CN113807702B - Mine ecological restoration evaluation method - Google Patents
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 238000009270 solid waste treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 31
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of ecological restoration evaluation, and particularly relates to a mine ecological restoration evaluation method, which comprises the following steps: mine ecological subsystem, mine environment subsystem, artificial transformation subsystem, mine ecological subsystem includes: four evaluation indexes of land damage, water area, vegetation coverage and biological abundance, wherein the mine environment subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of atmospheric environment, surface water environment, groundwater environment and soil environment, the artificial transformation subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of land treatment, water body treatment, goaf restoration and solid waste treatment are adopted, and the mine ecological restoration evaluation method with scientific analysis process, reasonable index setting, comprehensive coverage, convenient index investigation and acquisition and strong operability is formed aiming at mine ecological restoration evaluation. The method not only can scientifically evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the whole mine, but also can evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the local area of the mine, and can evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the mine under the condition that certain indexes are inconvenient to acquire or lack. The evaluation method not only can evaluate the comprehensive effect of mine and ecological restoration, but also can evaluate and judge the state and effect of each index.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ecological restoration evaluation, and particularly relates to a mine ecological restoration evaluation method.
Background
With the increasing importance of the national ecological environment protection, mine restoration is increasingly emphasized as an important component of the ecological environment protection and is continuously developed. However, a unified mine ecological restoration evaluation method for mines is not formed at present, so that the effect of the restored mine ecology is difficult to evaluate, and therefore, evaluation guidance on the mine ecological restoration work cannot be effectively conducted and improvement is provided in a targeted manner. At present, the mine ecological restoration is evaluated by a method of single effect or single score accumulation or weighted accumulation, but the method cannot evaluate the condition of mine ecological restoration that certain single indexes cannot be obtained due to condition limitation; meanwhile, the comprehensive evaluation of the ecological restoration of the method depends on the comprehensive total score, and the comprehensive total score can be improved only by improving the single index score, so that the evaluation grade of the ecological restoration of the mine can be improved, and the single index with poor score, namely poor effect, cannot be required to be improved in a targeted manner. Therefore, the existing mine ecological restoration evaluation method is limited in use condition and use range and has limited effect of improving work guidance on ecological restoration.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the problem that the ecological restoration condition of a mine cannot be evaluated because of the limitation of conditions and certain single indexes cannot be obtained is solved, the improvement of the comprehensive ecological restoration effect of the mine and the blocks of the mine is realized by improving the single indexes with poor states or effects, so that the subsequent improvement work of the ecological restoration of the mine is more targeted and instructive, and the method for evaluating the ecological restoration of the mine is provided.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows: an evaluation method for ecological restoration of a mine, comprising the following steps: mine ecological subsystem, mine environment subsystem, artificial transformation subsystem, mine ecological subsystem includes: four evaluation indexes of land damage, water area, vegetation coverage and biological abundance, wherein the mine environment subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of atmospheric environment, surface water environment, groundwater environment and soil environment, the artificial transformation subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of land treatment, water body treatment, empty area restoration and solid waste treatment.
Preferably, the mine ecological subsystem comprises the following steps:
s1, land damage = damaged land occupation area/total mine occupation area x 100%, the damaged land occupation area comprising: digging out the land, pressing the land, polluting the land, destroying the land by water and destroying the land by geological disasters;
s2, water area=water area after ecological restoration/water area before ecological restoration×100%, where the water area includes: a natural water volume area and an artificial water volume area, the natural water volume area comprising: river, lake, weir, marsh, the artifical water area includes: ditches, reservoirs, artificial weirs and ponds, artificial lakes;
s3, vegetation cover
NDVIs are normalized vegetation index NDVI values of completely non-vegetation cover pixels, NDVIv is the NDVI value of pure plant pixels, the NDVI value with the cumulative frequency of 2% is NDVIs, the NDVI value with the cumulative frequency of 98% is NDVIv, and when the detailed regional vegetation and soil spectrogram data are absent, the NDVIs value is 0.05 and the NDVIv value is 0.70;
s4, biological abundance bri= (bi+hq)/2
BI is a biological diversity index, and the BI is calculated as follows:
BI＝R' V ×0.2+R' P ×0.2+D' E ×0.2+E' D ×0.2+R' T ×0.1+(100-E' l )×0.1
R' V for the abundance of the normalized wild animals, R' P For the abundance of the normalized wild vascular bundle plants, D' E For normalized ecosystem type diversity, E' D For normalized species specificity, R' T To normalizeAbundance of post-threat species, E' l For normalized invasion of foreign species
HQ is an environmental quality index, and HQ is calculated as follows:
hq=511.25× (0.35×woodland area+0.21×grassland area+0.28×water area wet land area+0.11×cultivated land area+0.04×construction land area+0.01×unused land area)/area
HQ may be used to calculate and evaluate directly equal BRI in the absence of effective means or in the inability to investigate the biodiversity index due to condition limitations.
Preferably, the mine environment subsystem comprises the following steps:
s5: atmospheric environment index aqi=max { IAQI } 1 ,IAQI 2 ,IAQI 3 ,…,IAQI n }
The atmospheric environmental index AQI is the maximum value of the large environmental index IAQI of each pollutant project factor.
S6: the water quality evaluation of the surface water environment is determined according to the highest category item in the section parameter evaluation indexes by a single factor evaluation method;
s7: the groundwater environment is determined according to the category with the worst evaluation result of each single index based on groundwater quality detection data;
s8: soil environment
An arithmetic mean value of single pollution indexes of all pollution factors of mines, P imax For each pollution factor, the maximum value of the single pollution index.
Preferably, the vibration force determining module includes a force detector, S5:
s9: land reclamation LGI = actual restoration reclamation land area/restoration reclamation land area x 100%
The actual recovery treatment of land area includes: restoring excavated land, restoring pressed land, restoring polluted land, restoring water destroyed land and restoring geological disaster destroyed land, wherein the land area to be restored comprises excavated land, pressed land, polluted land, water destroyed land and geological disaster destroyed land;
s10: water treatment wgi= (total water treatment area/total water damage area) × (post-treatment water quality grade score/pre-treatment water quality grade score)
The water quality grade scores after treatment and before treatment are:
mine water quality class score = Σ (individual water body area x individual water body quality score)/Σ (individual water body area);
s11: void repair GRI = goaf repair area/goaf original area x 100%;
s12: solid waste treatment wur=amount of solid waste to be treated/amount of solid waste to be produced×100%
The solid waste produced in mine production comprises: the method comprises the steps of stabilizing, recovering, comprehensively utilizing and recycling waste soil and waste stone generated in the mine production process and tailings generated after mineral separation.
Preferably, the mine ecological subsystem, the mine environment subsystem and the artificial transformation subsystem assign scores to the indexes and calculate membership.
Preferably, the grading indexes are graded and correspond to the mine ecological restoration effect or the mine block ecological restoration effect, and the mine ecological restoration effect or the mine block ecological restoration effect is graded into five grades from good to bad: excellent, good, general, poor, very bad.
Preferably, the grading of each index is between 0 and 1, discrete grading is carried out according to each index comment, forward grading is adopted for grading, and the better the mine ecological restoration effect of index grading characterization is, the higher the grading is.
Preferably, the membership is divided into five levels, and the membership function is as follows:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is excellent, and the index grading membership function is that:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is good, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is general, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is poor, and the index is classified into a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is extremely poor, and the index grading membership function is that:
for a five-level membership function, the membership function threshold is: s1=0.9, s2=0.7, s3=0.5, s4=0.3, s5=0.1.
Preferably, the membership function is calculated to obtain a membership matrix R for evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine.
In the membership matrix R, rij is the membership of the j-th level of the i-th index, m is the index number,
index number is less than or equal to 12, and n is membership grade number 5.
Preferably, the indexes of the mine ecological subsystem, the mine environment subsystem and the artificial transformation subsystem are obtained according to the investigation statistical results of each block in the mine range, and the statistical table of each index of each block is as follows:
index statistics table for each block of mine
According to the table statistical result, obtaining the average value of the index iAnd standard deviation sigma i Further obtain the coefficient of variation vi
Average value:
standard deviation:
coefficient of variation vi:
improved coefficient of variation vi
v' i And p is the total number of mine blocks, wherein the coefficient of variation is nonzero.
Improved coefficient of variation vectors (v 1, v2, …, vi, …, vm) for each index are obtained.
And further obtaining a judgment matrix:
solving eigenvalue lambda of m-order judgment matrix A max And feature vectors, namely, the feature vectors are obtained as index weight vectors W= (W1, W2, …, wi, …, wm) in the judgment matrix;
and carrying out dot multiplication on the index weight vector W and the membership matrix R to obtain a comprehensive membership vector G for comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine block.
G＝W·R
The ecological restoration effect of the mine block is comprehensively evaluated by the comprehensive membership vector g= (G1, G2, …, gn). The comprehensive evaluation of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block can be determined by the maximum comprehensive membership:
g is then * The membership grade of the membership value is the comprehensive evaluation result of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
aiming at the mine ecological restoration evaluation, the mine ecological restoration evaluation method is scientific in analysis process, reasonable in index setting, comprehensive in coverage, convenient to survey and acquire indexes and high in operability. The method not only can scientifically evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the whole mine, but also can evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the local area of the mine, and can evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the mine under the condition that certain indexes are inconvenient to acquire or lack. The evaluation method not only can evaluate the comprehensive effect of mine and ecological restoration, but also can evaluate and judge the state and effect of each index. Under the method, improvement of comprehensive ecological restoration effects of mines and blocks of the mines must be realized by improving single indexes with poor states or effects, so that subsequent improvement work of ecological restoration of the mines is more targeted and instructive. Meanwhile, the regional ecological restoration effect evaluation is also beneficial to the repair of the ecological restoration short plates in a small area range of the mine, so that the high-efficiency economical efficiency of ecological restoration is realized.
Drawings
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described in connection with the following detailed description in order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement of the purpose and the effect of the invention easy to understand.
The mine ecological restoration evaluation method comprises the following steps:
the evaluation system for ecological restoration of the mine is an integral system, which can be divided into three subsystems: mine ecological subsystem, mine environment subsystem and artificial transformation subsystem. The mine ecological subsystem comprises four evaluation indexes of land damage, water area, vegetation coverage and biological abundance; the mine environment subsystem comprises four evaluation indexes of an atmospheric environment, a surface water environment, a groundwater environment and a soil environment; the artificial transformation subsystem comprises four evaluation indexes including land treatment, water body treatment, empty area restoration and solid waste treatment. Wherein the empty area restoration index in the artificial transformation subsystem is a special index of the underground mine. The specific indexes are indexes capable of representing the ecological condition of the mine or the environmental condition of the mine, and the indexes capable of being directly quantitatively represented are preferentially selected.
Table 1 mine ecological restoration evaluation system
The evaluation steps are as follows:
the first step: the evaluation object, the evaluation range, the evaluation element, the evaluation index and the evaluation method are defined.
And (5) defining mine objects for ecological restoration evaluation.
The evaluation range includes a mine living area, a production area, a mining area boundary range, and an affected area within a certain range outside the mining area boundary as the evaluation range.
The ecological system, the environmental quality and the artificial reconstruction subsystem are taken as evaluation factors.
The evaluation index covers three elements of an ecological system, environmental quality and artificial reconstruction. The ecological system indexes comprise land damage S1, water area S2, vegetation coverage S3 and biological abundance S4; the environmental quality indexes comprise an atmospheric environment S5, a surface water environment S6, a groundwater environment S7 and a soil environment S8; the artificial transformation indexes comprise land treatment S9, water treatment S10, empty area restoration S11 and solid waste treatment S12.
The evaluation method for comprehensively and scientifically reflecting or characterizing the condition of the related index comprises the following steps:
the first step: the evaluation object, the evaluation range, the evaluation element, the evaluation index and the evaluation method are defined.
(1) The land damage S1 takes the proportion of the land damage area which is left unrepaired and treated after ecological restoration and occupies the total area of the mine as an evaluation index. The land damage is divided into excavated land, pressed land, polluted land, water damaged land, geological disaster damaged land and the like; the mine geological disasters are divided into landslide, collapse, debris flow, karst collapse, mining subsidence, ground cracks and ground subsidence;
(2) The water area S2 takes the ratio of the existing water area in the range of the mine mining area after ecological restoration to the original water area in the range of the raw mine mining area as an evaluation index. The water body type comprises natural and artificial water bodies, and does not comprise temporary river channels and water pits. Natural water bodies include rivers, lakes, weirs, marshes, and the like; the artificial water body comprises ditches, reservoirs, weir ponds, artificial lakes and the like;
(3) The vegetation coverage C3 takes the vegetation coverage, namely the proportion of various vegetation areas of the mine to the total area of the mine as an evaluation index;
(4) The biological abundance S4 is expressed in terms of the number of different biological species per unit area of the mine and the quality of the biological habitat, in particular in terms of the biological abundance index BRI, which is the arithmetic average of the biological diversity index BI and the habitat quality index HQ;
(5) The atmospheric environment S5 uses the air quality index AQI as an evaluation index.
(6) The surface water environment S6 is evaluated by the surface water body such as a river system or a lake according to the water quality of the cross section, river or lake.
(7) The groundwater environment S7 is evaluated based on groundwater quality index detection, and is determined according to the worst class of each single index.
(8) The soil environment S8 uses the index of soil environment pollution as an evaluation index.
(9) The land treatment S9 takes the recovery treatment rate of damaged land, namely the ratio of the actual recovery and treatment area of the mine to the total recovery and treatment area of the mine as an evaluation index. The recovery treatment area statistics should comprehensively consider the natural damage land areas such as mine production life damage land areas, geological disasters and the like, and the specific type is consistent with the land damage S1 index. The recovery and treatment types include open goaf recovery, underground goaf backfill, material field waste rock field waste dump recovery, tailing field recovery, subsidence area treatment, pollution area recovery treatment, office area living area and public facility area recovery.
(10) The water body treatment S10 comprehensively considers two aspects of water body treatment rate and treatment quality. The water treatment rate is characterized by the ratio of the water treatment area to the water damage area, the water damage comprises occupation, pollution and other types, and the water treatment comprises recovery, repair and treatment and other types. The quality of water treatment is characterized by the ratio of the post-treatment water quality grade score to the pre-treatment water quality grade score.
(11) The goaf restoration S11 is goaf restoration, is a special index of ecological restoration of underground mines, and is the ratio of the underground goaf restoration area to the goaf area. The empty region repair includes types of empty region backfilling, filling, and the like.
(12) The solid waste treatment S12 uses the solid waste treatment utilization rate, which is the ratio of the solid waste treated and comprehensively utilized in the mine to the amount of the solid waste produced in the mine production, as an evaluation index. The treatment and utilization modes comprise stabilization treatment, recovery from green recovery, comprehensive utilization, recovery and the like.
And a second step of: dividing the area of the mine mining area according to natural boundaries such as mountain, river water system, ravines and the like and artificial boundaries such as earth dams, ditches and the like in the range of the mine mining area, wherein the area of a single divided area is smaller than 0.25km 2 When smaller areas are neededThe blocks are combined so that the area of a single block is not less than 0.25km 2 . When the area of the mining area is truly too small to divide a plurality of blocks, the area of a single block can be reduced so as to ensure that the number of blocks divided by the mining area is not less than four.
And a third step of: and performing point distribution monitoring, remote sensing and on-site investigation statistics and data collection on the related indexes according to the related standards.
And acquiring the data related to the evaluation indexes such as land damage, water area, land treatment, water body treatment, empty area restoration, solid waste treatment and the like according to the field investigation collection result.
And (5) referring to related specifications of vegetation coverage, biological abundance and the like, and obtaining related index data through remote sensing interpretation. And referring to the relevant monitoring specifications for the atmospheric environment, the surface water environment, the groundwater environment and the soil environment, performing point distribution monitoring to obtain relevant data. The atmospheric environment evaluation index data is obtained through environmental air quality monitoring; the surface water environment evaluation index data is obtained through monitoring surface water and sewage; groundwater evaluation index data are obtained through groundwater environment monitoring; the soil environment evaluation index data is obtained through soil environment monitoring.
Fourth step: and counting, calculating and grading each index.
And (3) sorting the investigation, remote sensing interpretation and monitoring acquired data to obtain basic data, and counting, calculating and grading each index according to the basic data. The statistics, calculation and classification are preferably performed according to the relevant specification of each index, and when no relevant specification exists, the statistics, calculation or classification method is performed according to the principles of strict logic, scientific process, reliable analysis result, wide application range and strong operability.
(1) The comments and grades of the land damage index LDI are as follows:
LDI = damaged land area/total mine area x 100%
Damaged land statistics is performed according to excavated land, compacted land, polluted land, water destroyed land, geological disaster destroyed land (simply referred to as "land disaster destroyed land") and other damaged type lands.
Table 2 statistical table of land damage area
The mine geological disaster type can be divided into landslide, collapse, debris flow, karst collapse, mining subsidence, ground cracks and ground subsidence according to the induction factors;
TABLE 3 statistical table of geological disaster destruction area
The LDI grading standard of the land damage index is shown in Table 4.
Table 4LDI index rating and comment
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(2) The water area index WAR is evaluated and graded as follows:
war=water body area after ecological restoration/water body area before ecological restoration x 100%
The water body area comprises various natural and artificial water body areas, and natural water bodies comprise rivers, lakes, weirs, marshes and the like; the artificial water body comprises a ditch, a reservoir, a weir pond, an artificial lake and the like. The body of water does not include temporary furrows and litters.
TABLE 5 statistical Water area Table
The water area index WAR grading standard is shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Water area index WAR grading and comment
| Grading and comment | High height | Higher height | In general | Low and low | Extremely low |
| WAR | ≥80％ | 60％～80％ | 40％～60％ | 20％～40％ | ＜20％ |
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(3) The comments and ratings of vegetation coverage FVC are as follows:
NDVI s normalized vegetation index NDVI values for completely non-vegetation cover pixels, NDVI v Is the NDVI value of the pure plant pixel. Since most vegetation cover types are a mixture of different vegetation types, a fixed NDVI cannot be used v And NDVI s The frequency accumulated value of the NDVI is calculated and accumulated according to the frequency statistical table of the NDVINDVI value of NDVI with frequency of 2% s NDVI value of 98% accumulated frequency is NDVI v . In the absence of detailed regional vegetation and soil spectrogram data, NDVI is suggested s Has a value of 0.05, NDVI v The value was 0.70.
Vegetation coverage FVC classification criteria are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7 vegetation coverage FVC grading and comment
| Grading and comment | Bare land | Low coverage | Middle and low coverage | Middle cover | High coverage |
| Vegetation coverage FVC | ＜10％ | 10％～30％ | 30％～45％ | 45％～60％ | ≥60％ |
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(4) The scores and rankings of the biological abundance index BRI are as follows:
BRI＝(BI+HQ)/2
BI is a biological diversity index, and the BI is calculated as follows:
BI＝R' V ×0.2+R' P ×0.2+D' E ×0.2+E' D ×0.2+R' T ×0.1+(100-E' l )×0.1
R' V for the abundance of the normalized wild animals, R' P For the abundance of the normalized wild vascular bundle plants, D' E For normalized ecosystem type diversity, E' D For normalized species specificity, R' T E 'for normalized abundance of the compromised species' l Is the invasion of foreign species after normalization.
HQ is an environmental quality index, and HQ is calculated as follows:
hq=511.25× (0.35×woodland area+0.21×grassland area+0.28×water area wet land area+0.11×cultivated land area+0.04×construction land area+0.01×unused land area)/area
HQ may be used to calculate and evaluate directly equal BRI in the absence of effective means or in the inability to investigate the biodiversity index due to condition limitations.
The biological abundance index BRI grading criteria are shown in table 8.
TABLE 8 biological abundance index BRI grade and comment
| Grading and comment | High height | Higher height | Medium and medium | Low and low | Extremely low |
| Biological abundance index BRI | ≥75 | 55～75 | 35～55 | 20～35 | ＜20 |
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(5) The air quality index AQI is rated as follows:
AQI＝max{IAQI 1 ,IAQI 2 ,IAQI 3 ,…,IAQI n }
the air quality index AQI is the maximum value among the air quality index IAQI of each contaminant project factor.
The air quality index AQI classification criteria are shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9 air quality index AQI grading and comments
| Grading | First level | Second-level | Three stages | Four-stage | Five-stage | Six-stage |
| Comment | Excellent (excellent) | Good grade (good) | Light pollution | Moderate contamination | Severe contamination | Severe pollution |
| AQI | 0～50 | 51～100 | 101～150 | 151～200 | 201～300 | ＞300 |
(6) The quality of the surface water is rated by a surface water environment quality evaluation method, and the quality evaluation is determined according to the highest category in the indexes of the section parameter evaluation according to a single factor evaluation method. The surface water quality ratings and comments are shown in table 10.
Table 10 surface Water quality grading and commentary
(7) The groundwater quality monitoring is determined according to the category with the worst evaluation result of each single index based on groundwater quality detection data through groundwater environment monitoring technology.
Groundwater quality comments and grades are given in table 11.
Table 11 underground Water quality classification and comment
(8) Mine soil environment comprehensive quality is based on internal Mei Luo index P of mine soil environment pollution N As an evaluation index.
An arithmetic mean value of single pollution indexes of all pollution factors of mines, P imax And (3) calculating the single pollution index of each pollution factor by a soil environment monitoring technology for the maximum value of the single pollution index of each pollution factor. The comprehensive quality classification and evaluation of the soil environment are shown in Table 12.
Mei Luo index P in Table 12 N Soil pollution evaluation criterion
| Grading | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ |
| Comment | Cleaning of | Yet clean | Light pollution | Moderate contamination | Severe contamination |
| P N | ≤0.7 | 0.7～1.0 | 1.0～2.0 | 2.0～3.0 | ＞3.0 |
Note that: the interval upper number includes the present number, and the interval lower number does not include the present number.
(9) The land treatment index takes land treatment rate LGI as an evaluation index, and the evaluation and grading are as follows:
LGI = actual recovery land area treated/land area treated to be recovered x 100%
The actual recovery treatment land area and the recovery treatment land area statistics should be performed by comprehensively considering excavated land, occupied land, polluted land, water destroyed land, geological disaster destroyed land (abbreviated as 'land disaster destroyed land') and other damaged land types. The actual recovery treatment land area subitem value and the total value should not be larger than the corresponding recovery treatment land area. The recovery and treatment types include goaf recovery, waste rock field waste dump recovery, tailing field recovery, subsidence area treatment, pollution area recovery treatment, office area living area and public facility area recovery, etc.
Table 13 mining area restoration and remediation land area statistics
Land control LGI grading criteria are shown in table 14:
TABLE 14 LGI index grading and comments
| Grading and comment | High height | Higher height | In general | Low and low | Extremely low |
| LGI | ≥80％ | 60％～80％ | 30％～60％ | 10％～30％ | ＜10％ |
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(10) The water body treatment takes water body treatment index WGI as an evaluation index, and the comments and grades are as follows:
wgi= (total water treatment area/total water damage area) × (post-treatment water quality grade score/pre-treatment water quality grade score)
The water body damage comprises occupation, pollution and other types, and the water body treatment comprises recovery, repair and treatment and other types.
Table 15 statistical table for water treatment area
The water quality grade score after mine treatment and the water quality grade score before treatment are the comprehensive water body score in the mine range, and the partial score is only aimed at destroying and treating the water body, and the non-destroyed or treated water body is not in the consideration range.
Mine water quality grade score = Σ (individual water body area x individual water body quality score)/Σ (individual water body area)
The water quality grading is based on the water quality grade, and the water quality grading and grading are shown in table 16.
TABLE 16 Water quality grading and scoring
| Water quality rating | Excellent (excellent) | Good grade (good) | Light pollution | Moderate contamination | Severe contamination |
| Scoring of | 100 | 50 | 25 | 12 | 6 |
The WGI classification standard of the water body treatment index is shown in Table 17:
table 17 WGI index rating and comment
| Grading and comment | Good (good) | Preferably, it is | In general | Difference of difference | Extremely poor |
| WGI | ≥4.0 | 3.0～4.0 | 2.0～3.0 | 1.0～2.0 | ＜1.0 |
Note that: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
(11) The goaf restoration is a special index of ecological restoration of the underground mine, and the goaf restoration index GRI is used as an evaluation index, and the goaf restoration index GRI is evaluated and classified as follows:
GRI=goaf repair area/goaf original area×100%
The empty region repairing modes comprise types such as empty region backfilling, filling and the like, and empty region and caving do not belong to the empty region repairing modes.
Table 18 GRI index rating and comment
| Grading and comment | Good (good) | Preferably, it is | In general | Difference of difference | Extremely poor |
| GRI | ≥80％ | 60％～80％ | 40％～60％ | 20％～40％ | ≤20％ |
(12) The mine solid waste treatment uses the treatment utilization ratio WUR of solid waste generated in the mine production process as an evaluation index.
Wur=amount of solid waste to be treated/amount of solid waste produced ×100%
The solid waste produced in mine production mainly comprises stripping materials (waste soil) and waste stones produced in the mine production process and tailings produced after mineral separation. The treatment and utilization modes comprise stabilization treatment, recovery from green recovery, comprehensive utilization, recovery and the like.
Table 19 statistical table for solid waste generation and treatment and utilization in mining area
The treatment utilization WUR classification standard of the solid waste is shown in table 20:
table 20 WUR index rating and comment
| Grading and comment | High height | Higher height | In general | Low and low | Extremely low |
| WUR | ≥80％ | 60％～80％ | 30％～60％ | 10％～30％ | ＜10％ |
The injection comprises the following steps: the upper number of bits in the interval does not include the number of bits in the interval, and the lower number of bits in the interval includes the number of bits in the interval.
Fifth step: assigning points to each index, and calculating membership degree.
The scoring of each scoring index is as corresponding to the ecological restoration effect of the final mine or block as possible in a grading manner.
The ecological restoration effect MERE of the mine or the block can be classified into a plurality of grades, and the ecological restoration effect of the mine or the block can be generally classified into five grades from good to bad: excellent, good, general, poor, very bad.
TABLE 21 ecological restoration effect grading and commentary for mines or blocks
| Grading | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ |
| Comment | Excellent (excellent) | Good grade (good) | In general | Difference of difference | Extremely poor |
The index assignment of each index layer of the ecological restoration effect of the mine is between 0 and 1, and the assignment is discrete assignment according to each index comment. The forward grading is adopted for grading, namely, the better the mine ecological restoration effect characterized by index grading is, the higher the grading is.
Table 22 index evaluation rating and score
Note that: the index is a specific index of underground mine.
In order to scientifically evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the mine, the multi-attribute meaning of the index scoring value is considered, and the membership is adopted to perform characterization calculation on the multi-attribute of the index scoring value. The membership function may be classified into five levels corresponding to the number of ecological restoration effect levels of the mine or block. The grading range of each index is 0-1, and the larger the grading of each index is, the better the ecological restoration effect of the mine or the block is represented, so that the membership function of each index grading can be unified.
The ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is excellent, and the index grading membership function is that:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is good, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is general, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is poor, and the index is classified into a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is extremely poor, and the index grading membership function is that:
for a 5-level membership function, the membership function threshold is:
TABLE 23 membership threshold
| Membership function threshold | S 1 | S 2 | S 3 | S 4 | S 5 |
| Value taking | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
Assigning scores according to the grading evaluation results of the indexes of the ecological restoration effect of each block of the mine to be evaluated, and calculating the membership of the assigned scores of the indexes by a membership function to obtain a membership matrix R for evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine.
In the membership matrix R, R ij The index is flexibly selected according to the actual mine, and is generally less than or equal to 12, and n is the number of membership levels, namely 5.
Sixth step: and (5) determining the index weight.
And obtaining a statistical table of each index of each block according to the investigation and statistics results of each index of each block in the mine range.
Table 24 statistics of index of each block of mine
According to the statistical result in the table, obtaining the average value of the index iAnd standard deviation sigma i Further obtain the coefficient of variation v i 。
Average value:
standard deviation:
coefficient of variation v i :
Improved coefficient of variation v i *
v' i Is the non-zero coefficient of variation, p is the total number of mine blocks。
Obtaining improved coefficient of variation vectors (v) for each index 1 * ，v 2 * ，…，v i * ，…，v m * )。
And further obtaining a judgment matrix:
solving eigenvalue lambda of m-order judgment matrix A max And the feature vector, the obtained feature vector is the weight vector W= (W) of each index in the judgment matrix 1 ，w 2 ，…，w i ，…，w m )。
Seventh step: and (5) evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine.
And carrying out dot multiplication on the index weight vector W and the membership matrix R to obtain a comprehensive membership vector G for comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine block.
G＝W·R
Comprehensive evaluation of ecological restoration effect of mine block comprehensive membership vector g= (G) 1 ，g 2 ，…，g n )。
The comprehensive evaluation of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block can be determined by the maximum comprehensive membership:
g is then * The membership grade of the membership value is the comprehensive evaluation result of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block.
The comprehensive effect evaluation of the overall ecological restoration of the mine is shown in table 25.
Table 25 comprehensive evaluation principle for overall ecological restoration of mine
Note that: the above table contains the present-level evaluations; the present-level evaluation is not included below.
And comprehensively evaluating the overall ecological restoration effect of the mine according to the ecological restoration effect evaluation results of each block of the mine by referring to the evaluation principles in table 25.
When the weight vector and the membership matrix are in the levels of the subsystems such as the mine ecological subsystem, the mine environment subsystem, the artificial transformation subsystem and the like, the comprehensive evaluation method of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block and the comprehensive evaluation principle of the ecological restoration of the mine whole can be referred to for evaluating the ecological restoration subsystems of the block and the mine whole.
The front, rear, left, right, up and down are all based on fig. 1 in the drawings of the specification, the face of the device facing the observer is defined as front, the left side of the observer is defined as left, and so on, according to the viewing angle of the person.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientation or positional relationships shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate describing the present invention and simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles, principal features and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and that the above embodiments and descriptions are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (9)
1. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: mine ecological subsystem, mine environment subsystem, artificial transformation subsystem, mine ecological subsystem includes: four evaluation indexes of land damage, water area, vegetation coverage and biological abundance, wherein the mine environment subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of atmospheric environment, surface water environment, groundwater environment and soil environment, the artificial transformation subsystem comprises: four evaluation indexes of land treatment, water body treatment, empty area restoration and solid waste treatment;
the mine ecological subsystem, the mine environment subsystem and the artificial transformation subsystem are used for obtaining the statistical table of each index of each block according to the investigation statistical result of each block in the mine range, wherein the statistical table is as follows:
index statistics table for each block of mine
According to the table statistical result, obtaining the average value of the index iAnd standard deviation sigma i Further, the mean value of the variation coefficient vi is obtained:
standard deviation:
coefficient of variation vi:
improved coefficient of variation vi:
v′ i p is the total number of mine blocks, which is a non-zero coefficient of variation;
obtaining improved coefficient of variation vectors (v 1, v2, …, vi, …, vm) for each index;
and further obtaining a judgment matrix:
solving eigenvalue lambda of m-order judgment matrix A max And feature vectors, namely, the feature vectors are obtained as index weight vectors W= (W1, W2, …, wi, …, wm) in the judgment matrix;
performing point multiplication on the index weight vector W and the membership matrix R to obtain a comprehensive membership vector G for comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration effect of the mine block;
G＝W·R
comprehensively evaluating the comprehensive membership vector g= (G1, G2, …, gn) of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block;
the comprehensive evaluation of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block can be determined by the maximum comprehensive membership:
g is then * The membership grade of the membership value is the comprehensive evaluation result of the ecological restoration effect of the mine block.
2. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the mine ecological subsystem comprises the steps of:
s1, land damage = damaged land occupation area/total mine occupation area x 100%, the damaged land occupation area comprising: digging out the land, pressing the land, polluting the land, destroying the land by water and destroying the land by geological disasters;
s2, water area=water area after ecological restoration/water area before ecological restoration×100%, where the water area includes: a natural water volume area and an artificial water volume area, the natural water volume area comprising: river, lake, weir, marsh, the artifical water area includes: ditches, reservoirs, artificial weirs and ponds, artificial lakes;
s3, vegetation cover
NDVIs are normalized vegetation index NDVI values of completely non-vegetation cover pixels, NDVIv is the NDVI value of pure plant pixels, the NDVI value with the cumulative frequency of 2% is NDVIs, the NDVI value with the cumulative frequency of 98% is NDVIv, and when the detailed regional vegetation and soil spectrogram data are absent, the NDVIs value is 0.05 and the NDVIv value is 0.70;
s4, biological abundance bri= (bi+hq)/2
BI is a biological diversity index, and the BI is calculated as follows:
BI＝R’ V ×0.2+R' P ×0.2+D' E ×0.2+E' D ×0.2+R’ T ×0.1+(100-E' l )×0.1
R’ V for the abundance of the normalized wild animals, R' P For the abundance of the normalized wild vascular bundle plants, D' E For normalized ecosystem type diversity, E' D For normalized species specificity, R' T E 'for normalized abundance of the compromised species' l For normalized invasion of foreign species
HQ is an environmental quality index, and HQ is calculated as follows:
hq=511.25× (0.35×woodland area+0.21×grassland area+0.28×water area wet land area+0.11×cultivated land area+0.04×construction land area+0.01×unused land area)/area
HQ may be used to calculate and evaluate directly equal BRI in the absence of effective means or in the inability to investigate the biodiversity index due to condition limitations.
3. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein the mine environment subsystem comprises the steps of:
s5: atmospheric airEnvironmental index aqi=max { IAQI ] 1 ,IAQI 2 ,IAQI 3 ,...,IAQI n }
The atmospheric environmental index AQI is the maximum value of the major environmental index IAQI of each pollutant project factor;
s6: the water quality evaluation of the surface water environment is determined according to the highest category item in the section parameter evaluation indexes by a single factor evaluation method;
s7: the groundwater environment is determined according to the category with the worst evaluation result of each single index based on groundwater quality detection data;
s8: soil environment
An arithmetic mean value of single pollution indexes of all pollution factors of mines, P imax For each pollution factor, the maximum value of the single pollution index.
4. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the artificial reconstruction subsystem includes the steps of:
s9: land reclamation LGI = actual restoration reclamation land area/restoration reclamation land area x 100%
The actual recovery treatment of land area includes: restoring excavated land, restoring pressed land, restoring polluted land, restoring water destroyed land and restoring geological disaster destroyed land, wherein the land area to be restored comprises excavated land, pressed land, polluted land, water destroyed land and geological disaster destroyed land;
s10: water treatment wgi= (total water treatment area/total water damage area) × (post-treatment water quality grade score/pre-treatment water quality grade score)
The water quality grade scores after treatment and before treatment are:
mine water quality class score = Σ (individual water body area x individual water body quality score)/Σ (individual water body area);
s11: void repair GRI = goaf repair area/goaf original area x 100%;
s12: solid waste treatment wur=amount of solid waste to be treated/amount of solid waste to be produced×100%
The solid waste produced in mine production comprises: the method comprises the steps of stabilizing, recovering, comprehensively utilizing and recycling waste soil and waste stone generated in the mine production process and tailings generated after mineral separation.
5. The method for evaluating the restoration of the mine ecology according to claim 1, wherein the mine ecology subsystem, the mine environment subsystem and the artificial reconstruction subsystem assign points to each index and calculate membership.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the assigning of each index corresponds to the classification of the ecological restoration effect of the mine or the ecological restoration effect of the mine block, and the classification of the ecological restoration effect of the mine or the ecological restoration effect of the mine block is five-stage: excellent, good, general, poor, very bad.
7. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method according to claim 5, wherein the score of each index is 0-1, the score is discrete according to each index comment, the score adopts forward score, and the better the mine ecological restoration effect of index grading characterization is, the higher the score is.
8. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method according to claim 5, wherein the membership is classified into five classes, and the membership function is as follows:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is excellent, and the index grading membership function is that:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is good, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is general, and the index is classified as a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is poor, and the index is classified into a membership function:
the ecological restoration effect corresponding to the mine or the block is extremely poor, and the index grading membership function is that:
for a five-level membership function, the membership function threshold is: s1=0.9, s2=0.7, s3=0.5, s4=0.3, s5=0.1.
9. The mine ecological restoration evaluation method according to claim 8, wherein the membership function is calculated to obtain a membership matrix R for evaluating the mine ecological restoration effect;
in the membership matrix R, rij is the membership of the j-th level of the i-th index, m is the index number,
index number is less than or equal to 12, and n is membership grade number 5.
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