CN113810187A - High-speed quantum key distribution system and method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a quantum key distribution system and method with high distribution rate, which organically combines the true randomness and high-speed generation characteristic of quantum random numbers with the existing quantum network key distribution system, greatly improves the distribution rate of working keys on the basis of ensuring the security and randomness of key distribution, and meets the requirements of a high-speed quantum communication system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of quantum, in particular to a high-speed quantum key distribution system and method.
Background
Scientists have begun the study of quantum cryptography since the nineties of the last century. The quantum key distribution technology is based on the principle of equal quantum mechanics of the 'heisenberg inaccuracy measuring principle' and the 'quantum irreproducible principle' and does not depend on the complexity of calculation to ensure the communication safety, so that the safety of a quantum cryptography system realized based on the quantum key distribution technology is not threatened by the continuous improvement of the calculation capacity and the mathematical level. In recent years, the national quantum key distribution technology has been widely applied nationwide.
However, the current quantum key distribution technology is still in the initial stage of development, the quantum key distribution rate is very low, only tens to hundreds of kilobits per second, and the practical application of the quantum key distribution technology is greatly influenced. In practical application networking, due to the restriction of factors such as the transmission quality and distance of optical fibers, the distribution rate of the quantum key is low and unstable, and even the use requirement of the application on the key cannot be met.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a quantum key distribution system and a method with high distribution rate, which organically combine the true randomness and the high-speed generation characteristic of quantum random numbers with the prior quantum network key distribution system, greatly improve the distribution rate of working keys on the basis of ensuring the security and the randomness of key distribution, and meet the requirements of a high-speed quantum communication system.
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a high-speed quantum key distribution system, which includes a central end and a plurality of user ends;
the central end comprises a key management system, a quantum random number generation device and quantum key distribution equipment;
the user side comprises a key management terminal and quantum key distribution equipment;
the quantum key distribution equipment of the user side and the quantum key distribution equipment of the center side are connected through a quantum network and used for distributing a shared quantum key between the quantum key distribution equipment of the user side and the quantum key distribution equipment of the center side;
the quantum random number generating device is used for generating quantum random numbers;
the key management system of the center end is configured to encrypt the quantum random number by using the shared quantum key, and send the encrypted quantum random number to the key management terminal of the user end through a classical network;
and the key management terminal of the user side is used for decrypting the encrypted quantum random number by using the shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number, wherein the quantum random number is used for secret communication between the user sides.
Further, the key management terminal comprises a key cache module and a key service module;
the key cache module is used for performing cache management on the quantum random number;
the key service module is configured to obtain the quantum random number from the key cache module and output the quantum random number to the key cache module in response to a key request of a user side application.
Furthermore, the key management terminal also comprises an authentication module for realizing authentication between user-side applications.
Further, the key management system comprises a master key management module and a working key management module;
the master key management module is configured to allocate a key management terminal of the user side to control generation of the shared quantum key;
the work key management module is configured to control generation, encryption, and output of the quantum random number.
Furthermore, the key management system also comprises an authentication module for realizing the authentication of the key management terminal of the user terminal.
Further, the central end and the user end further comprise an initialization module, which is used for initializing network connection confirmation.
A second aspect of the present invention relates to a high-speed quantum key distribution method for distributing a work key between a first user terminal and a second user terminal;
the quantum key distribution method comprises a master key generation step, a work key generation step and a work key distribution step;
in the master key generation step, a central terminal generates a first shared quantum key with the first user terminal by means of a quantum network, and generates a second shared quantum key with the second user terminal;
in the working key generation step, a quantum random number is generated by the central terminal;
in the work key distribution step, the central terminal encrypts the quantum random number by using the first shared quantum key, and sends the encrypted quantum random number to the first user terminal through a classical network, and the first user terminal decrypts the encrypted quantum random number by using the first shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number; and encrypting, by the central node, the quantum random number with the second shared quantum key, and sending the encrypted quantum random number to the second user node through a classical network, where the second user node decrypts the encrypted quantum random number with the second shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number, where the quantum random number is used as a working key for encrypted communication between the first user node and the second user node.
Furthermore, the quantum key distribution method of the invention further comprises a key request step, the center end comprises a quantum random number generation device, a quantum key distribution device and a key management system, and the user end comprises an application, a quantum key distribution device and a key management terminal; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the key request step, an application of the user side triggers a key management terminal to send a key distribution request to a key management system of the center side, the key management system issues a response instruction to the key management terminal of the user side after verifying and authorizing the key distribution request, the key management terminal of the user side issues a key negotiation instruction to a quantum key distribution device of the user side according to the response instruction, and the key management system of the center side issues a random number generation instruction to a quantum random number generation device; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
in the master key generation step, the quantum key distribution device at the user side and the quantum key distribution device at the center side negotiate to generate the shared quantum key according to the key negotiation instruction;
in the work key generation step, the quantum random number generation device at the center generates the quantum random number according to the quantum random number generation instruction.
Further, in the work key distribution step, the quantum random number is encrypted with the shared quantum key when the number of the quantum random numbers reaches a threshold value, and the threshold value is related to the key distribution request.
Still further, the quantum key distribution method of the present invention further includes a work key output step, in which the quantum random number is output to the application by the key management terminal of the user side.
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The following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 schematically shows the general architecture of a high-speed quantum key distribution system according to the present invention;
fig. 2 exemplarily shows a flow chart of a quantum key distribution method according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are provided by way of illustration in order to fully convey the spirit of the invention to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein.
Random numbers are a widely used basic resource, and random number generators are a functional unit for generating random number sequences. At present, in the field of cryptography, random numbers are more widely used, and original keys of the random numbers are generated by a random number generator regardless of private keys in an asymmetric algorithm or keys in a symmetric algorithm.
Compared with the traditional true random number generator, the random number output by the quantum random number generator product has quantum characteristics, so that the quantum random number generator has higher safety; in addition, such a quantum random number generator product is realized based on the principle of laser phase fluctuation, which extracts phase fluctuation information (photoelectrically converted voltage) of the interference light output as a source random number, and thus can provide a higher random number rate at the same sampling rate.
Fig. 1 schematically shows the general architecture of a high-speed quantum key distribution system according to the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the high-speed quantum key distribution system includes a central end and at least two user ends (e.g., user 1, user 2, user N), wherein the central end and the user ends form a connection through a classical network and a quantum network at the same time.
According to the invention, the central end can be deployed with a key management system, a (high-speed) quantum random number generation device and a quantum key distribution device (QKD).
Each user end may include a user end device and one or more applications, where the user end device has a key management terminal and a quantum key distribution device deployed therein.
The quantum key distribution device of the center end is connected with the quantum key distribution devices of the user ends through the sub-network, so that a shared quantum key is generated and distributed between the quantum key distribution device of the center end and the quantum key distribution devices of the user ends through negotiation by means of a quantum key distribution process.
Inside the central end, the key management system is respectively connected with the high-speed quantum random number generation device and the quantum key distribution equipment so as to manage and control the high-speed quantum random number generation device and the quantum key distribution equipment. For example, the key management system may control the quantum random number generation device, receive the quantum random numbers and perform cache management on the quantum random numbers. The key management system may also control the quantum key distribution device to perform a quantum key distribution process, receive the shared quantum key and manage it.
Outside the central end, the key management terminal of each user end accesses the key management system of the central end through the classical network, so that the key management system is responsible for the access authentication management of the key management terminal of the user end, performs connection management on each key management terminal, and provides a secure channel to ensure the secure transmission of data (such as instructions) with each key management terminal.
The quantum random number generator generates a quantum random number, which has quantum characteristics and theoretical true randomness.
According to the present invention, the key management system can encrypt the quantum random number (acquired from the quantum random number generation apparatus) with the shared quantum key (acquired from the quantum key distribution apparatus) and transmit it to the user side (key management apparatus) through the classical network. In the invention, the quantum random number can be encrypted by the shared quantum key in a non-word-one-cipher mode, for example, a 'one-word-one-cipher' mode is adopted. Thus, encryption of a relatively large number of quantum random numbers can be achieved with a relatively small number of shared quantum keys, in other words, an adaptation between a "low generation rate" of the shared quantum keys and a "high generation rate" of the quantum random numbers can be achieved.
Accordingly, after receiving the encrypted quantum random number, the key management terminal at the user end can decrypt the encrypted quantum random number by using the same shared quantum key, thereby obtaining the plaintext of the quantum random number. Therefore, in the user terminal, the key management terminal can respond to the request of the application and output the quantum random number as the working key to the corresponding application so as to realize encrypted communication between the applications at two communication ends.
Therefore, the invention proposes that when the application proposes the encryption communication requirement, the quantum random number which can be generated at high speed at present is used as the working key of the encryption communication between the applications, and only the (shared) quantum key with limited generation rate at present is used as the master key for ensuring the safe distribution of the working key, so that the symmetric quantum key can be provided for the encryption communication between the applications at high rate, and the problem that when the quantum key generated in the quantum key distribution process is used as the working key of the encryption communication in the prior art, the working key distribution rate is limited and the communication requirement cannot be met is solved.
As a specific implementation manner, the key management system may further include an initialization module, an authentication module, a master key management module, and a working key management module.
The initialization module is used for realizing initialization work of network connection confirmation.
The authentication module is used for receiving an authentication request frame sent by a key management terminal of a user side and replying an authentication response frame, so that handshake authentication between the authentication module and the key management terminal of the user side is realized.
The master key management module is used for allocating the key management terminals of the user sides to perform ordered generation and switching of the shared quantum keys, namely, generation of the shared quantum keys between the control center side and the user sides.
The work key management module is used for controlling the high-speed quantum random number generation device to generate quantum random numbers, encrypting the quantum random numbers by using a shared quantum key (namely a master key), and sending the encrypted quantum random numbers to the key management terminal of the user side.
At the user side, the key management terminal can also comprise an initialization module, an authentication module, a key cache module and a key service module.
The initialization module is used for realizing initialization work of network connection confirmation.
The authentication module is used for receiving an authentication request frame sent by an application of a communication opposite end (user end) and replying an authentication response frame, thereby realizing handshake authentication with applications of other user ends.
And the key cache module is used for performing cache management on the received quantum random number.
And the key service module is used for acquiring the quantum random number from the key cache module and outputting the quantum random number to the application. Wherein the key service module may be provided with a key service interface for allowing access by an application to send a key request and for sending a quantum random number to the application in response to the key request.
To better understand the working principle of the present invention, a high-speed quantum key distribution method (process) according to the present invention will be further described below with reference to fig. 2.
Fig. 2 exemplarily shows a flow chart of a quantum key distribution method according to the present invention. Wherein for the sake of brevity only the central peer and the first and second clients a, B participating in the encrypted communication are shown. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this example is merely illustrative, and the number of user terminals is not limited to two, but may be more.
The quantum key distribution method of the invention can comprise a key request step, a master key generation step, a work key generation step and a work key distribution step.
As shown in fig. 2, in the key request step, an encrypted communication request will first be initiated by the application of the first user terminal a to the application of the second user terminal B.
Based on the encrypted communication request, the application of the first user terminal a sends a key request to the key management terminal of the local terminal, and the application of the second user terminal B also sends a key request to the key management terminal of the local terminal.
The key management terminals of the first and second user terminals will be triggered to send key distribution requests to the key management system of the central terminal, respectively.
The key management system of the center end receives the key distribution request, and after verification and authorization, respectively issues response instructions (namely key distribution request responses) to the key management terminals of the first and second user ends, and issues random number generation instructions to the quantum random number generation device of the home end.
The key management terminals of the first user terminal and the second user terminal issue a key negotiation instruction to the quantum key distribution equipment of the home terminal according to the response instruction; and the key management system of the center end issues a key negotiation instruction to the quantum key distribution equipment of the local end.
In the master key generation step, the quantum key distribution device of the first user terminal a and the quantum key distribution device of the center terminal generate a first shared quantum key (i.e. master key a) for use between the two through negotiation according to a key negotiation instruction; the quantum key distribution device of the second user B and the quantum key distribution device of the center will also generate a second shared quantum key (i.e. the master key B) for use between the two through negotiation according to the key negotiation instruction. As previously described, the shared quantum key generated in this step will be used as the master key.
The quantum key distribution device at the center outputs the generated first shared quantum key (i.e. the master key a) and the second shared quantum key (i.e. the master key B) to the key management system for cache management by the key management system. The quantum key distribution device of the first (second) user side outputs the generated first (second) shared quantum key (i.e. the master key a/B) to the corresponding key management terminal for cache management.
In the working key generation step, the quantum random number generation device at the center end generates a quantum random number according to a quantum random number generation instruction, and outputs the quantum random number to the key management system for cache management.
In the work key distribution step, when the number of quantum random numbers generated and output by the quantum random number generation device reaches a threshold value (which is related to the work key length required in the key distribution request), the quantum random numbers are encrypted by using a first shared quantum key to form a first encrypted file, the first encrypted file is sent to the first user side through a classical network (i.e., "work key encrypted transmission"), the quantum random numbers are encrypted by using a second shared quantum key to form a second encrypted file, and the second encrypted file is sent to the second user side through the classical network (i.e., "work key encrypted transmission").
Therefore, the key management terminal of the first user end can decrypt the first encrypted file by using the first shared quantum key to obtain the plaintext of the quantum random number; the key management terminal of the second user terminal may decrypt the second encrypted file using the second shared quantum key to obtain the plaintext of the quantum random number. Thereby, the same quantum random number is distributed in a secure manner in the first and second clients for use as the working key.
In addition, the method of the present invention may further include a work key output step.
As shown in fig. 2, in this step, the key management terminal of the first user terminal responds to the key request of its application with a (key) and outputs a quantum random number to the application; the key management terminal of the second user terminal makes a (key) response to the key request of the application thereof and outputs the quantum random number to the application.
Therefore, the corresponding applications in the first user end and the second user end can utilize the working key realized by the quantum random number to realize the encrypted communication between the first user end and the second user end.
In summary, in the quantum key distribution system and method of the present invention, the true randomness and the high-speed generation characteristic of the quantum random number are organically combined with the existing quantum network key distribution system, and the distribution rate of the working key is greatly improved on the basis of ensuring the security and randomness of key distribution. In the existing quantum random number generator scheme, the bit rate of the scheme based on single photon path selection can reach 1Mbps magnitude, the bit rate of the scheme based on photon arrival time can reach 100Mbps magnitude, and in the future, the random number bit rate of more than 10Gbps can be realized, which obviously meets the requirements of a high-speed quantum communication system.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described above are merely exemplary for illustrating the principles of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and that various combinations, modifications and equivalents of the above-described embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A high-speed quantum key distribution system comprises a central end and a plurality of user ends;
the central end comprises a key management system, a quantum random number generation device and quantum key distribution equipment;
the user side comprises a key management terminal and quantum key distribution equipment;
the quantum key distribution equipment of the user side and the quantum key distribution equipment of the center side are connected through a quantum network and used for distributing a shared quantum key between the quantum key distribution equipment of the user side and the quantum key distribution equipment of the center side;
the quantum random number generating device is used for generating quantum random numbers;
the key management system of the center end is configured to encrypt the quantum random number by using the shared quantum key, and send the encrypted quantum random number to the key management terminal of the user end through a classical network;
and the key management terminal of the user side is used for decrypting the encrypted quantum random number by using the shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number, wherein the quantum random number is used for secret communication between the user sides.
2. The high-speed quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the key management terminal comprises a key caching module and a key service module;
the key cache module is used for performing cache management on the quantum random number;
the key service module is configured to obtain the quantum random number from the key cache module and output the quantum random number to the key cache module in response to a key request of a user side application.
3. The high-speed quantum key distribution system of claim 2, wherein the key management terminal further comprises an authentication module for enabling authentication between user-side applications.
4. The high-speed quantum key distribution system of claim 1, wherein the key management system comprises a master key management module and a working key management module;
the master key management module is configured to allocate a key management terminal of the user side to control generation of the shared quantum key;
the work key management module is configured to control generation, encryption, and output of the quantum random number.
5. The high-speed quantum key distribution system of claim 4, wherein the key management system further comprises an authentication module for enabling authentication of the key management terminal at the user end.
6. The high-speed quantum key distribution system of any one of claims 2-5, wherein the central and user sides further comprise an initialization module for initialization work for network connection validation.
7. A high-speed quantum key distribution method is used for distributing work keys between a first user end and a second user end;
the quantum key distribution method comprises a master key generation step, a work key generation step and a work key distribution step;
in the master key generation step, a central terminal generates a first shared quantum key with the first user terminal by means of a quantum network, and generates a second shared quantum key with the second user terminal;
in the working key generation step, a quantum random number is generated by the central terminal;
in the work key distribution step, the central terminal encrypts the quantum random number by using the first shared quantum key, and sends the encrypted quantum random number to the first user terminal through a classical network, and the first user terminal decrypts the encrypted quantum random number by using the first shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number; and encrypting, by the central node, the quantum random number with the second shared quantum key, and sending the encrypted quantum random number to the second user node through a classical network, where the second user node decrypts the encrypted quantum random number with the second shared quantum key to obtain the quantum random number, where the quantum random number is used as a working key for encrypted communication between the first user node and the second user node.
8. The quantum key distribution method according to claim 7, further comprising a key requesting step, and the central end comprises a quantum random number generating device, a quantum key distribution device and a key management system, and the user end comprises an application, a quantum key distribution device and a key management terminal; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the key request step, an application of the user side triggers a key management terminal to send a key distribution request to a key management system of the center side, the key management system issues a response instruction to the key management terminal of the user side after verifying and authorizing the key distribution request, the key management terminal of the user side issues a key negotiation instruction to a quantum key distribution device of the user side according to the response instruction, and the key management system of the center side issues a random number generation instruction to a quantum random number generation device; and the number of the first and second electrodes,
in the master key generation step, the quantum key distribution device at the user side and the quantum key distribution device at the center side negotiate to generate the shared quantum key according to the key negotiation instruction;
in the work key generation step, the quantum random number generation device at the center generates the quantum random number according to the quantum random number generation instruction.
9. The quantum key distribution method according to claim 8, wherein in the work key distribution step, the quantum random number is encrypted with the shared quantum key when the number of the quantum random numbers reaches a threshold value, the threshold value being associated with the key distribution request.
10. The quantum key distribution method according to claim 9, further comprising a work key output step in which the quantum random number is output to the application by a key management terminal of the user side.
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