CN113764196B - 一种五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料及其制备方法,本发明通过对比硫化铜和硫化铁的溶度积常数Ksp的显著区别,即铜离子和亚铁离子共存的情况下优先形成硫化铜,在专门配制的醋酸铜、醋酸亚铁和硫脲、乙二醇和水的混合反应溶液中,通过控制反应的条件,一步得到五硫化九铜和三氧化二铁的复合物。其化学式表示为Cu9S5/Fe2O3,其结构为30‑70nm左右的微球形。该材料比表面积大,在14.03‑14.62m2g‑1,因此有利于电解质与电化学活性组分充分接触具有优良的超电容性能,涂覆在集流体上可以作为超级电容器电极材料。有望在超级电容器乃至其它储能器件的电极材料中具有广泛的应用价值。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及一种金属硫化物/金属氧化物复合电极材料及其制备方法,具体涉及五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术:
在过去的很长一段时间中,为了满足人口快速增长和全球变暖所带来的能量需求,大力发展可持续能源和强大的能量存储器件越来越多地受到人们的广泛关注。在能量存储器件中,由于具有高能量密度,快速充放电速度以及较好的循环稳定性,使得超级电容器在补偿甚至替代电池这一方面的前景越来越明显。为了获得理想的能量密度,根据E=1/2CV2,我们需要考虑到两个方面:电容(C)和电压窗口(V)。因此,构造具有高电容和宽电压窗口的电极材料至关重要。在最近十年的研究中,我们发现性能优秀的正极材料已经有了很多的研究,但是相比而言,负极材料严重受限于很低的电容,难以和正极匹配。基于这样的缺点,我们希望能够制造出一种性能良好的负极材料来解决这一致命缺点。
基于储能机理,可以将超级电容器分为两种类型,一是电化学双电层机理,另一种是赝电容机理。传统的电化学双电层机理通过表面离子吸附/脱附储能,而赝电容是通过在电极表面发生氧化还原反应进行储能的,因此通过赝电容机理储能可以储存更多的电荷。一般而言,赝电容材料包括过渡金属氧化物、过渡金属氢氧化物、过渡金属硫化物以及导电聚合物,例如Fe2O3,Co3O4,NiMn LDH,PANI,Cu9S5等。
在这些过渡金属氧化物材料中,因为Fe2O3成本低、晶体结构稳定、存在多种用于可逆氧化还原反应的氧化态,并且理论容量高等优点,储量丰富的Fe2O3被认为是一种最有前景的电极材料之一。但是Fe2O3导电性差导致反应缓慢极大的限制了其在储能领域中的应用。经过研究人员的不懈努力,通过设计新颖的Fe2O3电极材料可以在一定程度上解决这个问题,包括构造特殊纳米结构的Fe2O3以及Fe2O3复合材料。在这些方法中,构造Fe2O3基的复合电极材料是一种可以大幅度提升Fe2O3导电性和容量的方法。
文献Electrochimica Acta,2021,381,138245,通过两步反应构造出海胆状的Fe2O3/Mxene超级电容器负极材料,但是所获得的比电容不高,在1A/g时只有486.3F/g,这就限制了这一材料的应用。
文献ACS Appl.Mater.Interfaces,2015,7(49),27518-25,成功的构造了Fe3O4@Fe2O3核壳纳米棒阵列,并取得了1206F/cm2的大电容值,但是其经过了两步复杂的结构化过程,最终材料的导电性却不高。
因此,为了改善电极材料的导电性和比电容等问题,基于复合材料的两种活性物质之间存在一种特殊的协同效应,可以形成特殊的电子结构,进而提升材料的电化学性能,所以我们希望构建一种金属氧化物/金属硫化物的复合物。我们发现金属硫化物Cu9S5具有优良的导电性和高比容量,因此我们选择通过一步水热法构造Cu9S5/Fe2O3纳米复合材料,希望能够有望被广泛应用到超级电容器负极材料中。
发明内容:
本发明的目的是提供一种五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料及其制备方法,该材料可用作超级电容器等储能器件的电极材料。
本发明所述的五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料,化学式表示为Cu9S5/Fe2O3,为30-70nm左右的微球形纳米复合材料,其形状不十分规整,但球与球堆叠形成空隙,使得材料处于介孔范围,有利于电化学性能的提升。
本发明采用一步水热法,在恰当的温度下,获得球状五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料。该电极材料具有良好的超电容性能,可应用于超级电容器电极材料。
本发明提供的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合电极材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
A.在室温下,将醋酸铜、醋酸亚铁和硫脲按摩尔比1:1:1.5-6的比例加入乙二醇和水的混合溶液中,剧烈搅拌25-35min,再超声处理30-60min,得到均匀的黑色混合溶液A,其中醋酸铜的浓度为0.02-0.08M;所述的乙二醇和水的混合溶液中乙二醇和水按2-3:1的体积比混合。
B.将混合溶液A转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,在160-190℃温度下,反应8-14h;较佳的是在170-180℃温度下,反应8-11h;冷却、分离、洗涤;在50-60℃下真空干燥8-24h,得到Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料,其外形为30-70nm的微球状结构。
本发明的特点是,巧妙地通过对比硫化铜和硫化铁的溶度积常数Ksp的显著区别,即铜离子和亚铁离子共存的情况下优先形成硫化铜,因此,在恰当的溶液中,通过控制反应的条件,一步得到五硫化九铜和三氧化二铁的复合物,而不是硫化铜和硫化铁的复合物。
对得到的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料进行表征和应用性能测试,结果见图1-8
图1是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征,由图可见,其为微球状固体颗粒,表面略显粗糙,其直径为50nm左右。
图2是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料的X射线衍射(XRD)表征,由图可见,分别出现了Cu9S5和Fe2O3的相关衍射峰,说明该材料为Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料。
图3是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料的透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征,由图可见,Cu9S5/Fe2O3纳米复合材料为50nm左右的实心结构。
图4是实施例3制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征,由图可见,其为微球状固体颗粒,表面略显粗糙,其直径为40nm左右。
图5是实施例5制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征,由图可见,其为微球状固体颗粒,表面略显粗糙,颗粒直径为40nm左右。
图6是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料电极在1mol/L的KOH电解液中的循环伏安曲线,扫描速率分别为30mV/s、50mV/s、70mV/s、100mV/s、150mV/s、200mV/s。由图可见,出现了明显的氧化还原特征峰,甚至在200mV/s的大扫描速率下也依然存在,这说明材料的可逆性很好。
图7是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料电极在1mol/L的KOH电解液中不同电流密度下的充放电曲线,充放电过程是在-1.2-0V之间进行,比电容可以由比电容C的计算公式得到。在电流密度分别为1、2、3、4、5A/g时,比电容分别为1504.1、930.8、753.9、683.2、645.5F/g(电极活性组分为0.005g)。
图8是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料电极在1mol/L的KOH电解液中的充放电倍率曲线,由图可见,随着电流密度的增加,比电容值降低,随着电流密度由1A/g增加到3A/g,比电容值降为初试的50.12%,增加到5A/g是,比电容值降为初试的42.92%,说明该电极材料在高充放电速率条件下仍具有较为理想的比电容值,这说明复合结构存在的协同作用提升了材料的电化学性能。
本发明的有益效果:本发明在特定的温度下,一步水热法制备Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料,该材料比表面积大,在14.03-14.62m2 g-1,因此有利于电解质与电化学活性组分充分接触,加速氧化还原反应的发生,进而提升了电化学性能,该电极材料具有较好的超电容性能,比电容值1269.4-1504.1F/g,倍率性能在37.5-42.92%。该方法操作简单,快速,成本低;制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料有望在超级电容器乃至其它储能器件的电极材料中具有广泛的应用价值。
附图说明
图1是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征。
图2是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3的X射线衍射(XRD)表征。
图3是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3的透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征。
图4是实施例3制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征。
图5是实施例5制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征。
图6是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3电极的循环伏安曲线。
图7是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3电极在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线。
图8是实施例1制备的Cu9S5/Fe2O3电极的充放电倍率曲线。
具体实施方式
实施例1
A.将2mmol的醋酸铜和2mmol的醋酸亚铁以及6mmol的硫脲在乙二醇和水的混合溶液中混合后,在室温下,经过30min剧烈的磁力搅拌,之后再进行60min的超声处理,得到均匀的黑色溶液;
B.将步骤A得到溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,保持在温度180℃,经过10h反应彻底后,经过冷却、分离、洗涤,在60℃下真空干燥24h,即可得到最终的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料。其粒径为50nm,比表面积为14.62m2 g-1。
对得到的Cu9S5/Fe2O3进行电化学性能测试:
将5mg Cu9S5/Fe2O3与40~50μL浓度为5%Nafion溶液(粘接剂)和1ml乙醇充分混合,涂覆在1×1cm2泡沫镍表面,烘干得到电极材料。以该电极材料为工作电极,在1mol/L的KOH电解液中,在-1.2-0V电压窗口下,分别进行循环伏安、充放电、充放电倍率等测试,结果见图6-8.
实施例2
A.将1mmol的醋酸铜和1mmol的醋酸亚铁以及6mmol的硫脲在乙二醇和水的混合溶液中混合后,在室温下,经过30min剧烈的磁力搅拌,之后再进行60min的超声处理,得到均匀的黑色溶液;
B.将步骤A得到溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,保持在温度180℃,经过10h反应彻底后,经过冷却、分离、洗涤后,在60℃下真空干燥10h,即可得到最终的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料;其粒径为40nm,比表面积为14.03m2 g-1。
实施例3
A.将4mmol的醋酸铜和4mmol的醋酸亚铁以及6mmol的硫脲在乙二醇和水的混合溶液中混合后,在室温下,经过30min剧烈的磁力搅拌,之后再进行30min的超声处理,得到均匀的黑色溶液;
B.将步骤A得到溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,保持在温度180℃,经过11h反应彻底后,经过冷却、分离、洗涤后,在60℃下真空干燥18h,即可得到最终的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料;其粒径为40nm,比表面积为14.26m2 g-1。
实施例4
A.将2mmol的醋酸铜和2mmol的醋酸亚铁以及6mmol的硫脲在乙二醇和水的混合溶液中混合后,在室温下,经过30min剧烈的磁力搅拌,之后再进行60min的超声处理,得到均匀的黑色溶液;
B.将步骤A得到溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,保持在温度160℃,经过10h反应彻底后,经过冷却、分离、洗涤后,在55℃下真空干燥8h,即可得到最终的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料;其粒径为50nm,比表面积为14.55m2 g-1。
实施例5
A.将2mmol的醋酸铜和2mmol的醋酸亚铁以及6mmol的硫脲在乙二醇和水的混合溶液中混合后,在室温下,经过30min剧烈的磁力搅拌,之后再进行60min的超声处理,得到均匀的黑色溶液;
B.将步骤A得到溶液转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,保持在温度190℃,经过8h反应彻底后,经过冷却、分离、洗涤后,在60℃下真空干燥10h,即可得到最终的Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料;其粒径为50nm,比表面积为14.60m2 g-1。
Claims (3)
1.一种五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料的制备方法,其特征是按照如下具体步骤制备:
A.在室温下,将醋酸铜、醋酸亚铁和硫脲按摩尔比1:1 :1.5-6的比例加入乙二醇和水的混合溶液中,剧烈搅拌25-35 min,再超声处理30-60 min,得到均匀的黑色混合溶液A,其中醋酸铜的浓度为0.02-0.08M;
所述的乙二醇和水的混合溶液中乙二醇和水按2-3:1的体积比混合;
B.将混合溶液A转移到聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜中,在温度为160-190 ℃,反应8-14 h;冷却、分离、洗涤;在50-60 ℃下真空干燥8-24 h,得到Cu9S5/Fe2O3复合材料,其外形为微球状结构,直径为30-70 nm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料的制备方法,其特征是步骤B的反应条件是在170-180℃,反应8-11 h。
3. 一种根据权利要求1所述的方法制备的五硫化九铜/氧化铁复合电极材料,其特征是该材料的化学式表示为Cu9S5/Fe2O3,其是直径为30-70 nm的实心微球,形状不十分规整,球与球堆叠形成空隙。
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