CN113854319A - 一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法 - Google Patents
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113854319A CN113854319A CN202111256766.2A CN202111256766A CN113854319A CN 113854319 A CN113854319 A CN 113854319A CN 202111256766 A CN202111256766 A CN 202111256766A CN 113854319 A CN113854319 A CN 113854319A
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- termites
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- spraying
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，涉及林木种植领域。一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，方法包括以下步骤：在待检测区域投放白蚁诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的生活区域；在白蚁的生活区域喷施杀虫剂，对白蚁进行杀灭；在白蚁区域喷施白蚁趋避剂，对未被杀灭的白蚁进行驱逐。本发明通过先投放诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，从而划定白蚁的重点生活区域，减少了人工寻找需要的精力和危险，然后利用杀虫剂对该地区对白蚁进行杀灭，并喷施白蚁趋避剂，驱逐未被杀虫剂杀灭的白蚁，保护该区域在以后不受白蚁的侵犯。本发明的杀虫剂和趋避剂均采用纯植物制造，在保持对白蚁的高杀灭率和高驱逐率的同时，对环境无毒无害，符合环保的要求，值得提倡和推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及林木种植领域，具体而言，涉及一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法。
背景技术
在自然界，白蚁主要取食植物体的纤维素，一些白蚁也可取食真菌和土壤。一般情况下，生长健壮而旺盛的植株不易受到危害，但遭遇恶劣的天气、遭受病虫危害和人畜践踏的非健康植株、生长发育不好的植株和幼年的植株易受到白蚁的危害。今年来，随着我国城市化的发展，白蚁对园林树木的零星报道。
据统计，白蚁取食300多种树木，其中有30多种林木遭白蚁危害比较严重，由于我国地域广阔，气候差异较大，各地园林种植的树木种类也不尽相同，因此各地易遭受白蚁危害的园林树木也不尽相同。例如，浙江杭州的香樟(当地有“十樟九空”之说)、广玉兰和法国梧桐易遭白蚁危害，而四川宜宾则是香樟、桉树和银桦等树种白蚁危害较重；安徽铜陵市的香樟、紫藤和女贞遭受白蚁严重危害，马鞍山时则是香樟、雪松、石榴、黄杨和女贞易遭受白蚁危害。从全国范围看，遭受白蚁普遍危害且最为严重的是香樟，其次为大叶桉、雪松和女贞等。
现有技术中通常对园林树木白蚁的治理为以下几种：1、黑光灯诱杀法；2、挖巢法；3、诱杀法，通过利用白蚁喜欢吃的饵料将白蚁诱来取食，然后再采用灭白蚁粉剂进行喷杀；4、喷粉法；5、阻止上树法等等。
但目前看来，现有技术中的治理方法大多存在杀灭效果不好以及降解后对环境不友好的缺点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，此方法可以有效杀灭范围内的白蚁，并且绿色环保，不给环境带来负担。
本发明解决其技术问题是采用以下技术方案来实现的。
本申请实施例提供一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
在待检测区域投放白蚁诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的生活区域；
在白蚁的生活区域喷施杀虫剂，对白蚁进行杀灭；
在白蚁区域喷施白蚁趋避剂，对未被杀灭的白蚁进行驱逐。
相对于现有技术，本发明的实施例至少具有如下优点或有益效果：
本发明通过先投放诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，从而划定白蚁的重点生活区域，减少了人工寻找需要的精力和危险；本发明对诱食剂的配方进行改良，不仅能增对其对白蚁的吸引力，并且可以具有较长的保质期限，防止在投放期间就变质变形，难以引起白蚁的取食兴趣；在确定白蚁的重点生活区域之后，本发明通过利用杀虫剂对该地区对白蚁进行杀灭，然后喷施白蚁趋避剂，驱逐未被杀虫剂杀灭的白蚁，并且保护该区域在以后不受白蚁的侵犯。本发明的杀虫剂和趋避剂均采用纯植物制造，在保持对白蚁的高杀灭率和高驱逐率的同时，对环境无毒无害，符合环保的要求，值得提倡和推广。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者，按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。下面将参考具体实施例来详细说明本发明。
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
在待检测区域投放白蚁诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的生活区域；
在白蚁的生活区域喷施杀虫剂，对白蚁进行杀灭；
在白蚁区域喷施白蚁趋避剂，对未被杀灭的白蚁进行驱逐。
本发明通过先投放诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，从而划定白蚁的重点生活区域，减少了人工寻找需要的精力和危险；在确定白蚁的重点生活区域之后，本发明通过利用杀虫剂对该地区对白蚁进行杀灭，然后喷施白蚁趋避剂，驱逐未被杀虫剂杀灭的白蚁，并且保护该区域在以后不受白蚁的侵犯，从而达到治理和预防白蚁病虫害的效果。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述白蚁诱食剂由玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮、山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖组成。玉米芯和小麦皮是白蚁常见食用的食物，松木和柏木的气味可以对白蚁进行引诱，搭配氨基酸和糖可以散发出持久和强烈的食物气息，另外在白蚁诱食剂中添加山梨酸钾，可以延长诱食剂的保质期，防止食物腐败导致引诱失败，同时也可以避免进行长时间引诱时需要多次更换食物导致的食物浪费。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述白蚁诱食剂中成分的重量百分比为：玉米芯40～60％、松木10～25％、柏木10～20％、小麦皮5～15％、山梨酸钾1～3％、氨基酸2～5％和糖5～8％。采用上述比例的诱食剂可以达到最好的引诱效果。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述氨基酸包括脯氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸和天门冬氨酸中的一种或多种；所述糖包括葡糖糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和蜂蜜中的一种或多种。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述杀虫剂的成分包括以下重量百分比的原料：青栀子50～65份、印楝10～20份、乌桕叶10～15份、柠檬桉5～15份和丁香5～15份。青栀子是栀子花还未成熟时的幼嫩果实，其中含有较多的栀子花素，与印楝中的印楝素和乌桕叶中的花椒素结合，可以对白蚁起到较强的杀灭作用，搭配丁香可以使得白蚁的杀灭率达到100％；而柠檬桉可以散发出白蚁喜爱的香味，抑制丁香的香味，对白蚁的进食起到促进作用，结合白蚁之间的碰头交流，进一步提高白蚁的防治效果。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述杀虫剂的制备方法为：先将各原料进行清洗、烘干、粉碎后进行水提2～3次，合并水提液即可。采用水提液进行喷洒，可以进行大范围的防治。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述喷施杀虫剂步骤之前还可在白蚁的生活区域进行物理防治白蚁，所述物理防治的方法包括利用高温、低温、高电压和微波对白蚁进行防治。高温一般是指用热量杀死建筑木材中的木白蚁，一般用于局部处理；低温一般是指运用液态氮将白蚁危害区域的温度降到-29℃，以冻死干木白蚁，作用时间为30～40min；高电压防治是指用电枪进行处理，电枪能释放90000V高压、60000Hz高频的低强度(约0.5A)电流，能将木材内的白蚁杀死；微波处理是将多个微波发生器对着有白蚁的墙面，利用遥控开关控制微波发生器，由微波产生的热量来杀死白蚁。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述白蚁趋避剂由红崖柏、青皮和柚木中的一种或多种制备组成。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述白蚁趋避剂中红崖柏、青皮和柚木中的重量比为1：(1～2)：(1～3)。红崖柏、青皮和柚木中含有对白蚁起到趋避作用的物质，并且可以产生抗菌作用，对一定范围内的真菌起到一定的防治作用。
在发明的一些实施例中，上述白蚁趋避剂的喷施频率为1～2个月1次。可以长效维持该地区的白蚁防治效果，同时，由于趋避剂采用全植物配方，即使长期使用也不会对该环境产生负担。
以下结合实施例对本发明的特征和性能作进一步的详细描述。
实施例1
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯500g、松木150g、柏木150g、小麦皮100g、山梨酸钾10g、氨基酸30g和糖60g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过50目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为脯氨酸，糖为麦芽糖。
称取青栀子550g、印楝150g、乌桕叶130g、柠檬桉100g和丁香70g，用苏打水清洗2次后用清水冲洗1次，然后在50℃温度下烘干30min，破碎成20目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入10倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入12倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2.5h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取红崖柏1000g、青皮2000g和柚木3000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实施例2
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯600g、松木100g、柏木100g、小麦皮50g、山梨酸钾20g、氨基酸50g和糖80g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过60目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为脯氨酸，糖为麦芽糖。
称取青栀子650g、印楝100g、乌桕叶100g、柠檬桉50g和丁香100g，用苏打水清洗2次后用清水冲洗2次，然后在60℃温度下烘干20min，破碎成10目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入12倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮1.5h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入11倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取红崖柏1000g、青皮1000g和柚木2000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实施例3
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯400g、松木250g、柏木100g、小麦皮150g、山梨酸钾30g、氨基酸20g和糖50g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过60目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为亮氨酸，糖为葡萄糖。
称取青栀子500g、印楝200g、乌桕叶150g、柠檬桉100g和丁香50g，用苏打水清洗3次后用清水冲洗2次，然后在55℃温度下烘干20min，破碎成10目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入11倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮1.5h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入9倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取红崖柏1000g、青皮2000g和柚木1000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实施例4
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯450g、松木150g、柏木200g、小麦皮80g、山梨酸钾30g、氨基酸20g和糖70g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过50目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为天门冬氨酸，糖为蔗糖。
称取青栀子600g、印楝130g、乌桕叶150g、柠檬桉70g和丁香150g，用苏打水清洗2次后用清水冲洗1次，然后在60℃温度下烘干25min，破碎成10目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入9倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮1.5h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入11倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取柚木5000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实施例5
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯450g、松木250g、柏木150g、小麦皮50g、山梨酸钾20g、氨基酸30g和糖50g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过40目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为脯氨酸，糖为蜂蜜。
采用物理方法先对白蚁的重点生活区域进行捕杀；
称取青栀子550g、印楝100g、乌桕叶150g、柠檬桉100g和丁香100g，用苏打水清洗1次后用清水冲洗2次，然后在60℃温度下烘干28min，破碎成10目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入10倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮1.5h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入10倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取红崖柏1000g、青皮2000g和柚木2000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实施例6
一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，包括以下步骤：
称量玉米芯550g、松木150g、柏木120g、小麦皮80g、山梨酸钾20g、氨基酸30g和糖60g；将玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮分别粉碎，过60目筛，加入山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖，混合均匀，制备成各种各样形状的诱食剂，分布放置在各处，引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的重点生活区域；本实施例中氨基酸为脯氨酸和亮氨酸，糖为蔗糖。
称取青栀子650g、印楝100g、乌桕叶100g、柠檬桉50g和丁香100g，用苏打水清洗2次后用清水冲洗2次，然后在50℃温度下烘干20min，破碎成10目的颗粒倒入熬药罐中，加入12倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮1.5h，倒出滤液，继续往中药渣中加入13倍质量的水，大火烧开后转小火熬煮2h，倒出滤液，合并两次滤液，冷却后经灭菌后装瓶，得到白蚁杀虫剂；将白蚁杀虫剂喷施在白蚁的生活区域，对白蚁进行杀灭；
称取红崖柏1000g、青皮2000g和柚木3000g，切成1～2cm的小节，分别进行蒸馏法，得到红崖柏蒸馏液、青皮蒸馏液和柚木蒸馏液，混合即可得到白蚁趋避剂，在杀灭了白蚁的区域每个月喷施一次变异趋避剂即可。
实验例1
在四川省某白蚁泛滥成灾的地区进行试验，通过诱食剂确定出7个重点白蚁生活区域，分别记为实验区域1～7，通过标记法大致计算出每个区域内的白蚁数量，分别采用本发明实施例1～6的方法对实验区域1～6进行防治白蚁的处理，实验组7为空白组，不进行白蚁的防治，6个月后再通过标记法对7个区域内白蚁的数量进行统计，计算出对白蚁的杀灭率，其结果见表1所示。
表1
从表1中可以看出，采用本发明实施例1～6的方法进行白蚁的防治，其有效率非常高，从实验区域7可以看出，如果对白蚁不加以防治，其增长非常迅速。
实验例2
本实验例探究不同原料对白蚁的杀灭效果。
本实验例设置5个实验组，其中实验组1中的杀虫剂与实施例1中的杀虫剂相比，区别在于不添加青栀子；实验组2中的杀虫剂与实施例1中的杀虫剂相比，区别在于不添加柠檬桉；实验组3中的杀虫剂与实施例1中的杀虫剂相比，区别在于不添加丁香；实验组4与实施例1中的杀虫剂配方相同；实验组5为空白实验组，采用清水代替。其制备方法实施例1相同，不再赘述。
5个实验培养皿，分别用15g沙土均匀铺设在培养皿的边缘，设置为沙土带，采用蒸馏水润湿。每个培养皿放置100只健壮白蚁工蚁，其中50只放置在沙土带上，另外50只放置在沙土带内圈，在内圈和沙土带上均提供充足的食物；然后在沙土带内圈喷施杀虫剂，实验于25～28℃、80～85％RH和黑暗状态下进行。每天观察并统计死亡白蚁的数量，计算死亡率，其结果如表2所示。
表2
从表2中可以看出，实验组4的杀灭效果最好，6天即可将区域内的白蚁进行全部杀灭；实验组1和实验组3中分别缺少青栀子和丁香，其与实验组4相比，杀灭效果明显降低，尤其是实验组1，其6天的白蚁死亡率仅为33％；实验组2中不添加柠檬桉，其前期的白蚁死亡率较好，并且从观察可以看出，位于沙土带内圈且直接接触杀虫剂的白蚁在6天内已全部死亡，位于沙土带上的白蚁影响较小，这与实验组4中形成明显的区别，实验组4中沙土带上的白蚁在第2天开始进入沙土带内圈，分析其应该是受到杀虫剂的气味吸引而来。
综上所述，本发明实施例的一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，本发明通过先投放诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，从而划定白蚁的重点生活区域，减少了人工寻找需要的精力和危险；本发明对诱食剂的配方进行改良，不仅能增对其对白蚁的吸引力，并且可以具有较长的保质期限，防止在投放期间就变质变形，难以引起白蚁的取食兴趣；在确定白蚁的重点生活区域之后，本发明通过利用杀虫剂对该地区对白蚁进行杀灭，然后喷施白蚁趋避剂，驱逐未被杀虫剂杀灭的白蚁，并且保护该区域在以后不受白蚁的侵犯。本发明的杀虫剂和趋避剂均采用纯植物制造，在保持对白蚁的高杀灭率和高驱逐率的同时，对环境无毒无害，符合环保的要求，值得提倡和推广。
以上所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。本发明的实施例的详细描述并非旨在限制要求保护的本发明的范围，而是仅仅表示本发明的选定实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
在待检测区域投放白蚁诱食剂引诱白蚁取食，确定白蚁的生活区域；
在白蚁的生活区域喷施杀虫剂，对白蚁进行杀灭；
在白蚁区域喷施白蚁趋避剂，对未被杀灭的白蚁进行驱逐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述白蚁诱食剂由玉米芯、松木、柏木、小麦皮、山梨酸钾、氨基酸和糖组成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述白蚁诱食剂中成分的重量百分比为：玉米芯40～60％、松木10～25％、柏木10～20％、小麦皮5～15％、山梨酸钾1～3％、氨基酸2～5％和糖5～8％。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述氨基酸包括脯氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸和天门冬氨酸中的一种或多种；所述糖包括葡糖糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和蜂蜜中的一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述杀虫剂的成分包括以下重量份的原料：青栀子50～65份、印楝10～20份、乌桕叶10～15份、柠檬桉5～15份和丁香5～15份。
6.根据权利要求5所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述杀虫剂的制备方法为：先将各原料进行清洗、烘干、粉碎后进行水提2～3次，合并水提液即可。
7.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述喷施杀虫剂步骤之前还可在白蚁的生活区域进行物理防治白蚁，所述物理防治的方法包括利用高温、低温、高电压和微波对白蚁进行防治。
8.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述白蚁趋避剂由红崖柏、青皮和柚木中的一种或多种制备组成。
9.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述白蚁趋避剂中红崖柏、青皮和柚木中的重量比为1：(1～2)：(1～3)。
10.根据权利要求1所述的防治白蚁病虫害的方法，其特征在于，所述白蚁趋避剂的喷施频率为1～2个月1次。
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