CN113803193A - Exhaust gas recirculation device, engine assembly and vehicle - Google Patents
Exhaust gas recirculation device, engine assembly and vehicle Download PDFInfo
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- CN113803193A CN113803193A CN202010537011.9A CN202010537011A CN113803193A CN 113803193 A CN113803193 A CN 113803193A CN 202010537011 A CN202010537011 A CN 202010537011A CN 113803193 A CN113803193 A CN 113803193A
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Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/35—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with means for cleaning or treating the recirculated gases, e.g. catalysts, condensate traps, particle filters or heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2803—Construction of catalytic reactors characterised by structure, by material or by manufacturing of catalyst support
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to an exhaust gas recirculation device, an engine assembly and a vehicle, the exhaust gas recirculation device comprises an EGR bypass air passage, the EGR bypass air passage is provided with a bypass inlet (11) and a bypass outlet (12), the bypass inlet (11) is communicated with an exhaust manifold (20) of the engine assembly, the bypass outlet (12) is communicated with an intake manifold (10) of the engine assembly, and a catalyst is arranged in the EGR bypass air passage, and the catalyst is designed as follows: the exhaust gas in the EGR bypass air passage can generate heat through catalytic reaction with oxygen under the action of the catalyst. Through above-mentioned technical scheme, the exhaust gas recirculation device that this disclosure provided can help promoting the cold start performance of engine.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of engine technology, and in particular, to an exhaust gas recirculation device, an engine assembly, and a vehicle.
Background
An Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is a technology for returning a small part of Exhaust Gas generated by an engine to a cylinder for combustion, and specifically, the Exhaust Gas discharged by the engine is mixed with fresh air and then enters the cylinder, and the EGR system is mainly used for reducing Nitrogen Oxides (NO) in Exhaust GasX) And (5) discharging.
Under the conditions of cold start and idling of the engine, the exhaust temperature of the engine is relatively low, so that the nitrogen oxides generated by the engine have excessive risks, and therefore under the working conditions, a bypass pipeline needs to be added in the EGR system, so that waste gas generated by the engine flows to the air intake system directly through the bypass pipeline without passing through a cooler, is mixed with air in the air intake system and reaches an engine combustion chamber, and the temperature of mixed gas in an engine cylinder is improved.
However, after the hot exhaust gas is mixed with the cold air in the intake system, the temperature of the exhaust gas has been lowered, theoretically raising the temperature of the mixture in the engine cylinder, but the effect of improving the cold start performance of the engine is not significant.
Disclosure of Invention
An object of the present disclosure is to provide an exhaust gas recirculation device that can contribute to an improvement in the cold start performance of an engine.
It is another object of the present disclosure to provide an engine assembly having good cold start performance.
It is a further object of the present disclosure to provide a vehicle having good cold start performance.
In order to achieve the above object, the present disclosure provides an exhaust gas recirculation apparatus including an EGR bypass passage having a bypass inlet communicating with an exhaust manifold of an engine assembly and a bypass outlet communicating with an intake manifold of the engine assembly, and a catalyst provided therein, the catalyst being designed to: the exhaust gas in the EGR bypass air passage can generate heat through catalytic reaction with oxygen under the action of the catalyst.
Optionally, the catalyst comprises a noble metal.
Optionally, the noble metal is one of platinum, rhodium, palladium, or a mixture of at least two thereof.
Optionally, a carrier structure is arranged in the EGR bypass air passage, the carrier structure has a plurality of passages, the extending direction of each passage is adapted to the extending direction of the EGR bypass air passage, and the pipe wall of each passage is coated with the catalyst.
Optionally, the carrier structure is configured as a cartridge that is secured in the EGR bypass duct.
Optionally, the outer portion of the barrel is wrapped with an elastic gasket that is elastically supported between the barrel and the EGR bypass air passage to interference fit the barrel in the EGR bypass air passage.
Optionally, the carrier structure is made of an inert material.
Optionally, the inert material is one or a mixture of at least two of cordierite, silicon carbide, aluminum titanate.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the disclosure also provides an engine assembly, which comprises an intake manifold, an exhaust manifold and the exhaust gas recirculation device, wherein the exhaust gas recirculation device is communicated with the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the vehicle further comprises an air inlet system, an exhaust system and the engine assembly, wherein the air inlet system comprises an air filter, an air inlet manifold is communicated with the air filter, and the exhaust manifold is communicated with the exhaust system.
Through the technical scheme, when the engine assembly is in a cold start or idling stage, exhaust gas generated in a combustion chamber of the engine flows into an EGR bypass air passage through an exhaust manifold, carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and aldehyde (RCHO) in the exhaust gas and oxygen are subjected to catalytic reaction under the action of a catalyst to release heat, the temperature of the exhaust gas is increased by about 1 time due to a large amount of heat generated by the catalytic reaction, after the exhaust gas is mixed with cold air input by an air intake system, the temperature of the mixed gas is warm, and the warm mixed gas is easier to combust in the combustion chamber of the engine, so that the cold start performance of the engine assembly is remarkably improved. In addition, through the exhaust gas recirculation device provided by the disclosure, exhaust pollutants in exhaust gas generated by the engine assembly in a cold start or idling stage can be fully utilized, so that the emission level of the whole vehicle is improved.
Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the disclosure without limiting the disclosure. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exhaust gas recirculation arrangement provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure operating during a cold start or idle condition.
Description of the reference numerals
11-bypass inlet, 12-bypass outlet, 2-carrier structure, 31-main inlet, 32-main outlet, 41-bypass valve motor, 42-bypass valve plate, 51-regulating valve motor, 52-regulating valve plate, 10-intake manifold, 20-exhaust manifold, 30-supercharger, 40-air filter, 50-LNT and 60-SDPF.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present disclosure is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present disclosure, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, not limitation.
In the present disclosure, unless otherwise stated, "inside and outside" are "inside and outside" with respect to the profile of the corresponding component itself. In the following description, when referring to the figures, the same reference numbers in different figures denote the same or similar elements, unless otherwise explained. The foregoing definitions are provided to illustrate and describe the present disclosure only and should not be construed to limit the present disclosure.
According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided an exhaust gas recirculation apparatus including an EGR bypass passage having a bypass inlet 11 and a bypass outlet 12, the bypass inlet 11 communicating with an exhaust manifold 20 of an engine assembly, the bypass outlet 12 communicating with an intake manifold 10 of the engine assembly, and a catalyst disposed in the EGR bypass passage, the catalyst being designed to: the exhaust gas in the EGE bypass air passage can generate heat through catalytic reaction with oxygen under the action of the catalyst.
Through the technical scheme, when the engine assembly is in a cold start or idle stage, exhaust gas generated in a combustion chamber of the engine flows into an EGR bypass air passage through the exhaust manifold 20, carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and aldehydes (RCHO) in the exhaust gas and oxygen are subjected to catalytic reaction under the action of a catalyst to release heat, the temperature of the exhaust gas is increased by about 1 time due to a large amount of heat generated by the catalytic reaction, and after the exhaust gas is mixed with cold air input by an air intake system, the temperature of the mixed gas is warm, and the warm mixed gas is easier to combust in the combustion chamber of the engine, so that the cold start performance of the engine assembly is remarkably improved. In addition, through the exhaust gas recirculation device provided by the disclosure, exhaust pollutants in exhaust gas generated by the engine assembly in a cold start or idling stage can be fully utilized, so that the emission level of the whole vehicle is improved.
The carbon monoxide and the oxygen can generate carbon dioxide and water which are free of pollution to the atmosphere under the action of the catalyst, the hydrocarbon and the oxygen can generate carbon dioxide and water which are free of pollution to the atmosphere under the action of the catalyst, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the oxygen can generate carbon dioxide and water which are free of pollution to the atmosphere under the action of the catalyst, and the aldehyde and the oxygen can generate carbon dioxide and water which are free of pollution to the atmosphere under the action of the catalyst. The starting temperature condition for the catalytic reaction is greater than 150 degrees celsius, so the EGR bypass path is as close as possible to the outlet of the exhaust manifold 20 of the engine assembly.
In addition, the higher the speed at which the engine is dragged, the higher the exhaust temperature, so at the time of engine start, the more favorable the engine assembly cold start if the engine speed can be dragged to 300r/min by the starter.
In particular embodiments provided by the present disclosure, the catalyst may include a noble metal, wherein the noble metal may be one of platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), or a mixture of at least two thereof. In addition, the catalyst can also comprise alumina, and the alumina can enhance the adhesion of the catalyst and increase the specific surface area of the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst may further include any other substances that contribute to the above-described catalytic reaction, and the present disclosure is not particularly limited thereto.
In the specific embodiment provided by the disclosure, the catalyst can be attached to the pipe wall of the EGR bypass air passage in a coating mode, and the exhaust gas enters the EGR bypass air passage to perform catalytic reaction with the catalyst to release heat. In order to increase the contact area between the exhaust gas and the catalyst, a carrier structure 2 is arranged in the EGR bypass air passage, the carrier structure 2 is provided with a plurality of channels, the extending direction of each channel is adapted to the extending direction of the EGR bypass air passage, namely, each channel extends along the direction of the bypass inlet 11 towards the bypass outlet 12, and the pipe wall of each channel is coated with the catalyst, so that carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and aldehyde (RCHO) in the exhaust gas can be in full contact with the catalyst, the carbon monoxide (CO), the Hydrocarbon (HC), the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and the aldehyde (RCHO) can be in full reaction, a large amount of heat is released, and the cold start performance of the engine assembly is further remarkably improved.
In one embodiment, the carrier structure 2 may be integrally formed with the EGR bypass duct, thereby reducing the number of parts and reducing the time required for assembly. In further embodiments, the carrier structure 2 may also be constructed independently of the EGR bypass duct, in which case the carrier may be constructed as a cartridge that is secured in the EGR bypass duct to reduce the difficulty of machining the EGR bypass duct. In order to ensure the sealing performance between the barrel-shaped part and the EGR bypass air passage, the elastic gasket is wrapped outside the barrel-shaped part and elastically supported between the barrel-shaped part and the EGR bypass air passage, and in the process of assembling the barrel-shaped part to the EGR bypass air passage, the elastic gasket is extruded by the pipe wall of the EGR bypass air passage to generate elastic deformation, so that the barrel-shaped part can be assembled in the EGR bypass air passage, after the barrel-shaped part is completely assembled, the barrel-shaped part is in interference fit with the EGR bypass air passage by the aid of the acting force generated by restoring deformation of the elastic gasket, and vibration is reduced through the elastic gasket. In addition, the resilient pad may be made of aluminum silicate and have some flexibility to facilitate bending of the resilient pad.
In the embodiments provided in the present disclosure, the support structure 2 has stable properties, is only used for supporting the catalyst, does not participate in the catalytic reaction, and has strong stability under high temperature environment, for example, the support structure 2 may be made of inert material. Wherein, the inert material can be one of cordierite, silicon carbide and aluminum titanate or a mixture of at least two of the cordierite, the silicon carbide and the aluminum titanate.
In the embodiment provided by the present disclosure, the exhaust gas recirculation apparatus further includes an EGR main passage having a main introduction port 31 and a main introduction port 32, the main introduction port 31 communicating with the exhaust manifold 20, and a bypass valve provided at the main introduction port 32. In the cold starting or idling stage of the engine assembly, the EGR main channel is closed, the bypass valve is controlled to be opened, and the exhaust gas flows through the EGR bypass air channel; after the engine assembly is started and normally operated, the EGR main passage is opened to control the bypass valve to be closed, and a large amount of hot gas generated from the combustion chambers of the engine is discharged through the exhaust manifold 20 and then flows through the EGR main passage, where the exhaust gas is cooled and then introduced into the combustion chambers of the engine to cool the combustion chambers of the engine.
The bypass valve comprises a bypass valve motor 41 and a bypass valve plate 42, the bypass valve motor 41 is in transmission connection with the bypass valve plate 42, the bypass valve motor 41 drives the bypass valve plate 42 to close an EGR main channel at the cold start or idling stage of the engine assembly, and exhaust gas flows through an EGR bypass air passage; after the engine assembly is started and normally operates, the bypass valve motor 41 drives the bypass valve plate 42 to close the EGR bypass passage, and a large amount of hot gas flows through the EGR main passage.
In the embodiment provided by the present disclosure, the main inlet 31 and the bypass inlet 11 are both communicated with the outlet of the exhaust manifold 20, and the outlet of the exhaust manifold 20 is provided with a regulating valve for regulating the flow rate of the exhaust gas. The regulating valve comprises a regulating valve motor 51 and a regulating valve plate 52, the regulating valve plate 52 is in transmission connection with the regulating valve motor 51, and the regulating valve motor 51 drives the regulating valve plate 52 to rotate around the center line of the regulating valve motor 51 so as to regulate the opening and closing degree of the outlet of the exhaust manifold 20, thereby achieving the purpose of regulating the flow of exhaust gas.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the present disclosure further provides an engine assembly, which comprises an intake manifold 10, an exhaust manifold 20 and the exhaust gas recirculation device, wherein the exhaust gas recirculation device is communicated with the intake manifold 10 and the exhaust manifold 20. The engine assembly provided by the present disclosure also has the above features, and is not described herein again to avoid repetition.
In the particular embodiment provided by the present disclosure, the engine assembly further includes a supercharger 30, whereby the supercharger 30 increases the pressure in the intake manifold 10 to allow more gas to enter the combustion chambers of the engine.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the vehicle comprises an air inlet system, an exhaust system and the engine assembly, wherein the air inlet system comprises an air filter 40, an air inlet manifold 10 is communicated with the air filter 40, impurities in air are filtered through the air filter 40, and an exhaust manifold 20 is communicated with the exhaust system. The vehicle provided by the present disclosure also has the above features, and is not described herein again to avoid redundancy.
Wherein the exhaust system comprises LNT50 (LNT lean NOx trap technology), LNT50 reduces emissions by alternately cycling between trapping and reducing phases, wherein LNT50 adsorbs during trapping phases under lean conditionsNOx in the exhaust, LNT50 reduces the adsorbed NOx to non-toxic nitrogen (N) under rich conditions during the reduction phase2)。
In addition, the exhaust system includes SDPF60, which is a Particulate trap (DPF) with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology. The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology is a treatment process aiming at NOx in vehicle exhaust emission, and under the action of a catalyst, a reducing agent ammonia or urea is sprayed to reduce the NOx in the exhaust into nitrogen (N)2) And water (H)2O). A particulate trap (DPF) is a filter that can trap particulate emissions before they enter the atmosphere.
The preferred embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, the present disclosure is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications may be made to the technical solution of the present disclosure within the technical idea of the present disclosure, and these simple modifications all belong to the protection scope of the present disclosure.
It should be noted that, in the foregoing embodiments, various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner, and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, various combinations that are possible in the present disclosure are not described again.
In addition, any combination of various embodiments of the present disclosure may be made, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present disclosure, as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present disclosure.
Claims (10)
1. An exhaust gas recirculation arrangement, characterized in that the exhaust gas recirculation arrangement comprises an EGR bypass duct having a bypass inlet (11) and a bypass outlet (12), the bypass inlet (11) communicating with an exhaust manifold (20) of an engine assembly, the bypass outlet (12) communicating with an intake manifold (10) of the engine assembly, and a catalyst arranged in the EGR bypass duct, the catalyst being designed to: the exhaust gas in the EGR bypass air passage can generate heat through catalytic reaction with oxygen under the action of the catalyst.
2. The exhaust gas recirculation device according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalyst comprises a noble metal.
3. The exhaust gas recirculation device according to claim 2, characterized in that the precious metal is one of platinum, rhodium, palladium or a mixture of at least two of them.
4. The exhaust gas recirculation device according to claim 1, characterized in that a carrier structure (2) is provided in the EGR bypass gas duct, the carrier structure (2) having a plurality of passages, the direction of extension of each of the passages being adapted to the direction of extension of the EGR bypass gas duct, the walls of each of the passages being coated with the catalyst.
5. Exhaust gas recirculation arrangement according to claim 4, characterized in that the carrier structure (2) is configured as a cartridge which is fixed in the EGR bypass duct.
6. The exhaust gas recirculation device according to claim 5, wherein an outer portion of the cartridge is wrapped with an elastic packing elastically supported between the cartridge and the EGR bypass passage to interference fit the cartridge in the EGR bypass passage.
7. An exhaust gas recirculation arrangement according to any of claims 4-6, characterized in that the carrier structure (2) is made of an inert material.
8. The exhaust gas recirculation device according to claim 7, wherein the inert material is one of cordierite, silicon carbide, aluminum titanate, or a mixture of at least two thereof.
9. An engine assembly comprising an intake manifold (10) and an exhaust manifold (20), characterized in that the engine assembly further comprises an exhaust gas recirculation arrangement according to any one of claims 1-8, which exhaust gas recirculation arrangement is in communication with the intake manifold (10) and the exhaust manifold (20).
10. A vehicle comprising an air intake system and an exhaust system, characterized in that the vehicle further comprises an engine assembly according to claim 9, the air intake system comprising an air filter (40), the air intake manifold (10) being in communication with the air filter (40), the exhaust manifold (20) being in communication with the exhaust system.
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| CN202010537011.9A CN113803193A (en) | 2020-06-12 | 2020-06-12 | Exhaust gas recirculation device, engine assembly and vehicle |
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| CN202010537011.9A CN113803193A (en) | 2020-06-12 | 2020-06-12 | Exhaust gas recirculation device, engine assembly and vehicle |
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