CN113785013B - Conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material and application thereof - Google Patents
Conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113785013B CN113785013B CN202180002370.7A CN202180002370A CN113785013B CN 113785013 B CN113785013 B CN 113785013B CN 202180002370 A CN202180002370 A CN 202180002370A CN 113785013 B CN113785013 B CN 113785013B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
- C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/443—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from vinylhalogenides or other halogenoethylenic compounds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/29—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
- H01B7/295—Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to flame
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/085—Copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
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- C08K2003/0862—Nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/001—Conductive additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/02—Flame or fire retardant/resistant
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2201/00—Properties
- C08L2201/08—Stabilised against heat, light or radiation or oxydation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
- C08L2203/202—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets use in electrical wires or wirecoating
Abstract
The invention relates to a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material and application thereof. The composite material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin, 25-35 parts of chlorinated polyethylene, 3-5 parts of stabilizer, 25-35 parts of plasticizer, 5-8 parts of flame retardant, 6-10 parts of conductive filler, 10-15 parts of modified resin, 0.2-0.4 part of lubricant and 0.6-1 part of other auxiliary agent, wherein the conductive filler is a mixture of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube. The composite material not only has high conductivity, but also has the characteristics of high flame retardance, high weather resistance, high mechanical property and good softness, has wide application fields, and can be widely used for conductive coated wires and conductive woven fabrics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material and application thereof.
Background
The conductive composite material is a functional polymer material obtained by mixing a matrix resin and a conductive substance and processing the mixture by a processing method of a resin material. The LED module is mainly applied to the fields of electronics, electromagnetic wave shielding, integrated circuit packaging and the like, and has wide application prospect in the fields of light emitting diodes, mobile phones, solar batteries, miniature television screens, life science research and the like.
In the prior art, a composite method is often adopted for preparing the conductive resin material, namely, polymer resin is taken as a matrix, and the conductive resin material is prepared through coaction with conductive filler, modified polymer or antistatic agent, wherein the conductive filler is commonly used for a large amount of conductive carbon black or metal powder and the like. For example, chinese patent application (cn201911284896. X), relates to a polyvinyl chloride elastomer conductive composite material and a preparation method thereof, in which the conductivity of the composite material prepared by using 32% -50% of conductive carbon black by mass is general, and the mechanical property and the processability of the material are greatly reduced due to the addition of a large amount of conductive carbon black. In another example, chinese patent application (CN 201410812623.9), a high-strength PVC conductive composite material and a method for preparing the same are disclosed, in which a large amount (15% -18%) of carbon black and conventional metal substances are added as conductive filler, and the material has a certain conductivity, but the material obtained by the method is a hard PVC material, and has poor processability, poor flame-retardant and weather-resistant properties, and limited application. Another example is chinese patent application (CN 111234410 a), which relates to a polyvinyl chloride conductive material and a preparation method thereof, and the conductive composite material obtained by the technology has a certain flexibility, but the conventional conductive carbon black used has an addition amount of 10% -13%, the filler calcium carbonate has an addition amount of 7% -10%, the mechanical property of the material is poor, and the conductive composite material has no good flame retardant property, so that the application of the material is limited.
PVC materials with certain softness are widely applied to the fields of films, cables, packaging materials and the like. However, the PVC material with softness generally contains a plasticizer, and the addition of the plasticizer improves the processability of the material and imparts softness to the material, but reduces the properties of flame retardance, weather resistance, mechanical properties, self-cleaning and the like of the material. In addition, in the preparation of the conductive PVC composite material, the addition of the low-molecular-weight plasticizer can also greatly reduce the conductive effect of the traditional conductive filler (such as carbon black or metal powder and the like). Therefore, developing a high-conductivity flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material with excellent flame retardance, weather resistance and mechanical property and certain softness is a technical difficulty in the research of the existing polyvinyl chloride composite material.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material with good conductivity, weather resistance, flame retardance, certain softness and excellent mechanical property.
The aim of the invention can be achieved by the following technical scheme: the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC), 25-35 parts of chlorinated polyethylene, 3-5 parts of stabilizer, 25-35 parts of plasticizer, 5-8 parts of flame retardant, 6-10 parts of conductive filler, 10-15 parts of modified resin, 0.2-0.4 part of lubricant and 0.6-1 part of other auxiliary agent, wherein the conductive filler is a mixture of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube.
The addition amount of the conductive filler in the composite material is 4.2 to 5.6 percent, and the volume resistivity of the composite material is 10 3 The conductive composite material within omega cm has good flame retardance, weather resistance, flow processability and mechanical property.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the polymerization degree of the polyvinyl chloride resin is 950-1700.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the chlorinated polyethylene is resin type chlorinated high-density polyethylene with the chlorine content of 20-35%. The chlorinated high-density polyethylene used in the invention is a high molecular material prepared by the chlorination substitution reaction of the high-density polyethylene, has excellent weather resistance, ozone resistance, chemical resistance and oil resistance, and has good compatibility with PVC. The PVC material can be obviously improved in mechanical and weather resistance by blending with PVC, and in addition, the PVC material can be plasticized, so that the use amount of the plasticizer in the conductive flame-retardant PVC composite material is reduced, on one hand, the influence of the micromolecular plasticizer on the conductivity of the conductive filler is reduced, on the other hand, the plasticizer is inflammable substance, and the flame retardant property of the material can be improved by reducing the amount of the plasticizer. Furthermore, the reduction of the plasticizer amount also reduces the risk of precipitation of the plasticizer in the composite material and improves the easy-to-clean performance of the material. In addition, the chlorinated high-density polyethylene contains a large amount of polar chlorine atoms, and the existence of the polar component increases the compatibility and the combination of the matrix high-molecular material, the conductive filler and the inorganic flame retardant, so that the uniformity of the composite material is enhanced, and the conductive, flame-retardant, weather-resistant and mechanical properties of the material are perfectly presented.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the stabilizer is a calcium-zinc composite stabilizer. The calcium-zinc composite stabilizer can inhibit the decomposition reaction of polyvinyl chloride in the light and heat environment.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the plasticizer comprises one or more of dioctyl terephthalate, diisooctyl adipate, dioctyl sebacate, tri-n-butyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, butyl epoxystearate and trioctyl trimellitate. According to the invention, a certain amount of plasticizer is added into the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, and molecules of the plasticizer can be inserted between PVC molecular chains, so that the mobility of the PVC molecular chains is increased, the crystallinity of the PVC molecular chains is reduced, and the plasticity and flexibility of PVC are increased. The plasticizer is used together with the chlorinated high-density polyethylene, so that the flowing processability of PVC can be obviously improved, and the PVC composite material is endowed with good flexibility.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the flame retardant is antimony trioxide. Antimony trioxide is an additive flame retardant which itself does not have a significant flame retardant effect, but which exhibits a synergistic effect in the presence of halides. The main resin materials in the system are polyvinyl chloride resin and chlorinated high-density polyethylene resin with 20-35% of chlorine content, and the molecular structures of the polyvinyl chloride resin and the chlorinated high-density polyethylene resin both have a large amount of chlorine elements, so that the matrix resin material has certain flame retardant property. More importantly, in the high-temperature combustion process, chlorine elements in the polyvinyl chloride resin and the chlorinated high-density polyethylene resin can react to generate high-concentration hydrochloric acid or free chlorine, the hydrochloric acid and the free chlorine can react with antimonous oxide to generate antimonous chloride or antimonous chloride acyl substances of antimonous chloride, the antimonous compounds can reduce the contact of combustible substances and oxygen, so that a carbon coating is generated, free radicals in the combustion process can be captured in the gaseous state, the aim of achieving high flame retardance by low flame retardant addition is fulfilled, and the final composite material is endowed with good flame retardance and mechanical property.
On the one hand, the chlorinated polyethylene of the invention has plasticizing effect to reduce the usage amount of the plasticizer, on the other hand, the polar characteristic of the polar chlorine element can be used as a compatilizer to increase the compatibility between inorganic and metal materials and high polymer resin, and more importantly, the high chlorine content of the chlorinated polyethylene is matched with the antimony trioxide to play a role of flame retardant synergism, so that the invention can realize high flame retardance under the condition of using the traditional antimony trioxide flame retardant without other flame retardant synergism agents, and the addition amount of the flame retardant is reduced.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the conductive filler is silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube according to the mass ratio of 1 (0.2-0.6): (0.05-0.1).
The silver-plated nano graphite microchip is adopted as a main conductive filler in the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material. The specific gravity of the graphite is small, a small amount of addition can be used under the same volume, and the chemical stability of the graphite is high; the nickel-coated copper powder not only has good conductive property, but also has excellent electromagnetic shielding property, and the nickel-coated copper powder is matched with silver-plated nano graphite microchip to have good conductive property in the invention. The single-arm carbon nano tube is a supplement to the conductivity of the silver-plated nano graphite microchip, and has ultrahigh conductivity and good mechanical and mechanical properties.
One of the most important features of the conductive polymer composite is that the more conductive particles are in contact, the denser the network, and the smaller the gaps between the conductive particles, the higher the conductivity of the composite. In the invention, because the silver-plated nano graphite microchip, the nickel-coated copper powder and the single-arm carbon nano tube have different crystal structures with matrix resin, the silver-plated nano graphite microchip, the nickel-coated copper powder and the single-arm carbon nano tube can only stay and inlay on a crystal boundary with a loose structure in the matrix as conductive particles. When the volume fraction of the conductive filler particles reaches a certain critical value, namely when the conductive particles inlaid on the grain boundary are in contact with each other or have small gaps, the potential barrier of the conductive filler particles is continuously reduced, an electric percolation network is formed, and a part of tunnel current channels with strong electric conductivity are formed in the high-resistance phase, so that the conductive function is realized. When the single-walled carbon nanotubes are embedded into a polymer material matrix, a three-dimensional reinforced conductive network can be formed, and the high conductivity characteristic is realized. In addition, the silver-plated nano graphite microchip serving as the main conductive particle is a nanoscale lamellar structure on microcosmic scale, and the structure is favorable for forming a conductive path in a polymer, so that the conductive percolation threshold of a composite material system can be greatly reduced, the addition of a low conductive filler is realized, and the high conductive characteristic can be obtained. The addition of the low-conductivity filler reduces the cost of the conductive composite material on one hand, and greatly reserves the high flow processability and good mechanical property of the material on the other hand, so that the application field of the material is increased. In addition, the silver-plated nano graphite microchip is used as a main conductive particle, ohmic contact is formed between different conductive particles, no potential barrier exists on a contact surface, and resistance of electrons in a migration process is reduced, so that the migration rate of the electrons in the composite material is improved, and the conductivity of the composite material is improved. When the conductive filler is added to about 10 parts, the conductivity of the composite material reaches a certain value, and the conductive filler does not obviously change along with the increase of the consumption of the conductive filler, and has obvious electric percolation phenomenon like the traditional conductive polymer composite material.
In addition, the silver-plated nano graphite microchip and the single-arm carbon nanotube can be combined with polar groups in PVC and chlorinated polyethylene under the coupling action of vinyl acetate polar groups of modified resin ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and a firm microscopic interface is formed between the components, so that the composite material can effectively transmit the destructive power to the silver-plated nano graphite microchip and the single-arm carbon nanotube when being damaged by external force, thereby greatly improving the mechanical properties such as tensile resistance, impact resistance and the like of the composite material and playing the role of reinforcing the mechanical properties. In a certain addition amount range, as the parts of the silver-plated nano graphite microchip and the single-arm carbon nanotube are increased, the stronger the microcosmic bonding effect is, the stronger the mechanical property of the composite material is. However, when the addition amount of the electric filler exceeds 10 parts, especially exceeds 15 parts, agglomerated primary particles can appear in the silver-plated nano graphite microchip and the single-arm carbon nanotube with the reinforcing effect, defect points are increased, intermolecular acting force in the composite material is reduced, the capability of resisting external destructive force is reduced, and the mechanical property of the composite material is reduced. The conductive filler is controlled to be 6-10 parts by combining with comprehensive judgment of the conductivity.
Preferably, the conductive filler is silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube according to the mass ratio of 1 (0.2-0.4): (0.05-0.08).
Further preferably, the mass ratio of the silver-plated nano graphite microchip to the nickel-coated copper powder to the single-arm carbon nanotube in the conductive filler is 1:0.3:0.07.
in the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder is 10-35%.
Preferably, the mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder is 15-30%.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the modified resin is a mixture of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and the mass ratio of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin to the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is 1: (0.5-1.6).
The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is formed by copolymerizing ethylene and vinyl acetate; vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resins are polymers made by copolymerizing Vinyl Chloride (VC) with Vinyl Acetate (VAC) monomers. Both copolymeric resins have polar and non-polar groups. The conductive filler and the antimony trioxide used in the invention have poor compatibility with the polyvinyl chloride resin, and if the additive components cannot be uniformly dispersed in the continuous phase of the polyvinyl chloride resin, the conductive property, the flame retardance, the processing fluidity and the mechanical property of the composite material are directly affected. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin have good compatibility with the polyvinyl chloride resin, and the vinyl acetate polar groups contained in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin can have chemical coupling effect with the conductive filler, the antimonous oxide and other inorganic additives, so that the compatibility effect on the matrix polyvinyl chloride resin and various inorganic additives is achieved, the flexibility, the toughness and the processing flow property of the composite material can be improved, and the composite material system is more uniform and reasonable. In addition, the vinyl acetate groups in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer have good self-adhesion property, so that the polyvinyl chloride composite material has good thermal adhesion property, and after the polyvinyl chloride composite material is manufactured into the coating line woven fabric, the structure can be improved to be flat and firm through heat setting treatment.
Preferably, the modified resin is a mixture of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin according to a mass ratio of 1:1.
Preferably, the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin has a vinyl acetate content of 10 to 30% and the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin has a vinyl acetate content of 10 to 30%. If the content of the polar vinyl acetate in the modified resin is too small, the compatibility modification effect is not achieved; if the content is too large, the mechanical, conductive and heat-resistant overall performance of the composite material is reduced.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the lubricant can be ethylene bis stearamide or oxidized polyethylene wax. In order to give PVC composites with good processing flow properties, in particular with inorganic filler systems, lubricants are a common additive. The lubricant used in the invention increases the lubricating performance of the composite material and metal processing equipment on one hand and prevents the polyvinyl chloride composite material from being adhered to the processing equipment. On the other hand, the PVC melt is melted and then is fused into the PVC melt, so that lubrication and proper friction reduction effects are realized among molecules in the melt, and the PVC melt is convenient for processing and forming.
In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the other auxiliary agents comprise 0.3-0.5 part of antioxidant and 0.3-0.5 part of ultraviolet resistant agent.
Preferably, the antioxidant can be one or two of hindered phenol antioxidants or phosphite antioxidants.
Further preferably, the antioxidant is selected from one or more of pentaerythritol tetra- [ beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate ], n-stearyl beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, tris (2, 4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite or ethyl 2,2' -thiobis- [3- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate ].
Preferably, the ultraviolet resistant agent is a benzophenone ultraviolet resistant agent.
Further preferably, the uv resistant agent comprises one or more of 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, or 4-dihydroxybenzophenone. As the woven fabric for windows, the weather resistance of the fabric must be good, polyvinyl chloride is easy to decompose and age, has more sensitive chemical reaction to ultraviolet rays, and can easily generate chemical decomposition reaction under the irradiation of outdoor ultraviolet rays. The antioxidant added in the invention can effectively inhibit the oxidative decomposition of the PVC composite material by oxygen in the air, and improve the retention of the physical properties of the composite material after being heated in the aerobic air. The ultraviolet resistant agent can absorb ultraviolet rays irradiated on the product, so that chemical decomposition reaction between the ultraviolet rays and the PVC composite material is effectively inhibited, and the high weather resistance, ultraviolet resistance and other performances of the composite material are ensured.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, which comprises the following steps:
weighing 70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin, 25-35 parts of chlorinated polyethylene, 3-5 parts of stabilizer, 25-35 parts of plasticizer, 5-8 parts of flame retardant, 0.2-0.4 part of lubricant and 0.6-1 part of other auxiliary agent according to parts by weight, adding into a high-speed mixer to mix, adding 6-10 parts of conductive filler and 10-15 parts of modified resin according to parts by weight when the temperature is raised to 100-120 ℃, continuously mixing for 1-5 min in the high-speed mixer, adding the mixed materials into a cold mixer to cool to 40-50 ℃, discharging, adding into a double-screw extruder to plasticize, melt, extrude and granulate, and granulating to obtain the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material granules.
The invention also provides application of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material in a conductive coated wire.
The conductive coating line comprises a fiber layer and a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material coating layer made of a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material.
Preferably, the surface of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material layer of the conductive coating line further comprises an electrostatic dust collector layer.
Preferably, the fibers may be any fibers, such as one or more fibers selected from polyester fibers, glass fibers, acrylic fibers, polypropylene fibers, aramid fibers, spandex fibers, and polyethylene fibers.
Preferably, the electrostatic dust collector layer is formed by heating and curing after an electrostatic dust collector solution is coated on the surface of a coated wire, and the electrostatic dust collector solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 8 to 12 parts of electrostatic dust collector, 10 to 15 parts of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, 0.1 to 0.2 part of dispersing agent and 50 to 70 parts of butyl acetate.
Further preferably, the electrostatic dust collector is a mixture of calcium sulfide, ferroferric oxide, zinc stannate and magnesium hydroxide, and the mass percentages of the calcium sulfide, the ferroferric oxide, the zinc stannate and the magnesium hydroxide in the mixture are 15-30%, 15-30% and 15-30% respectively. The best effect is obtained when the quality of calcium sulfide, ferroferric oxide, zinc stannate and magnesium hydroxide is the same. Therefore, it is still more preferable that the mass ratio of calcium sulfide, ferroferric oxide, zinc stannate, and magnesium hydroxide in the electrostatic precipitator is 25%.
The inorganic electrostatic dust collector used in the invention has poor compatibility with the polymer resin material, and is difficult to have good compatibility with the PVC material layer in the coated wire. According to the invention, the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is introduced into the electrostatic dust collector solution, so that the electrostatic dust collector solution has good compatible coupling effect with the electrostatic dust collectors (calcium sulfide, ferroferric oxide, zinc stannate and magnesium hydroxide) used by the electrostatic dust collector solution, and also has good compatibility with PVC, so that the electrostatic dust collector coating can be well fused with the PVC composite material into a whole, the problems of poor compatibility of the electrostatic dust collector coating and a conductive coating line of a PVC substrate and gradual weakening of electrostatic efficacy with time are solved, and the conductive coating line has long-time electrostatic adsorption efficacy.
The invention also provides application of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material in conductive woven fabric.
Preferably, the conductive woven fabric is woven by conductive coated wires, and the conductive coated wires comprise fiber layers and conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material coating layers made of conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite materials.
Preferably, the surface of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material layer of the conductive coating line further comprises an electrostatic dust collector layer.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, the silver-plated nano graphite microchip, the nickel-coated copper powder and the conductive filler compounded by the single-arm carbon nano tube are matched with components such as polyvinyl chloride resin, chlorinated polyethylene, plasticizer, modified resin and flame retardant to produce a synergistic effect, so that the composite material has high conductivity, high flame retardance, high weather resistance, high mechanical property and good softness.
2. In the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material, due to the fact that the mutual synergistic effect of all the systems is reasonably adopted, the conductive filler and the flame retardant can be added within 10 parts to obtain good conductive and flame-retardant effects, the machinability flowability and the mechanical property of the material are greatly improved, and the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material has wide application fields.
3. The conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material has good machinability and softness, and can be widely used for conductive coated wires and conductive woven fabrics.
4. The conductive coated wire/conductive woven fabric has the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material coating layer, has excellent mechanical property, is convenient to clean, has excellent weather resistance and has very long service life. The surface of the conductive coating line/conductive woven fabric contains an electrostatic dust collector coating, and the dust collector can effectively adsorb tiny particles such as dust in the air by utilizing an electrostatic principle. The conductive coated wire of the invention has the function of adsorbing certain PM2.5 even under the condition of no power on because the surface of the conductive coated wire contains the electrostatic dust collector coating. The surface electrostatic dust collector coating cannot gradually fall off along with time, so that the conductive coated wire/conductive woven fabric has long-time electrostatic adsorption effect.
Detailed Description
The following are specific examples of the present invention, and the technical solutions of the present invention are further described, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin with the polymerization degree of 1100, 30 parts of chlorinated high-density polyethylene with the chlorine content of 32%, 4 parts of calcium-zinc composite stabilizer, 30 parts of dioctyl terephthalate plasticizer, 6 parts of flame retardant antimonous oxide, 0.3 part of ethylene bis stearamide, 0.4 part of antioxidant tetra [ beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid ] pentaerythritol ester and 0.4 part of ultraviolet resistance agent 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone are weighed according to parts by weight, added into a high-speed mixer for mixing, and 8 parts of the ultraviolet resistance agent 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone are added according to the weight ratio of 1:0.3 when the temperature is raised to 110 ℃:0.07 of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube, then adding 6.5 parts of a mixture of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 25 percent of vinyl acetate and 6.5 parts of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 15 percent of vinyl acetate, continuously stirring at a high speed for 3 minutes, then entering a cold mixer, cooling to 45 ℃, discharging, adding into a double-screw extruder, plasticizing, melting, extruding and granulating, and granulating to obtain the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material granules.
Example 2
70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin with the polymerization degree of 1100, 25 parts of chlorinated high-density polyethylene with the chlorine content of 32%, 4 parts of calcium-zinc composite stabilizer, 35 parts of dioctyl terephthalate plasticizer, 6 parts of flame retardant antimonous oxide, 0.3 part of ethylene bis stearamide, 0.3 part of antioxidant beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid n-stearyl alcohol ester and 0.3 part of ultraviolet resistant agent 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone are weighed according to parts by weight, added into a high-speed mixer for mixing, and 8 parts of ultraviolet resistant agent 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone are added according to the weight ratio of 1:0.3 when the temperature is raised to 110 ℃:0.07 of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube, then adding 6.5 parts of a mixture of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 25 percent of vinyl acetate and 6.5 parts of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with 15 percent of vinyl acetate, continuously stirring at a high speed for 3 minutes, then entering a cold mixer, cooling to 45 ℃, discharging, adding into a double-screw extruder, plasticizing, melting, extruding and granulating, and granulating to obtain the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material granules.
Example 3
The only difference from example 1 is that 10 parts by mass of the catalyst in this example are 1:0.3:0.07 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. Otherwise, the same as in example 1 will not be described here.
Example 4
The only difference from example 1 is that 8 parts of antimony trioxide as a flame retardant was added in this example, and the other matters are the same as in example 1 and will not be described here.
Example 5
The only difference from example 1 is that the chlorinated high density polyethylene added in this example has a chlorine content of 20%, otherwise the same as in example 1 and will not be described here.
Example 6
The difference from example 1 is only that a mixture of 5 parts by weight of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 25% and 5 parts by weight of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 15% is added in this example, and the other matters are the same as in example 1, and will not be described here.
Example 7
This example differs from example 1 only in that the conductive filler in this example is added in 8 parts by weight at a mass ratio of 1:0.2:0.05 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (nickel content of 30% by mass), conductive filler of single-arm carbon nanotube, and the like, which are the same as in example 1, and will not be described here.
Example 8
This example differs from example 1 only in that 8 parts by weight of silver-plated nano graphite platelets, nickel-coated copper powder (30% by weight of nickel), and single-arm carbon nanotube conductive filler were added to the conductive filler in this example at a mass ratio of 1:0.6:0.1, and the other parts are the same as in example 1, and will not be described again here.
Example 9
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that in this comparative example, 8 parts by weight of a catalyst were added in a mass ratio of 1:0.3:0.07 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 5 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Example 10
The only difference from example 1 is that in this example, 8 parts by weight of the catalyst are added in a mass ratio of 1:0.3:0.07 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 40 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Example 11
The only difference from example 1 is that in this example, a mixture of 6.5 parts of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 5% and 6.5 parts of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 5% was added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Example 12
The only difference from example 1 is that in this example, a mixture of 6.5 parts of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 35% and 6.5 parts of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 35% was added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example differs from example 1 only in that no conductive filler was added to the comparative example. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example differs from example 2 only in that the conductive filler in the comparative example is 8 parts of conductive carbon black. The other steps are the same as in example 2.
Comparative example 3
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that, in this comparative example, 4 parts by weight of a catalyst were added in a mass ratio of 1:0.3:0.07 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 4
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that, in this comparative example, 15 parts by weight of a catalyst were added in a mass ratio of 1:0.3:0.07 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 5
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that in this comparative example, 8 parts by weight of a catalyst were added in a mass ratio of 5:3:0.7 silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tube. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 6
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that, in this comparative example, 8 parts by weight of a conductive filler of silver-plated nano-graphite micro-plate and nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30%) in a mass ratio of 1:0.3 are added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 7
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that 30 parts of chlorinated high density polyethylene having a chlorine content of 32% are replaced by 30 parts of high density polyethylene. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 8
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that in this comparative example, a mixture of 2.5 parts by weight of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 25% and 2.5 parts by weight of a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin having a vinyl acetate content of 15% is added, and the other is the same as in example 1, and will not be described here.
Comparative example 9
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that in this comparative example, 3 parts by weight of the flame retardant antimony trioxide is added. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 10
This comparative example differs from example 1 only in that in this comparative example, 8 parts by weight of a catalyst are added in a mass ratio of 1:1:0.02 of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder (the mass content of nickel is 30 percent), and conductive filler of single-arm carbon nano tubes. The other steps are the same as in example 1.
Application example 1
The conductive coated wire with the diameter of 0.33mm comprises a polyester fiber layer with the specification of 220D and a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material layer made of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material prepared in the embodiment 1 from inside to outside.
Application example 2
The conductive coated wire with the diameter of 0.35mm comprises a 220D polyester fiber layer, a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material layer made of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material of the embodiment 1 and an electrostatic dust collector layer from inside to outside in sequence, wherein the electrostatic dust collector layer is formed by heating and solidifying an electrostatic dust collector solution after being coated on the surface of the coated wire, and the electrostatic dust collector solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10 parts of electrostatic dust collector, 12 parts of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, 0.15 part of dispersant BYK-110 and 60 parts of butyl acetate, wherein the electrostatic dust collector is a mixture of 2.5 parts of calcium sulfide, 2.5 parts of ferroferric oxide, 2.5 parts of zinc stannate and 2.5 parts of magnesium hydroxide.
Application example 3
The conductive coated wire with the diameter of 0.35mm comprises a 300D glass fiber layer, a conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material layer made of the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material of the embodiment 1 and an electrostatic dust collector layer from inside to outside in sequence, wherein the electrostatic dust collector layer is formed by heating and solidifying an electrostatic dust collector solution after being coated on the surface of the coated wire, and the electrostatic dust collector solution comprises the following components in parts by weight: 8 parts of electrostatic dust collector, 15 parts of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, 0.1 part of dispersant BYK-111 and 70 parts of butyl acetate, wherein the electrostatic dust collector is a mixture of 2 parts of calcium sulfide, 2 parts of ferroferric oxide and 2 parts of magnesium hydroxide.
Application example 4
A conductive woven fabric is woven by conductive coated wires in application example 1, and the aperture ratio is 5%.
Application example 5
A conductive woven fabric is woven by conductive coated wires in application example 2, and the aperture ratio is 5%.
Application example 6
A conductive woven fabric is woven by conductive coated wires in application example 3, and the aperture ratio is 10%.
The properties of the conductive flame retardant polyvinyl chloride composite materials prepared in examples 1 to 12 and comparative examples 1 to 10 of the present invention were compared, and the comparison results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Note that: oxygen index test standard: GB/T5454-1997; light fastness test standard: GB/T8427-2008; volume resistivity test standard: GB/T1410-2006; impact strength test standard GB/T1843-2008; tensile Strength test Standard GB/T16421-1996; shore A hardness test standard GBT 2411-2008.
The performances of the conductive coated wires and the woven fabrics prepared in application examples 1 to 6 of the present invention were compared, and the comparison results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
Breaking strength test standard: GB/T3923.1-1997; tear strength test criteria: GB/T3917.2-2009; light fastness test standard: GB/T8427-2008
As can be seen from Table 1, the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material prepared by the embodiment of the invention has good mechanical properties and weather resistance. Has good flame retardant property. The volume resistivity of the composite material is 10 3 In the omega range, the conductive property is better, and the preferable formula system has better conductive property. The hardness of Shore A is about 92, and the soft rubber is provided.
As can be seen from examples and comparative examples, as the content of the conductive filler, which plays a major conductive property, in the conductive flame retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material is reduced, the resistance of the prepared clad wire is greater, see examples 1, 3 and comparative example 3; however, if the conductive filler is added in too high a proportion, the conductivity of the composite material is rather reduced, and the composite material has obvious electric percolation phenomenon, see example 1 and comparative example 4. In comparative example 1 of a polyvinyl chloride composite without conductive filler, the composite prepared was not conductive.
The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with coupling dispersion function have positive effects on the dispersion uniformity between the inorganic metal filler and the polyvinyl chloride resin in the system of the conductive composite material, so that the conductive and flame-retardant functions are fully exerted. If the contents of the inorganic metal filler and the inorganic metal filler in the formula are reduced, the dispersion uniformity of the inorganic metal filler in PVC is poor, the electric resistance of the material is increased, and the flame retardant property is weakened, as shown in examples 1 and 6 and comparative example 8. If the content of the polar vinyl acetate in the modified resin is not within the preferred range, the mechanical, electrical conductivity and heat resistance of the obtained composite material are all reduced, as shown in examples 1, 11 and 12.
The conductive filler used in the invention has the mass ratio of 1 (0.2-0.6): preferably, the mixture of the silver-plated nano graphite micro-plate, the nickel-coated copper powder and the single-arm carbon nano tube in the (0.05-0.1) is prepared by the following steps of: 0.3:0.07. the preferred formulation of the conductive filler has better conductivity, see examples 1, 7 and 8. If the mass ratio of the silver-plated nano graphite microchip to the nickel-coated copper powder to the single-arm carbon nanotube in the conductive filler is not 1 (0.2-0.6): in the range of (0.05 to 0.1), the resulting composite material was significantly deteriorated in conductivity, see example 1 and comparative examples 5 and 10. If an equal part of ordinary conductive carbon black is used instead of the conductive filler of the present invention, the conductivity of the resulting conductive material is significantly reduced, see example 2 and comparative example 2. If the conductive filler does not contain single-arm carbon nanotubes, the conductivity of the resulting conductive material is also significantly reduced, see example 1 and comparative example 6.
In the invention, the mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder is 10-35%, and if the mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder is smaller, the conductivity of the composite material is reduced due to the reduction of the volume fraction of the conductive particles, see the examples 1 and 9. The greater mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder used also affects the electrical conductivity of the composite material, see examples 1 and 10.
In the invention, silver-plated nano graphite micro-sheets and single-arm carbon nanotubes play a role in not only conducting electricity, but also reinforcing, and the mechanical properties of the composite materials are increased along with the increase of the contents of the silver-plated nano graphite micro-sheets and the single-arm carbon nanotubes within a certain range, and the silver-plated nano graphite micro-sheets and the single-arm carbon nanotubes are shown in examples 1 and 3 and comparative examples 1, 3,5 and 6. However, if the conductive filler is added in an excessively high proportion, agglomerated primary particles of silver-plated nano graphite micro-sheets and single-arm carbon nanotubes with reinforcing effect can appear, defect points are increased, intermolecular acting force in the composite material is reduced, the capability of resisting external destructive force is reduced, and the mechanical properties of the composite material are reduced, as shown in example 1 and comparative example 4.
The Shore A hardness of the composite material obtained by the invention is about 92, the hardness of the composite material is mainly determined by the content of plasticizer and the compatibility of each system, and the quantity of filler can also influence the hardness of the material. If the plasticizer content is increased, its hardness is suitably reduced, see examples 1 and 2; if the inorganic or metal filler content is reduced, its hardness will be reduced appropriately as in example 1 and comparative examples 1, 3, 9; if the filler content of the system is increased, the hardness increases, see example 1 and comparative example 4. In addition, if the system compatibility is poor, the filler is unevenly dispersed, and the hardness of the resulting composite material is also increased, see example 1, example 11 and comparative example 8.
The composite material of the invention has good flame retardant property, and the flame retardant property is increased along with the increase of the addition amount of the flame retardant within a certain range, and the flame retardant property is shown in examples 1 and 4 and comparative example 9. Also, the flame retardant property of the material is also related to the uniformity of dispersion of the system, and if the system compatibility is poor, the filler is unevenly dispersed, and the flame retardant property of the obtained composite material is lowered, see example 1, example 11 and comparative example 8.
The polar chlorine element in the chlorinated high-density polyethylene used in the invention provides high flame-retardant synergistic effect on one hand, and on the other hand, the compatibility of inorganic and metal fillers with high-molecular resin can be increased, and if the chlorine content in the chlorinated high-density polyethylene used is low or does not contain chlorine element, the overall performance of the material such as flame retardance, electric conduction and mechanical properties are reduced, as shown in examples 1, 5 and comparative example 7.
From application examples 1 to 6, it can be seen that the conductive flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride composite material can be successfully applied to conductive flame-retardant coated wires and knitted fabrics thereof, and the obtained product has good mechanical properties, flame retardance and weather resistance, and also has conductive characteristics.
The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only to illustrate the spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art may make various modifications or additions to the described embodiments or substitutions thereof without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.
Claims (5)
1. The conductive polyvinyl chloride composite material is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 70 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC), 25-35 parts of chlorinated polyethylene, 3-5 parts of stabilizer, 25-35 parts of plasticizer, 5-8 parts of flame retardant, 6-10 parts of conductive filler, 10-15 parts of modified resin, 0.2-0.4 part of lubricant and 0.6-1 part of other auxiliary agent, wherein the conductive filler is a mixture of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube;
the mass ratio of the silver-plated nano graphite microchip to the nickel-coated copper powder to the single-arm carbon nano tube in the conductive filler is 1 (0.2-0.6): (0.05-0.1);
the mass content of nickel in the nickel-coated copper powder is 10-35%;
the chlorinated polyethylene is resin type chlorinated high-density polyethylene with the chlorine content of 20-35%;
the modified resin is a mixture of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and the mass ratio of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin to the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is 1: (0.5-1.6);
the vinyl acetate content in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is 10-30%, and the vinyl acetate content in the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin is 10-30%;
the other auxiliary agents comprise 0.3-0.5 part of antioxidant and 0.3-0.5 part of ultraviolet resistance agent.
2. The conductive polyvinyl chloride composite material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of silver-plated nano graphite micro-plate, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube in the conductive filler is 1 (0.2-0.4): (0.05-0.08).
3. The conductive polyvinyl chloride composite material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of silver-plated nano graphite microchip, nickel-coated copper powder and single-arm carbon nano tube in the conductive filler is 1:0.3:0.07.
4. use of the conductive polyvinyl chloride composite material of claim 1 in a conductive coated wire.
5. Use of the conductive polyvinyl chloride composite material according to claim 1 in a conductive woven fabric.
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