CN113834759A - Compressed gas condensation nucleus method, equipment and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a compressed gas condensation nucleus method, equipment and application thereof, wherein the compressed gas condensation nucleus method comprises the following steps: setting target parameters of gas compression, and compressing the sample gas to a target state; the compressed sample gas is released, so that the undetectable particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into small water droplets with detectable diameters. Through compressing sample gas under accurate parameter monitoring and control, release gas after reaching the compression expectation target, make sample gas produce the condensation nucleus, promptly: invisible particles with a diameter of as small as 0.002 μm in the compressed gas are amplified into detectable droplets with a diameter in the range of 10 μm to 20 μm. The method does not need to add water in the implementation process, can carry out accurate compression control according to different adopted air states and compression conditions, enables the sample gas to reach the expected condensation degree, improves the detection precision, shortens the detection time, can also greatly reduce the cost, and can be applied to various thermal degradation monitoring fields.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermal degradation monitoring, in particular to a compressed gas condensation nucleus method, equipment and application thereof.
Background
Studies have shown that, macroscopically, the combustion process of biomass materials is divided into 5 stages, namely preheating, thermal decomposition, ignition, combustion and fire spread. When a substance is heated to overheating, i.e. the material thermally decomposes due to a chemical change, invisible submicron particles (about 0.002 μm in diameter) are released, and when the substance is heated continuously to the ignition point, carbon particles (so-called soot) begin to transform and begin to dissolve and burn, a process hereinafter referred to as thermal degradation.
The stage from the material pyrolysis to the smoke generation is called the "pyrolysis" stage of thermal degradation. The thermal decomposition stage of a fire (where no smoke particles are generated) is accompanied by a moderate increase in thermal power, which in turn generates a large amount of invisible submicron particles (0.002 μm; μ 10:)-6)。
At each stage of thermal fault development, as shown in fig. 1, the composition and number of the number of particles in the air are:
in the normal phase, the air contains only typical suspended particles, in an amount of about 25,000 to 60,000/cc.
In the thermal decomposition stage, besides the usual suspended particles, the air contains invisible submicron particles released by the overheating of the material up to the thermal collapse point. In an amount above about 500,000/cc.
At the smoke stage, the air contains particles, typically suspended, invisible submicron particles, and also smoke particles, which accumulate continuously in amounts above about 1,000,000/cc.
It can be seen that the quantity of sub-micron particles generated in the very early stage is very large, but the volume of the sub-micron particles is much smaller than that of general dust particles, so that the influence of the photoelectric detector by the dust particles with extremely small quantity and extremely high relative light shielding rate is much larger than that of the sub-micron particles, and the quantity of the sub-micron particles cannot be accurately detected.
In the prior art, the cloud chamber is used to treat the air in the very early stage, so that the invisible submicron particles and dust particles generated in each thermal decomposition stage are surrounded by water droplets, the effective light shielding rate generated by the water droplets is equivalent to that generated by the water droplets surrounding the dust particles, the number of the submicron particles generated by thermal decomposition is far larger than that of the dust particles (500,000/cc > >20,000/cc), and the influence of the dust particles on the detection result is negligible.
However, in the process of generating water drops capable of wrapping particles in air in the existing cloud and mist chamber, water and ultrasonic equipment are needed to be used for carrying out sample air, the operation process is complex, the precision is low, and the cost of detection equipment is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for compressing gas condensation nuclei and the application thereof, aiming at the above-mentioned defects of the prior art.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a method of constructing a compressed gas condensation nucleus, comprising the steps of:
setting target parameters of gas compression, and compressing the sample gas to a target state;
the compressed sample gas is rapidly released, so that the undetectable particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into small water droplets with detectable diameters.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method comprises the following steps of:
according to the proportion r of saturated airsExpression (1) establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for target parameters of gas compression;
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein, said nsIs the number of moles of saturated air, n0The number of moles of gas in the compression chamber in the standard state.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method comprises the following steps of:
setting a target value r of the saturated air ratio s0；
Detecting an initial temperature T0 and an initial humidity H0 of the sample gas;
setting target parameters of gas compression according to the initial temperature T0 and the initial humidity H0 of the sample gas so as to obtain a saturated air ratio after compressionExample rsReaches the target value r s0。
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method of the invention, wherein the target parameters include but are not limited to:
target pressure, compression time, target temperature, target humidity; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
other parameters of interest may cause invisible nanoparticles in the sample gas to condense into droplets of detectable diameter, respectively.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method comprises the steps of deducing a correlation formula (2) of the target parameter Y, the initial temperature T0 and the initial humidity H0 of the sample gas and the compression cavity structure V according to the kinetic energy loss physical process in the process of compressing the gas to a saturated state;
Y＝f(T0,H0，V) (2)；
wherein, f is a derived functional relation;
and setting target parameters of different sample gas compression according to the correlation relation (2), and then performing gas compression according to the target parameters.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method further comprises the following steps:
calculating to obtain a compressed gas parameter table according to the correlation formula (2);
presetting the temperature tr when the temperature of the compressed sample gas reaches saturation by referring to the compressed gas parameter table;
the target parameter is set according to the initial state parameter of the sample gas and the temperature tr at which the temperature of the sample gas reaches saturation.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method is characterized in that the target parameter is a target pressure intensity;
when the initial temperature T0 of the sample gas fluctuates within the range of 0-5 degrees, the target pressure is set according to the initial humidity of the sample gas, and when the initial humidity of the sample gas is higher, the target pressure is set to be relatively lower.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method of the invention, wherein the method for detecting whether the sample gas is compressed to the target state comprises but is not limited to one or more of the following methods:
and monitoring the pressure value of the sample gas, the temperature of the sample gas and whether the humidity of the sample gas reaches the target state or not in the compression process.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method is characterized in that when the volume of a gas compression chamber is determined, the target pressure is set by setting the compression frequency and/or the gas flow and the compression time in the compression process.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method is characterized in that the target saturated air proportion value r of the compressed sample gassThe range is as follows: 30 to 100 percent.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method provided by the invention is characterized in that the target pressure is as follows: 30Kpa to 150 Kpa.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus method is characterized in that the compression process is adiabatic compression.
The invention also provides a compressed gas condensation nucleus device, which comprises:
the gas compression device is used for sampling and compressing the sample gas to a target state, releasing the compressed gas when the sample gas is compressed to the target state, and respectively atomizing and condensing invisible nano particles in the sample gas into small water drops with detectable diameters;
and the gas monitoring device is used for detecting or setting various state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and sending the state parameters to the gas compression device.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus of the present invention, wherein the gas monitoring device comprises:
the multi-channel sensing unit is used for detecting various state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression;
a data analysis unit for analyzing the state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and the saturated air ratio rsExpression (1), establishing a dynamic modulation of the target parameters of the gas compressionA finishing mechanism;
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein, said nsIs the number of moles of saturated air, n0The number of moles of gas in the compression cavity in a standard state;
and the control unit is used for generating a control instruction for controlling the action of the gas compression device according to the target parameters output by the data analysis unit.
The compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus of the present invention, wherein the gas compression device comprises:
the gas compression pump is used for acquiring and compressing gas, the gas compression chamber is used for amplifying the particle size of the gas, and the electromagnetic valve is used for releasing the gas;
the output end of the gas compression pump is connected with the input end of the gas compression chamber, and the output end of the gas compression chamber is connected with the input end of the electromagnetic valve.
The invention also provides the application of the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, wherein the compressed gas condensation nucleus method is adopted.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: through compressing sample gas under accurate parameter monitoring and control, release gas fast after reaching the compression expectation target for sample gas atomizing produces condensation nucleus, promptly: invisible particles with a diameter of as small as 0.002 μm in the compressed gas are amplified into detectable droplets with a diameter in the range of 10 μm to 20 μm. Compared with the existing method for generating condensation nuclei in the gas, the method does not need to add water in the implementation process, and can carry out accurate compression control according to different adopted air state parameters and compression conditions, so that the sample gas reaches the expected atomization degree, the detection precision is improved, the detection time is shortened, and the cost of detection equipment can be greatly reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, wherein the drawings in the following description are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained without inventive efforts according to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of ion concentration in various stages from material pyrolysis to smoke generation in the prior art;
FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram showing the trend of the temperature and pressure of the sample gas during adiabatic compression;
FIG. 2b is a flow diagram of the compressed gas condensation core method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing particle concentrations before and after treatment using the compressed gas condensation nucleation method of the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a graph showing the variation trend of the pressure P and the detection level I according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4b is a waveform of the detected level I at a pressure of 90Kpa in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4c is a waveform of the detected level I at a pressure of 50Kpa in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4d is a waveform of the detected level I at a pressure of 70Kpa in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5a is a graph illustrating the variation trend of the temperature and the detection level I according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5b is a waveform of the detection level I at 30.8 ℃ according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5c is a waveform of the detection level I at a temperature of 26.3 ℃ according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5d is a waveform of the detection level I at 52.3 ℃ according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6a is a graph showing the variation trend of humidity and the detection level I according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6b is a waveform of the detection level I at 71% RH according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6c is a waveform of the detected level I at 58% RH in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6d is a waveform of the detection level I at 53% RH in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the variation of the pyroelectric heating level and the detection level I according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8a is a schematic diagram of the structure of a compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8b is a schematic view of the inside of the compression chamber of the compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a compressed gas condensation core method is provided, comprising the steps of:
setting target parameters of gas compression, and compressing the sample gas to a target state;
and rapidly releasing the compressed sample gas, so that the undetectable particles in the sample gas are atomized and condensed into small water droplets with detectable diameters respectively.
In the method of this embodiment, the two most critical processes are: compressed gas and released gas, after the two actions are completed under accurate parameter monitoring and control, the gas can generate condensation nuclei, namely: the invisible particles with the diameter of 0.002 μm as the minimum in the compressed gas are amplified into detectable water drops with the diameter range of 10 μm to 20 μm, and the process is the gas particle size amplification process.
Compared with the existing method for generating condensation nuclei in the gas, the method has the advantages that additional water is not needed in the implementation process, and the method is simple and easy to implement. And because the target parameters of gas compression can be accurately set according to the expected condensation degree and the initial state of the sample gas, compared with the existing atomization mode, the method can be more controllable, can greatly improve the detection precision, shortens the detection time, can also effectively reduce the detection cost, and can be applied to various thermal degradation monitoring fields.
In the method of the above embodiment, before the step "set the target parameter of gas compression, compress the sample gas to the target state", the gas sampling is performed; the gas may be sampled in various ways, such as by pumping the sample gas with a gas pump, etc.
In the method of the above embodiment, the process of "compression" is adiabatic compression, that is: the gas is compressed without heat exchange with the outside.
The ideal gas is described by the following formula (a):
wherein R is a gas constant and M is a gas molar mass.
Adiabatic compression results in a decrease in gas volume and an increase in pressure, and the trend of the temperature and pressure of the sample gas during adiabatic compression is shown in fig. 2 a.
The temperature T and pressure p conservation equation for adiabatic compression is given by the following equation (b):
Tγp1-γ＝K” (b)；
wherein the parameter gamma is the ratio gamma of the air constant-pressure specific heat capacity to the constant-volume specific heat capacity Cp/CvAnd K' is a constant. From this, the compressed gas state parameter T can be calculated0。
According to the mechanical energy conservation equation (c):
wherein, the first term in the above formula (c) is the gas internal energy, the second term is the gas release kinetic energy, and the third term is the work done by the gas under the atmospheric resistance.
During the process of valve-opening gas release, namely 'rapidly releasing the compressed sample gas', the calculated release speed of the high-pressure gas through the pore channel is as the following formula (d):
wherein p is the outside air pressure, p0、T0Is the pressure and temperature in the chamber, C0Is a structure-dependent constant coefficient.
According to the formula, the relation between the kinetic energy loss and the atomization effect in the compression process can be obtained, and the atomization effect can be quantitatively analyzed according to the detection result.
I. Loss of kinetic energy
Assuming that the mass of the gas lost in the chamber forms the kinetic energy release, the average velocity squared is calculated as half of the initial maximum velocity as the velocity decreases with the gradual release of the gas, i.e. the kinetic energy loss, as shown in equation (e):
wherein, the mass m of gas in the cavity after compressiond＝MVp0/RT0Before compression, the mass m of gas in the cavity is MVp/RT, and V is the volume in the cavity.
Degree of coagulation
The supersaturated humidification effect due to the loss of kinetic energy is gradually diffused in the chamber, defining an ideal transition state in which a proportion rs of the humidity of the gas is just in saturation.
Under the condition that the moisture content in the cavity is unchanged, the temperature T when the temperature is saturated is calculated firstlyr(similar to dew point, which can be looked up or calculated by an approximation formula), as follows:
the formula (f) is based on a Magnus saturated steam pressure formula, wherein H is relative humidity outside the cavity, and t is temperature outside the cavity.
And according to the formula E of the air molecular internal energy, which is 3nRT, (the relation between the absolute temperature T and the temperature T is T + 273.15). Can be calculated to obtainDe energy loss, how many moles of molecules can decrease in temperature from the then-current room temperature T to the dew point temperature TrThe formula is calculated as follows (g):
number of moles of gas n in combination with standard conditions in the chamber0The saturated air ratio r can be calculated as Vp/RTs＝ns/n0The following formula (h):
scattering and detection
The total scattering cross-section is proportional to the number of particles being condensed, and the scattered light intensity (or photodetector level) I is calculated as follows:
I＝C1*nd*rs (i)；
wherein n isdTo be measured for particle concentration, C1Is a constant coefficient determined by the detection system.
The calculation method of the particle concentration is as follows:
1) calculating and determining gas parameters in the state of compression in the cavity and deflation in the valve opening through the gas dynamic process by combining the environmental air parameters T, p and H: t is0、Tr；
2) Feeding particles with known concentration into the cavity by a standard particle generating tool, and calibrating and C by combining parameters such as cavity structure parameter V and the like0And C1The associated product constant;
3) in the actual measurement, the detector level I is determined, and the particle concentration n is determineddIs of the formula (j):
therefore, in order to ensure relatively consistent detection sensitivity and a better linear working interval during detection, a dynamic adjustment mechanism of a target parameter of gas compression can be established according to the saturated air proportion expression (1) by referring to the formulas (a) - (j);
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein n issIs the number of moles of saturated air, n0The number of moles of gas in the compression chamber in the standard state.
In the above embodiments, the target parameters of gas compression include, but are not limited to: target pressure, compression time, target temperature, target humidity; and/or other parameters of interest that cause invisible nanoparticles in the sample gas to condense into droplets of detectable diameter, respectively.
In a further embodiment, according to the above-mentioned physical process of kinetic energy loss during the compression of the gas to the saturation state, a relation (2) between the target parameter Y and the initial temperature T0 and the initial humidity H0 of the sample gas and the compression cavity structure parameter V can be derived;
Y＝f(T0,H0，V) (2)；
wherein f is a function relationship derived according to the actual sampling sample gas parameters and the above equations (a) - (j);
and setting target parameters of the compression of different sample gases according to the correlation relation (2), and then performing gas compression according to the target parameters.
In a further embodiment, the above compressed gas condensation core method further comprises the steps of:
calculating to obtain a compressed gas parameter table according to the relation (2);
presetting the temperature tr when the humidity of the compressed sample gas reaches saturation by referring to a compressed gas parameter table;
target parameters are set according to the initial state parameters of the sample gas and the temperature tr at which the humidity of the sample gas reaches saturation.
In a further embodiment, the step of setting the target parameter comprises:
setting a target value r of the saturated air ratio s0；
Detecting an initial temperature T0 and an initial humidity H0 of the sample gas;
setting target parameters of gas compression according to the initial temperature T0 and the initial humidity H0 of the sample gas so that the saturated air ratio r obtained after compressionsReaches the target value r s0。
For example: firstly, a saturated air ratio r is sets0Value (e.g. 100%) for a given ambient temperature T and humidity H by regulating the pressure P0Realize the adjustment of the saturated air proportion rs0The target value can be obtained, so that the problems of non-linearity and the like under the conditions that the detection exceeds the dynamic range and extreme parameters can be avoided.
In the above embodiments, the method for detecting whether the sample gas is compressed to the target state includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: in the compression process, the pressure value of the sample gas, the temperature of the sample gas and whether the humidity of the sample gas reaches a target state are monitored.
In the above embodiments, the target pressure is set by setting the compression frequency and/or the gas flow rate and the compression time during the compression process when the volume of the gas compression chamber is determined.
In the above embodiment, the target saturated air ratio value r of the compressed sample gassThe range is as follows: 30% -100%; the target pressure is: 30Kpa to 150 Kpa; preferably, the target pressure is: 50Kpa to 110 Kpa.
In a specific embodiment, the environment standard atmospheric pressure, the temperature is 300K, and the humidity is 50%; compressing the sample gas to 1.4 times of atmospheric pressure, and calculating to obtain the temperature of 330K; the speed of the released gas is 248m/s, and the kinetic energy is 0.097J (the volume in the cavity is 20 ml); calculating the dew point temperature 288K, and finally calculating the saturated air proportion 43%; then, the particle concentration n can be calculated by the sum constant coefficientd。
According to the compressed gas condensation nucleus method of each embodiment, a series of data tests are carried out on a plurality of different sample gases, the dependency relationship of scattering light intensity on each key parameter is obtained and corresponds to the trend of the univariate test data, and the test results are as follows:
test 1: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, under the condition that the temperature and humidity change is not large, the pressure of the compressed gas is adjusted, and the result is shown in the following table 1, wherein the change trend of the pressure P and the detection level is shown in fig. 4a, the release speed is higher if the visible pressure P is higher, the energy loss is high, the saturation ratio is increased, and the light intensity is increased.
TABLE 1 test of the influence of pressure changes on the measurement results
Wherein, the detected level is shown in FIG. 4b under the test conditions of 90Kpa pressure, 29.6 deg.C temperature and 55.9% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 4c under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 25.9 ℃ and 52% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 4d under test conditions of 70Kpa, 25.9 ℃ and 52% relative humidity.
The results show that: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, when the initial temperature T0 of the sample gas fluctuates within the range of 0-5 ℃, the target pressure is set according to the initial humidity of the sample gas, and when the initial humidity of the sample gas is higher, the set target pressure value is relatively smaller. Therefore, target parameters of different sample gas compression can be set according to different sample gas initial humidity and initial temperature, compression chamber structures and expected achieved atomization degrees, gas compression is carried out according to the target parameters, invisible nano particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into water drops with detectable diameters, and therefore more accurate particle number measurement can be carried out.
Test 2: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, under the condition that the pressure and humidity change slightly, the results of the sample gases with different initial temperatures are shown in the following table 2, wherein the change trends of the temperature and the detection level are shown in fig. 5a, and the influence of the change of the initial temperature of the sample gas on the final measurement result is small.
TABLE 2 test of the influence of temperature changes on the measurement results
Wherein, the detected level is shown in FIG. 5b under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 30.8 deg.C temperature and 48.2% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 5c under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 26.3 ℃ temperature and 57.8% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 5d under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 52.3 ℃ and 17.4% relative humidity.
The results show that: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, the final measurement result is not greatly influenced by different sample gas temperatures, and in a detection environment with larger temperature difference, the sample gas can be compressed according to the method disclosed by the invention, so that invisible nano particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into small water drops with detectable diameters, and more accurate particle number measurement can be carried out.
Test 3: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, under the condition that the pressure and temperature change is not large, the results of the sample gases with different initial humidities are shown in the following table 3, wherein the change trends of the humidity and the detection level are shown in fig. 6a, and the influence of the change of the initial humidity of the sample gases on the final measurement result is larger.
TABLE 3 test of the influence of humidity changes on the measurement results
Wherein, the detected level is shown in FIG. 6b under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 23.3 ℃ temperature and 71% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 6c under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 25.4 ℃ temperature and 58% relative humidity; the detected levels are shown in FIG. 6d under the test conditions of 50Kpa pressure, 52.9 ℃ and 53% relative humidity.
The results show that: by adopting the compressed gas condensation nucleus method, the final measurement result is greatly influenced by different sample gas humidity, target parameters of different sample gas compression are set according to different sample gas initial humidity, and then gas compression is carried out according to the target parameters, so that invisible nano particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into small water drops with detectable diameters, and more accurate particle number measurement can be carried out.
Test 4: experiments were conducted using the compressed gas condensation nucleation method of the present invention. The method comprises the following steps: different numbers of micro-particles are generated by using a standard aerosol micro-particle generator under the condition of ensuring that the pressure, the temperature and the humidity are not changed, the micro-particles are injected into a product, and the test results of the micro-particles generated by simulating thermal decomposition are shown in the following table 4. Fig. 7 shows the variation trend of the number of the micro-particles and the detection level, and it can be seen that the final measurement result is greatly influenced by the variation of the number of the micro-particles, and the scattering light intensity is increased when the particle number concentration is larger.
TABLE 4 test of the influence of the level of heat release on the measurement results
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is also provided a compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus, which adopts the compressed gas condensation nucleus method of the above embodiment, including:
the gas compression device is used for sampling and compressing the sample gas to a target state, releasing the compressed gas when the sample gas is compressed to the target state, and respectively condensing invisible nano particles in the sample gas into small water drops with detectable diameters;
and the gas monitoring device is used for detecting or setting various state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and sending the state parameters to the gas compression device.
Wherein, gas compression device includes: the gas sampling unit and the gas compression chamber are arranged in the gas compression chamber; the gas compression chamber is provided with a gas release solenoid valve.
Wherein, gaseous monitoring devices includes:
the multichannel sensing unit for detecting each item of state parameter of sample gas before and after compressing includes: a temperature sensing unit, a humidity sensing unit, a pressure sensing unit, and the like;
a data analysis unit for analyzing the state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and the saturated air ratio rsExpression (1) establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for target parameters of gas compression;
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein n issIs the number of moles of saturated air, n0The number of moles of gas in the compression cavity in a standard state;
and the control unit is used for generating a control instruction for controlling the action of the gas compression device according to the target parameters output by the data analysis unit.
In a specific embodiment, as shown in fig. 8a and 8b, the compressed gas condensation nucleus device is a particle size amplifying device based on the gas compression principle, and comprises a gas compression pump 1 for taking gas and compressing the gas, a gas compression chamber 2 for performing particle size amplification of the gas, and a solenoid valve 3 for releasing the gas; the output end of the gas compression pump 1 is connected with the input end of the gas compression chamber 2; the output end of the gas compression chamber 2 is connected with the input end of the electromagnetic valve 3; the gas compression pump 1 collects gas, the gas is compressed into the closed gas compression chamber 2, the pressure value in the gas compression chamber 2 is detected in real time, when the gas pressure value reaches a target pressure value, the gas is released through the electromagnetic valve 3, in the gas release process, based on the basic principle of a Wilson cloud chamber, water vapor in the gas instantaneously expands at the release moment, the temperature is reduced to reach a supersaturated state, and the water vapor in the supersaturated state can generate condensation nuclei on particles, so that invisible particles with the minimum particle size of 0.002 mu m can expand to be small water drops with the particle size of about 20 mu m; and judging whether the particle concentration belongs to the thermal degradation early warning, alarming or fire hazard range or not by detecting the concentration of the detected particles. .
In the above embodiment, as shown in fig. 8a and 8b, the gas compressor pump 1 may pump the gas compression chamber 2 at a gas flow rate of 5L/min, and the maximum pumping pressure reaches 130Kpa, or may pump the gas from the gas compression chamber 2 at a gas flow rate of 5L/min, and the maximum pumping vacuum pressure reaches 70 Kpa.
Preferably, the target pressure value for compressing the sample gas ranges from 40kPa to 130kPa, the reference value of the target pressure value for the gas is set to 60kPa, and the number of particles generated by different target pressure values for compressing the sample gas under the same temperature and humidity conditions is different, for example, when the target pressure value is 40kPa, the temperature is 27 ℃, and the humidity is 50%, the number of particles generated is recorded as a; at a target pressure of 100kPa, a temperature of 27 ℃ and a humidity of 50%, the number of particles produced is noted as B, and the number of B is greater than A.
In a further embodiment, as shown in fig. 8a and 8b, a particle size enlarging chamber 24 is provided in the gas compression chamber 2; the input end of the particle size amplification cavity 24 is connected with the output end of the gas compression pump 1; the output end of the particle size amplification cavity 24 is connected with the input end of the electromagnetic valve 3; the particle diameter amplification chamber 24 in the gas compression chamber 2 is connected to the gas compression pump 1, and the gas compression pump 1 continuously pumps gas into the particle diameter amplification chamber 24 at a certain compression frequency.
In a further embodiment, as shown in fig. 8a and 8b, a gas pressure detecting unit 23 for detecting the gas pressure inside the gas compression chamber 2 in the particle diameter enlarging chamber 24; the air pressure detection unit 23 is connected with an external control system, detects the air pressure in the particle size amplification chamber 24 in real time, and the air pressure detection unit 23 is a pressure detection instrument and is installed in an installation hole in the gas compression chamber 2.
In a further embodiment, as shown in fig. 8a and 8b, a temperature sensor 21 in the particle diameter amplifying chamber 24 for detecting the gas temperature inside the gas compression chamber 2; a humidity sensor 22 in the particle size amplifying chamber 24 for detecting the humidity of the gas in the gas compression chamber 2.
The temperature sensor 21 and the humidity sensor 22 are both connected with an external data center, the temperature and the humidity in the particle size amplification chamber 24 are detected and recorded in real time, the temperature and the humidity have influence on the number of particles, under the condition of certain humidity, the number of particles generated at 20 ℃ is large, and the number of particles can be reduced along with the increase of the temperature.
In the normal temperature state, the larger the humidity is, the larger the number of particles is. Particle quantity under different temperature and the humidity state is inequality, and in the particle diameter amplification process each time, temperature and humidity are all inequality, and the particle quantity of production is also inequality, and in the particle diameter amplification process each time, the change data of the temperature in the record gas compression cavity and humidity combines the particle concentration quantity change under different temperature and humidity, and the data center of backstage handles data, carries out analysis and prediction to the condition of a fire in the place of monitoring, in time sends conflagration early warning and warning.
In a further embodiment of the invention, there is also provided the use of a compressed gas condensation nucleus method, employing a compressed gas condensation nucleus method as before, and/or employing a compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus as before.
In particular, the compressed gas condensation nucleus method of the present invention can be applied to early warning in various thermally degraded environments, such as: fire, or other scenes susceptible to degradation by thermal decomposition. One of the most typical applications is thermal degradation detection.
The following describes in detail the application of the compressed gas condensation nucleus method and apparatus in the aspect of thermal degradation detection through a more specific implementation process, taking typical thermal degradation, taking fire thermal decomposition early warning as an example.
The description is as follows:
referring to fig. 2b, the selected gas compression device is a gas compression pump, the target parameter is a target pressure value, and the compressed gas condensation nucleus method comprises the following steps:
steps S1, S2: collecting gas, and setting the gas flow of a gas compression pump and a target pressure value for compressing sample gas; the gas compression pump collects gas from the outside, the gas flow of the gas compression pump can be known according to the type of the gas compression pump, and the gas compression pump with the corresponding type can be selected according to the required gas flow during type selection;
step S3: setting gas compression frequency according to a target pressure value for compressing the sample gas, the volume of the gas compression chamber and the gas flow; according to the gas compression frequency, the gas compression pump continuously pumps gas into the gas compression chamber for compression;
detecting a first gas pressure value in a gas compression chamber in real time; the gas compression frequency is comprehensively determined by a target pressure value for compressing the sample gas, the volume of the gas compression chamber and the gas flow, namely, when the gas flow is fixed, the gas is compressed into the gas compression chamber, and the larger the volume of the gas compression chamber is, the slower the gas pressure reaches the target pressure value for compressing the sample gas. The gas compression frequency is one working cycle, the time required for driving gas into the compression chamber at a certain gas flow rate is set as T1, the time required for detecting whether the gas pressure value reaches the target pressure value is set as T2, and the time required for one working cycle is T1+ T2, that is, the gas compression frequency is T. In the gas compression process, the gas compression chamber is continuously inflated by taking the gas compression frequency T as a reference until the gas pressure value in the gas compression chamber reaches the target pressure value for compressing the sample gas. The faster the gas compression frequency is, the shorter the time of a single compression period is, and the quicker the particle size amplification process is; the slower the gas compression frequency, the longer the time of a single compression cycle, and the slower the particle size enlargement process. For example, the gas compression frequency may be set to 5 seconds.
Alternatively, in step S3, the temperature and humidity in the gas compression chamber are detected in real time at the same time; the temperature and humidity have an influence on the number of particles, and in the case of a constant humidity, the number of particles generated at 20 ℃ is large, and the number of particles decreases as the temperature increases. In the normal temperature state, the larger the humidity is, the larger the number of particles is. Particle quantity under different temperature and the humidity state is inequality, and in the particle diameter amplification process each time, temperature and humidity are all inequality, and the particle quantity of production is also inequality, and in the particle diameter amplification process each time, the change data of the temperature in the record gas compression cavity and humidity combines the particle concentration quantity change under different temperature and humidity, and the data center of backstage handles data, carries out analysis and prediction to the condition of a fire in the place of monitoring, in time sends conflagration early warning and warning.
Step S4: judging whether the first gas pressure value reaches a target pressure value for compressing the sample gas, and quickly releasing the gas when the first gas pressure value reaches the target pressure value of the gas, so that invisible particles with the diameter of 0.002 mu m as the minimum in the compressed gas are amplified into detectable water drops with the diameter range of 10 mu m-20 mu m; setting a target pressure value for compressing the sample gas to p1, and setting a first gas pressure value to p 2; when p2 is not less than p1, the gas is stopped being compressed, the gas is released, based on the basic principle of the Wilson cloud chamber, the gas is compressed until the gas pressure value p2 is not less than p1, the gas is released, the water vapor in the gas instantly expands at the moment of release, the temperature is reduced to reach the supersaturated state, the water vapor in the supersaturated state can generate condensation nuclei on particles, so that invisible particles with the minimum particle size of 0.002 mu m can expand to small water droplets with the particle size of about 20 mu m, whether the particles belong to the early warning, alarming or fire alarm range is judged by detecting the concentration of the detected particles, corresponding alarming conditions are given, the capability of working under the state of the highest sensitivity (extremely early fire) without generating false alarm is realized, false alarm is not caused by the influence of dust, mist and the like, an internal and external precision filter is not needed, and the expenditure of extra cost is saved.
In the above embodiment, the gas compression pump is a gas compression pump with a gas flow of 5L/min, and the gas compression chamber may be pumped with a gas flow of 5L/min, and the maximum pumping pressure reaches 130Kpa, or the gas compression chamber may be pumped with a gas flow of 5L/min, and the maximum pumping vacuum pressure reaches 70 Kpa.
Or, at the same time, in the step S4, it is determined whether the first gas pressure value reaches the target pressure value for compressing the sample gas;
if the gas is released quickly, based on the basic principle of the Wilson cloud chamber, the gas expands instantly when the gas is released, the temperature is reduced to reach a supersaturated state, and the supersaturated water vapor can generate condensation nuclei on particles, so that invisible particles with the diameter of 0.002 mu m as the minimum in the compressed gas are amplified into detectable water drops with the diameter range of 10 mu m-20 mu m;
if not, the gas is compressed according to the gas compression frequency.
Alternatively, after the above step S3, step S4 is performed.
Step S3: stopping releasing the gas, and detecting a second gas pressure value; since the detection in the very early stage of the fire is a cyclic detection, when the particles are subjected to an amplification process, the release of gas is stopped, and the second gas pressure value p3 is detected, since the gas compressed in the previous time is released, p3 < p1, the internal pressure of the gas is restored to the initial state, the next particle size amplification process is carried out, and the particle size amplification process is carried out in a cyclic manner, so that the detection in the very early stage of the fire can be ensured and the rapid reaction can be realized.
To sum up: the method for generating the condensation nucleus by the gas can be applied to various thermal decomposition fault scenes, and the method is simple and easy to implement without adding water in the implementation process. In addition, because the method can accurately set the target parameters of gas compression according to the expected condensation degree and the initial state of the sample gas, compared with the existing gas condensation nucleation method, the method is more controllable, can greatly improve the detection precision, shortens the detection time and can effectively reduce the detection cost.
It will be understood that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (16)
1. A method of compressing gas condensation nuclei, comprising the steps of:
setting target parameters of gas compression, and compressing the sample gas to a target state;
the compressed sample gas is rapidly released, so that the undetectable particles in the sample gas are respectively condensed into small water droplets with detectable diameters.
2. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of setting the target parameter comprises:
according to the proportion r of saturated airsExpression (1) establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for target parameters of gas compression;
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein, said nsIs the number of moles of saturated air, n0The number of moles of gas in the compression chamber in the standard state.
3. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claim 2, characterized in that the step of setting the target parameter comprises:
setting a target value r of the saturated air ratios0；
Detecting an initial temperature T0 and an initial humidity H0 of the sample gas;
setting target parameters of gas compression according to the initial temperature T0 and the initial humidity H0 of the sample gas, so that the saturated air proportion r obtained after compressionsReaches the target value rs0。
4. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to any of the claims 1-3, characterized in that the target parameters include but are not limited to:
target pressure, compression time, target temperature, target humidity; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
other parameters of interest may cause the invisible nanoparticles in the sample gas to condense into small droplets of detectable diameter, respectively.
5. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claim 1, characterized in that the correlation (2) of the target parameter Y with the initial temperature T0 and initial humidity H0 of the sample gas and the compression cavity structure V is derived from the physical process of kinetic energy loss during the compression of the gas to saturation;
Y＝f(T0,H0，V) (2)；
wherein, f is a derived functional relation;
and setting target parameters of different sample gas compression according to the correlation relation (2), and then performing gas compression according to the target parameters.
6. The method of compressed gas condensation nucleation according to claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
calculating to obtain a compressed gas parameter table according to the correlation formula (2);
presetting the temperature tr when the temperature of the compressed sample gas reaches saturation by referring to the compressed gas parameter table;
the target parameter is set according to the initial state parameter of the sample gas and the temperature tr at which the temperature of the sample gas reaches saturation.
7. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claim 1, characterized in that the target parameter is a target pressure;
when the initial temperature T0 of the sample gas fluctuates within the range of 0-5 degrees, the target pressure is set according to the initial humidity of the sample gas, and when the initial humidity of the sample gas is higher, the target pressure is set to be relatively lower.
8. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method of claim 1, wherein the method of detecting whether the sample gas is compressed to the target state includes, but is not limited to, one or more of:
and monitoring the pressure value of the sample gas, the temperature of the sample gas and whether the humidity of the sample gas reaches the target state or not in the compression process.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the target pressure is set by setting a compression frequency and/or a gas flow rate, a compression time during compression, at the time of gas compression chamber volume determination.
10. The method of claim 2, wherein the target saturated air ratio value r of the sample gas after compression issThe range is as follows: 30 to 100 percent.
11. The compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claim 4, characterized in that the target pressure is: 30Kpa to 150 Kpa.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the compression process is adiabatic compression.
13. A compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus, comprising:
the gas compression device is used for sampling and compressing the sample gas to a target state, releasing the compressed gas when the sample gas is compressed to the target state, and respectively condensing invisible nanoparticles in the sample gas into small water drops with detectable diameters;
and the gas monitoring device is used for detecting or setting various state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and sending the state parameters to the gas compression device.
14. The compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus of claim 13, wherein the gas monitoring device comprises:
the multi-channel sensing unit is used for detecting various state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression;
a data analysis unit for analyzing the state parameters of the sample gas before and after compression and the saturated air ratio rsExpression (1) establishing a dynamic adjustment mechanism for target parameters of gas compression;
rs＝ns/n0 (1)；
wherein, said nsIn terms of the number of moles of saturated air, thereforeN is0The number of moles of gas in the compression cavity in a standard state;
and the control unit is used for generating a control instruction for controlling the action of the gas compression device according to the target parameters output by the data analysis unit.
15. The compressed gas condensation nucleus apparatus of claim 13, wherein the gas compression device comprises:
the gas compression pump is used for acquiring and compressing gas, the gas compression chamber is used for amplifying the particle size of the gas, and the electromagnetic valve is used for releasing the gas;
the output end of the gas compression pump is connected with the input end of the gas compression chamber, and the output end of the gas compression chamber is connected with the input end of the electromagnetic valve.
16. Use of a compressed gas condensation nucleus method, characterized in that a compressed gas condensation nucleus method according to claims 1-12 is used.
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