according to 0.01-0.05 g of layered biochar/1 g of jatropha oil, and the reaction is carried out for 2-6 hours at 120-160 ℃, wherein the molar ratio of the jatropha oil to the methanol is 1:5-1:30.
5. The application of the layered biochar catalyst in preparing biodiesel by catalyzing fatty acid esterification reaction is characterized in that the preparation method of the layered biochar catalyst comprises the following steps: dissolving lignin derivative monomers and formaldehyde in an organic solvent, and then adding a catalyst; stirring and refluxing for 2-6 hours at 25-50 ℃, then raising the temperature to 60-90 ℃ and stirring and refluxing for 10-30 hours to obtain a brown polymer; washing the obtained brown polymer with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying; finally the brown polymer is treated with concentrated H 2 SO 4 Carbonizing at 80 ℃, washing with hot methanol and deionized water, and drying to obtain a layered biochar catalyst; the catalyst comprises anhydrous FeCl 3 And anhydrous CuCl 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The lignin-derived monomers comprise 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol.
6. The use according to claim 5, characterized in that: a method for preparing biodiesel by catalyzing fatty acid esterification reaction takes fatty acid and methanol as substrates, and adds lamellar biochar catalyst into 0.01-0.06 g lamellar biochar/1 g fatty acid, and reacts for 0.5-4 h at 25-85 ℃, wherein the mol ratio of fatty acid to methanol is 1:2-1:14.
7. The use according to claim 5, wherein the fatty acids comprise oleic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.
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