CN113777857A - Broadband frequency doubling method and system based on aluminum gallium arsenide - Google Patents

Broadband frequency doubling method and system based on aluminum gallium arsenide Download PDF

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CN113777857A
CN113777857A CN202110980376.3A CN202110980376A CN113777857A CN 113777857 A CN113777857 A CN 113777857A CN 202110980376 A CN202110980376 A CN 202110980376A CN 113777857 A CN113777857 A CN 113777857A
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crystal
aluminum
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阴明
杨东升
陈家斌
赖伟
林曦玥
罗永治
钟晓玲
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Chengdu Univeristy of Technology
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    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
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Abstract

The invention discloses a broadband frequency doubling method and system based on aluminum gallium arsenide. The whole system consists of a laser, a periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal, a temperature controller, a detector and a spectrometer. The method realizes the generation of broadband frequency doubling waves on the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystals by applying a quasi-phase matching method. When the mole fraction x of aluminum in the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal is 0.25, the broadband frequency doubling wave with the bandwidth of 519nm is generated near the central wavelength of 7.622 μm of broadband frequency doubling. The central wavelength of the broadband frequency doubling wave is changed by changing the mole fraction x of aluminum in the crystal, so that the generation of frequency doubling waves with different bandwidths is realized. The invention can solve the problem of generating frequency multiplication waves with different bandwidths.

Description

Broadband frequency doubling method and system based on aluminum gallium arsenide
Technical Field
The invention relates to a broadband frequency doubling method and system based on aluminum gallium arsenide, and belongs to the technical field of nonlinear optics.
Technical Field
Mid-infrared spectroscopy is the absorption spectrum of a substance in the mid-infrared region. The infrared band of 2.5 to 25 μm is generally classified into the mid-infrared region. The mid-infrared light has strong penetrating power, so that the mid-infrared light can be applied to military application (infrared thermography, infrared camera shooting, infrared remote sensing and the like) and civil fields (detection of organic pollutants, infrared photometers and the like).
The frequency doubling technology generation in the field of nonlinear optics is an important frequency conversion method. However, in the process of generating the frequency multiplication, a phase mismatch phenomenon occurs. The essence of this phenomenon is that when fundamental wave and frequency multiplication wave of interaction propagate in the nonlinear crystal material, they do not have the same phase velocity or the same refractive index, and the walk-off effect is generated. Because the phase matching condition is not satisfied, the efficiency of optical frequency doubling will be sharply reduced, and unidirectional high-efficiency conversion of energy between fundamental waves and frequency doubling waves cannot be realized.
To achieve the phase matching condition, there are two methods of birefringence phase matching and quasi-phase matching. For the birefringent phase matching, it is required that the nonlinear crystals are cubic crystals, uniaxial crystals and biaxial crystals having optical anisotropy, that is, they have birefringent characteristics (the refractive index of the crystals to light is different in two mutually perpendicular polarization directions). Therefore, the dispersion of the crystal can be compensated by using the birefringence characteristic, and phase matching can be achieved. To take advantage of the birefringent properties of the crystal to achieve phase matching, the frequency doubled light is selected to be in the polarization direction of the lower refractive index. For a negative uniaxial crystal (the refractive index of the ordinary ray o is larger than that of the extraordinary ray e), the birefringence compensates the dispersion by taking the polarization of the frequency doubling light as the extraordinary ray (e), and the polarization of the fundamental light can be selected from two options: for type I phase matching, the two fundamental light beams take the same polarization (o light), and for type ii phase matching, the two fundamental light beams take mutually orthogonal polarizations (e light and o light). The birefringence angle phase matching is to adjust an included angle theta between an incident light wave vector and a crystal optical axis c, and by changing the refractive index of the frequency doubling light, the phase mismatch quantity delta k is 0, so that the phase matching is satisfied, and therefore, the angle matching is also called as angle matching. Compared with birefringence, quasi-phase matching compensates phase mismatch in a harmonic generation process by periodically changing the second-order nonlinear polarizability or the direction of the second-order nonlinear coefficient d along the c-axis of the crystal and introducing an additional inverse lattice vector G in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis, so that phase matching is satisfied. In any nonlinear process, a quasi-phase matching method is applied, the phase mismatch amount delta k is calculated firstly, then the crystal period lambda required by the crystal can be determined, the defect of the refractive index of the material can be made up theoretically, the wavelength tuning of any output light in the light transmission range of the crystal is possible, and the conversion efficiency of nonlinear optics is improved.
The above technique is to generate a broadband frequency-doubled wave for a certain wavelength (center wavelength at broadband frequency doubling). In the range of the fundamental wave wavelength of the broadband, if not at the central wavelength of the broadband frequency multiplication, the conversion efficiency of the frequency multiplication process is seriously reduced. For the frequency-doubled quasi-phase matching technology, many of the current techniques utilize periodically polarized lithium tantalate crystals (PPLT), periodically polarized lithium niobate crystals (PPLN), periodically polarized gallium arsenide crystals (GaAs), and periodically polarized aluminum gallium arsenide crystals (Al)xGa(1-x)As)。
Disclosure of Invention
The invention applies the quasi-phase matching broadband frequency doubling technology to periodically polarized AlGaAs crystals (Al)xGa(1-x)As), the relation between the broadband frequency doubling central wavelength and bandwidth during frequency doubling and the mole fraction x of aluminum in the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal is researched.
And obtaining the crystal period of the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal by calculation according to the quasi-phase matching principle. Incident fundamental wave lambda1The frequency doubling wave lambda is generated when the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal is periodically polarized2And their wavelength relationship satisfies: lambda [ alpha ]1＝2λ2. The phase mismatch amount Δ k of the frequency multiplication conversion is:
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000021
wherein k is2、k1、kgWave vectors, λ, of fundamental, frequency-doubled and periodic structure crystals, respectively1And λ2Of the wavelengths of fundamental and frequency-doubled waves, n1And n2Is the refractive index of fundamental wave and frequency doubling wave in the nonlinear crystal, and Λ is the periodic polarityThe polarization period of the crystal is crystallized.
If the phase mismatch amount Δ k is kept small in a certain wavelength range under the condition of satisfying the quasi-phase matching, efficient frequency doubling conversion can be performed on all wavelengths in the wavelength range, that is, the requirement of satisfying the quasi-phase matching is met
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000022
The left and right sides of equation (1) are simultaneously paired with lambda1Differentiating to satisfy
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000031
The fundamental wave wavelength of the broadband double-frequency filter is the central wavelength of broadband double-frequency, and the high-efficiency double-frequency can be realized by taking the wavelength as the central wavelength.
In the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal, when the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.25, the calculation relationship of the center wavelength of broadband frequency doubling according to the previous calculation is shown in FIG. 1; as can be seen from FIG. 1, when the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.25, the center wavelength of the broadband double frequency under this condition is 7.622 μm.
In the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal, when the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.25, the broadband fundamental wave can realize the generation of broadband frequency doubling wave near 7.622 μm, and the crystal period Λ is 124.060 μm. After normalization of the conversion efficiency eta, the conversion efficiency eta is equal to
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000032
There is a positive correlation relationship where Δ k is the amount of phase mismatch and L is the coherence length of the nonlinear interaction. When the conversion efficiency η decreases to 0.5 times the maximum value, the amount of change in the fundamental wavelength at this time is defined as the bandwidth. When the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.25, the conversion efficiency is as shown in fig. 2 in relation to the wavelength of the fundamental wave. The center wavelength at this time was 7.622 μm, and the bandwidth of the frequency-doubled wave generated by the AlGaAs crystal was 519 nm.
When the center wavelength tuning is performed, the mole fraction x of aluminum in the AlGaAs crystal is changed, and when x is changed from 0.1 to 0.9, the relationship between the center wavelength of broadband frequency doubling and the change of the mole fraction x of aluminum is shown in FIG. 3. It can be seen from the figure that as the mole fraction x of aluminum increases from 0.1 to 0.9, the center wavelength of the broadband double frequency decreases from 7.937 μm to 6.690 μm and the poling period Λ decreases from 144.227 μm to 75.626 μm.
When the mole fraction x of aluminum in the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal is 0.1, the crystal period Λ is 144.227 μm, the center wavelength is 7.937 μm, and the bandwidth generated by frequency doubling is 585nm, as shown in fig. 4.
When the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.3, the crystal period Λ is 118.465 μm, the center wavelength is 7.529 μm, and the bandwidth generated by frequency doubling is 501nm, as shown in FIG. 5.
At a mole fraction x of aluminum of 0.5, the crystal period Λ was 100.248 μm, the center wavelength was 7.196 μm, and the bandwidth of frequency doubling was 439nm, as shown in FIG. 6.
At a mole fraction x of aluminum of 0.7, the crystal period Λ was 86.533 μm, the center wavelength was 6.922 μm, and the bandwidth generated by frequency doubling was 392nm, as shown in FIG. 7.
When the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.9, the crystal period Λ is 75.626 μm, the center wavelength is 6.690 μm, and the bandwidth generated by frequency doubling is 353nm, as shown in FIG. 8.
The whole system for generating mid-infrared frequency doubling waves mainly comprises a laser, a temperature controller, a periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal sample, a detector and a spectrometer, and is shown in FIG. 10. The temperature is controlled within a certain range through the temperature controller, fundamental waves generated by the laser are incident into the crystal sample, tuned frequency doubling waves are emitted after the fundamental waves pass through the crystal, and observation can be carried out through the spectrometer.
The invention realizes the generation of frequency doubling wave with the mole fraction x of aluminum in the periodically polarized aluminum gallium arsenide crystal of 0.25, the central wavelength of 7.622 μm and the bandwidth of 519 nm. Tuning of different wavelengths can be realized by changing the mole fraction x of aluminum in the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal and designing the numerical value of the polarization crystal period lambda of the crystal. The mole fraction x of aluminum in the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal was increased from 0.1 to 0.9, and the center wavelength of the broadband double frequency was decreased from 7.937 μm to 6.690 μm, as shown in FIG. 3; the bandwidth produced by broadband frequency doubling was reduced from 585nm to 353nm as shown in FIG. 9.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship of calculation of the center wavelength of broadband double frequency when the number x of moles of aluminum in a periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal is 0.25.
FIG. 2 is a graph of normalized conversion efficiency eta versus fundamental wavelength, i.e., bandwidth, for a broad-band frequency-doubled center wavelength of 7.622 μm, with the mole number x of aluminum in the crystal being 0.25.
FIG. 3 is a plot of the number of moles x of aluminum in the crystal increasing from 0.1 to 0.9, the center wavelength of the broadband double frequency, the crystal polarization period Λ, and the number of moles x of aluminum.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the broadband frequency doubled wave with a bandwidth of 585nm, produced when the number of moles x of aluminum in the crystal is 0.1 and the center wavelength of the broadband frequency doubling is 7.937 μm.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the generation of a broadband double frequency wave having a bandwidth of 501nm at a broadband double frequency center wavelength of 7.529 μm with a mole number x of aluminum in the crystal of 0.3.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the broadband frequency doubled wave generated at 439nm with 0.5 mole number x of aluminum in the crystal and 7.196 μm center wavelength for broadband frequency doubling.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing that when the number of moles x of aluminum in the crystal is 0.7 and the center wavelength of broadband double frequency is 6.922 μm, a broadband double frequency with a bandwidth of 392nm is generated.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing that when the number of moles x of aluminum in the crystal is 0.9 and the center wavelength of broadband double frequency is 6.690. mu.m, a broadband double frequency wave having a bandwidth of 353nm is generated.
FIG. 9 is a plot of the bandwidth decreasing from 585nm to 353nm as the number of moles x of aluminum in the crystal increases from 0.1 to 0.9.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an overall system for generating a broadband frequency-doubled wave by periodically polarizing an AlGaAs crystal.
Detailed Description
The invention adopts a phase matching method to generate broadband frequency multiplication waves. To achieve efficient conversion of the frequency-doubled wave, the fundamental wave and the frequency-doubled wave need to satisfy phase matching inside the nonlinear crystal. Commonly used phase matching methods in experiments are Birefringence Phase Matching (BPM) and quasi-phase matching (QPM). In contrast to the birefringent phase-matching approach, the quasi-phase-matching approach does not require that the interacting light be orthogonally polarized. For any nonlinear process, the polarization period of the crystal can be determined by calculating the phase mismatch amount so as to realize the tuning of any optical wave theoretically, and the frequency conversion is more flexibly operated; the fundamental frequency light and the frequency doubling light in the quasi-phase matching frequency doubling are transmitted along the same direction, the walk-off effect does not exist, the requirements on the incident angle, the divergence angle and the crystal orientation of the light beam can be reduced, and the higher conversion efficiency can be obtained. The quasi-phase matching also widens the application range of the nonlinear crystal and enriches the conversion mode of frequency doubling waves.
Firstly, a periodically polarized nonlinear optical crystal capable of realizing group velocity matching in frequency doubling needs to be found, and a quasi-phase matching method is adopted. Calculating the central wavelength of broadband frequency doubling according to the mole number x of aluminum in the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal, as shown in FIG. 1; group velocity matching is calculated after the center wavelength is determined. According to (1), the following can be obtained: when the phase matching mismatch amount Δ k is 0, according to λ1＝2λ2Period of crystal polarization
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000061
Wherein λ1And λ2Of the wavelengths of fundamental and frequency-doubled waves, n1And n2The refractive indexes of the fundamental wave and the frequency doubling wave.
Design of relevant parameters of the crystal. Under the condition of meeting the quasi-phase matching, the phase mismatch quantity delta k keeps small change in a certain wavelength range, so that all the wavelengths in the wavelength range can realize high-efficiency frequency doubling conversion, namely, the frequency doubling conversion is realized
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000062
The left and right sides of equation (1) are simultaneously paired with lambda1Differentiation was performed to obtain:
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000063
and group velocity satisfies
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000064
Therefore, the method comprises the following steps:
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000065
wherein v is1And v2The group velocities of the fundamental and the frequency doubled waves. According to the above formula, to realize efficient broadband frequency-doubling wave conversion, it is necessary to satisfy both the phase matching condition and the group velocity matching condition: v. of1＝v2。
And configuring a broadband frequency doubling wave generation system. The whole system comprises a laser, a periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal sample, a temperature controller, a detector and a spectrometer. The temperature controller controls the temperature of the crystal sample to be kept in a certain range, the laser is used as a fundamental wave light source to be incident into the crystal sample, emergent light of the crystal is observed through the detector and the spectrometer, and a system schematic diagram of the whole process is shown in figure 10.
And (3) generating frequency multiplication waves. From the frequency-doubled light intensity:
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000066
quasi-phase matching is a technique that guarantees forward flow of fundamental frequency and nonlinear optical net energy through a periodic microstructure. The quasi-phase matching introduces an extra phase compensation of pi to compensate the original phase mismatching condition, so that the energy can be artificially and continuously converted from the fundamental frequency light to the frequency doubling light. The compensation of the pi phase can be realized by periodically modulating the spontaneous polarization direction of the crystal in space, changing the polarization direction of each periodic domain in the crystal, and selecting the direction to be upward or downward, wherein the directions are mutually alternated up and down, the structure is shown as an aluminum gallium arsenide crystal sample shown in figure 10, the second-order polarization tensor of the crystal is periodically subjected to space inversion, and effective nonlinear coefficients are alternately valued between positive and negative values, so that the phase compensation is realized, and the quasi-phase matching is met. When quasi-phase matching (QPM) and Group Velocity Matching (GVM) are met, the energy of the component of the center wavelength of the broadband fundamental wave can be continuously transmitted to the frequency doubling wave, and the energy of the frequency doubling wave can be continuously enhanced; according to the frequency doubling light intensity formula, the conversion efficiency can be gradually attenuated to 0 for other wavelengths far away from the central wavelength. The phase mismatch quantity delta k near the central wavelength of broadband frequency multiplication is small, and the attenuation of conversion efficiency is slowThe amount of change in the wavelength when the conversion efficiency η is reduced to 0.5 times the maximum value is the bandwidth of the generated double frequency wave, and as shown in fig. 2, when the mole fraction x of aluminum in the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal is 0.25, the bandwidth of the generated double frequency wave is 519nm at a center wavelength of 7.622 μm or so.
The change of the mole fraction x of aluminum in the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal can cause the refractive index of fundamental wave and frequency doubling wave in the crystal to change. Since the quasi-phase matching in the nonlinear periodically poled crystal aluminum gallium arsenide belongs to the type 0 matching (e + e → e), the refractive index equations of the fundamental wave and the frequency doubling wave are the same equation, and the refractive index equation is as follows:
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000071
f＝[(T-26℃)×(2.04-0.3x)×10(-4)/℃]
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000072
wherein f is a temperature coefficient, λ is a wavelength of a fundamental wave incident into the periodically poled crystal gallium arsenide aluminum, C is a constant with respect to a mole fraction x of aluminum, T is a temperature, and n is a refractive index of light inside the crystal.
The refractive index n change of the broadband fundamental wave and the frequency doubling wave thereof in the nonlinear crystal can cause the central wavelength matched with the group velocity of the bandwidth fundamental wave and the frequency doubling wave and the bandwidth of the corresponding frequency doubling wave to change. According to the description of the equation (2),
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000073
because the refractive index n of the fundamental wave and the frequency doubling wave is the same at the same temperature1And n2At the time of calculation, the refractive index niAt a wavelength λiThe temperature coefficient f is eliminated during differentiation, and the temperature T is irrelevant when the central wavelength of broadband frequency doubling is calculated; group velocity
Figure RE-GDA0003346676250000074
And foldIndex of refraction niOf refractive index niThe mole fraction x and the wavelength lambda of aluminumiSo that a change in the mole fraction x of aluminum in the aluminum gallium arsenide crystal causes a change in the center wavelength, polarization period, and bandwidth of the broadband double frequency, as shown in fig. 3, 8, and 9.

Claims (7)

1. Periodically polarized AlGaAs crystals are used to generate broadband frequency doubling waves.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mole fraction x of aluminum in the AlGaAs crystal is 0.25, and the broadband frequency doubling wave with a bandwidth of 519nm is generated around a broadband frequency doubling center wavelength of 7.622 μm.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mole fraction x of aluminum in the AlGaAs crystal is 0.25, and a broadband frequency doubling wave is generated around a center wavelength of 7.622 μm, and the polarization period of the periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal is 124.060 μm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the center wavelength of the broadband octave can be tuned by varying the mole fraction x of aluminum in the periodically poled AlGaAs crystal.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the center wavelength of the broadband octave decreases from 7.937 μm to 6.690 μm as the mole fraction x of aluminum in the AlGaAs crystal increases from 0.1 to 0.9. When the mole fraction x of aluminum in the gallium aluminum arsenide crystal is 0.1, the broadband frequency doubling central wavelength is 7.937 μm, and the bandwidth of the generated frequency doubling wave is 585 nm; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.3, the frequency doubling central wavelength is 7.529 μm, and the frequency doubling wave bandwidth is 501 nm; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.5, the frequency doubling central wavelength is 7.196 μm, and the frequency doubling bandwidth is 439 nm; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.7, the frequency doubling central wavelength is 6.922 μm, and the frequency doubling wave bandwidth is 391 nm; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.9, the frequency doubling central wavelength is 6.690 mu m, and the frequency doubling wave bandwidth is 353 nm.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mole fraction x of aluminum in the AlGaAs crystal is different from the crystal period Λ to generate the broadband frequency doubling wave. When the mole fraction x of aluminum in the gallium aluminum arsenide crystal is 0.1, the crystal period lambda is 144.227 μm; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.3, the crystal period Lambda is 118.465 mu m; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.5, the crystal period Lambda is 100.310 mu m; when the mole fraction x of the aluminum is 0.7, the crystal period Lambda is 86.533 mu m; when the mole fraction x of aluminum is 0.9, the crystal period Λ is 75.626 μm.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the mid-infrared broadband frequency-doubled wave generation system integrally comprises a laser, a periodically polarized AlGaAs crystal, a temperature controller, a detector and a spectrometer. The laser generates incident fundamental wave light, the incident fundamental wave light enters the AlGaAs crystal, the emergent light is observed through the detector and the spectrometer, and a temperature controller is required to control the temperature of the crystal to be kept in a certain range during the observation.
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CN101592844A (en) * 2009-07-02 2009-12-02 上海交通大学 The method for making of all-optical wavelength convertor with tunable non-periodic broadband
CN104880887A (en) * 2015-06-19 2015-09-02 天津大学 Method for manufacturing near-stoichiometry PPLN all-optical wavelength converter low in Mg doping

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Application publication date: 20211210