CN113732246A - Method for reducing deformation and sand adhesion of shell mold casting - Google Patents
Method for reducing deformation and sand adhesion of shell mold casting Download PDFInfo
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- CN113732246A CN113732246A CN202111042863.1A CN202111042863A CN113732246A CN 113732246 A CN113732246 A CN 113732246A CN 202111042863 A CN202111042863 A CN 202111042863A CN 113732246 A CN113732246 A CN 113732246A
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- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000010112 shell-mould casting Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 101100041681 Takifugu rubripes sand gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 61
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010039509 Scab Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003110 molding sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C15/00—Moulding machines characterised by the compacting mechanism; Accessories therefor
- B22C15/23—Compacting by gas pressure or vacuum
- B22C15/24—Compacting by gas pressure or vacuum involving blowing devices in which the mould material is supplied in the form of loose particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C23/00—Tools; Devices not mentioned before for moulding
- B22C23/02—Devices for coating moulds or cores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C3/00—Selection of compositions for coating the surfaces of moulds, cores, or patterns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/12—Treating moulds or cores, e.g. drying, hardening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for reducing deformation and sand sticking of a shell mold casting, which comprises the steps of placing a prepared shell mold in a shell mold jacket consistent with the shape of the shell mold, clamping and pouring the jacket, wherein the jacket not only can ensure the integral strength and rigidity of the shell mold, inhibit the deformation of the shell mold in the pouring and cooling processes, but also can uniformly guide out heat released in the metal solidification process, reduce thermal stress generated due to non-uniform cooling speed, and finally reduce the deformation and sand sticking of the casting. The invention is characterized in that: curing the shell mold; shell mold thermal spraying; clamping the shell by utilizing a shell type jacket tool; baking the assembled whole shell mold sleeve tool at low temperature; the invention can effectively inhibit casting defects such as casting deformation, sand sticking and the like of the shell type casting caused by low shell strength and insufficient clamping force, and can also improve the compactness of the interior of the casting, thereby greatly improving the qualification rate of the casting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of shell mold casting, in particular to a method for reducing deformation and sand adhesion of a shell mold casting.
Background
With the continuous development of manufacturing industry, mechanical equipment has raised requirements on the internal quality, shape precision and size precision of cast parts, and parts produced by the existing precoated sand shell-shaped casting technology have the advantages of accurate size, good surface quality, material saving and the like, so that the technology is widely applied, shell molds with uniform shell thickness can be manufactured by using the technology, and compared with other casting technologies, sand shells with uniform shell thickness can obtain castings with uniform tissues.
However, the wall thickness of the shell is relatively thin, the strength is relatively low, and finally the shape and the dimensional accuracy of the casting are difficult to guarantee, the clamping of the shell is a problem to be solved at present, although the traditional method for clamping the sand mold by using the sand surrounding pressure iron or the clamping plate bolt structure has a certain effect, the problems of expansion, water leakage, sand sticking, clamping plate deformation and the like are easily caused, and the problems are related to two factors, on one hand, the molten metal in the pouring process flows into the cavity to exchange heat with the air in the cavity and the shell, so that the generated air pressure difference generates large impact on the shell, thereby causing the local dispersion of the surface of the shell, the dispersed sand grains/sand blocks enter the cavity together with the molten metal, and a convex or concave scar is formed on the surface of the casting, namely, the defects of orange peel, scab and the like are formed, and the shell itself is also deformed due to thermal expansion, on the other hand, the shell mold can generate stress due to temperature rise and temperature drop in the pouring and cooling processes, the stress is difficult to release in the solidification and cooling processes of the casting, the expansion defect is easily generated, the casting is deformed, and the casting is directly scrapped when the deformation of the casting is large and the requirements of shape precision and size precision are difficult to meet, so that effective measures are taken to reduce the deformation and sand washing of the shell mold in the casting process, and the method has great significance for controlling the shape precision and size precision of the casting and improving the qualification rate of the casting.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a method for reducing deformation and sand sticking of a shell mold casting.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method of reducing distortion and sand-binding of a shell cast article comprising the steps of:
step 1) using precoated sand composed of refractory aggregate, a binder, a curing agent, a lubricant, a special additive and the like as a raw material, heating a mold to 170-250 ℃, and curing and forming the precoated sand through sand shooting and heat preservation, wherein the sand shooting pressure is 0.5-1.5 MPa, the sand shooting time is 5-20 s, and the curing time is 120-200 s, so that a shell mold and a shell core which are 3-50 mm in thickness and meet requirements are finally obtained.
And 2) taking the shell mold out of the high-temperature mold, and immediately thermally spraying the shell mold by using a water-based coating containing zircon powder components to improve the compactness and the smoothness of the surface of the shell mold.
Step 3) putting the shell into a shell type jacket (the inner contour of the jacket is consistent with the outer contour of the shell type, and the clearance between the jacket and the shell type jacket after assembly is within 0.3 mm; the jacket is made of cast iron, the wall thickness of each part is uniform, the average wall thickness is 5-100 mm), the upper and lower shell type jackets are clamped after the lower core is combined, and an adhesive port for arranging a sprue cup and an exhaust riser is reserved on the jacket so as to facilitate pouring.
And 4) baking and drying the assembled shell type jacket tool containing the shell type, wherein the baking temperature is controlled to be 140-250 ℃, and the baking time is 2-5 hours.
And 5) carrying out spheroidization on the molten iron discharged at 1550-1570 ℃, cooling to 1370-1400 ℃ for pouring, carrying out stream inoculation during pouring, controlling the pouring time to be 1-5 min, opening a shell mold jacket 3-6 h after pouring, and then carrying out sand shakeout and cleaning castings.
Preferably, the sand shooting pressure is 1-1.5 MPa, the sand shooting time is 15-20 s, the curing time is 180-200 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 30-50 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 5-10 mm.
Preferably, the sand shooting pressure is 0.7-1 MPa, the sand shooting time is 10-15 s, the curing time is 150-180 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 10-30 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 10-30 mm.
Preferably, the sand shooting pressure is 0.5-0.7 MPa, the sand shooting time is 5-10 s, the curing time is 120-150 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 3-10 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 30-100 mm.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the shell mold is subjected to thermal spraying, so that the pores on the surface of the shell mold can be reduced, the density of the shell mold is improved, the gas generated by heating the molding sand is favorably prevented from invading into the casting, meanwhile, molten iron is prevented from permeating into the shell mold, the defects of sand sticking and sand inclusion scabbing generated by the expansion of the shell mold due to heating are reduced, and the surface quality of the casting is improved.
2. The shell type jacket has the advantages of consistent appearance with the shell type, uniform thickness and high strength, and can transfer heat generated during pouring very uniformly on the premise of ensuring the integral rigidity and strength of the shell type jacket, thereby reducing the thermal stress of a casting caused by nonuniform cooling speed, greatly improving the compactness and the tissue uniformity of the casting and reducing the deformation of the casting.
3. For some cast iron materials, such as gray cast iron, vermicular cast iron, nodular cast iron and the like, volume expansion is generated due to graphite precipitation in the solidification process, if the locking force of the shell mold is insufficient or the strength is too low, expansion and water leakage are easy to occur to deform the casting, the locking force of the shell mold jacket is large enough, the strength and the rigidity are large, the pressure is built in the casting by fully utilizing graphite expansion, self-feeding is realized, and the compactness of the casting is improved.
4. The shell mold jacket can reduce the thickness of the shell mold, so that the using amount of the precoated sand is reduced, and the production cost and the labor intensity in the transferring process are reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a shell casting of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a microstructure view of a casting in an example.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Scrap steel, pig iron and scrap iron are used as raw material ingredients, a cupola furnace and an electric furnace are used for duplex smelting, the cupola furnace is used for smelting base molten iron, and alloy is added into the electric furnace for regulating components to obtain the required molten iron for pouring preparation. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
step 1) using precoated sand composed of refractory aggregate, a binder, a curing agent, a lubricant, a special additive and the like as a raw material, heating a mold to 170-215 ℃, and curing and molding the precoated sand through sand shooting and heat preservation, wherein the sand shooting pressure is 1-1.5 MPa, the sand shooting time is 15-20 s, and the curing time is 180-200 s, so that a shell mold with the thickness of 30-50 mm and a shell core meeting the requirements are finally obtained.
And 2) taking the shell mold out of the high-temperature mold, and thermally spraying the sand shell which is just taken out by adopting a water-based coating containing zircon powder components to enhance the density and the smoothness of the surface of the shell mold.
And 3) putting the shell into a shell jacket (the inner contour of the jacket is consistent with the outer contour of the shell, the thickness of the jacket is uniform, the thickness of the jacket is 5-10 mm, the material is cast iron), clamping the jacket tool of the upper shell and the lower shell after the cores are combined, and leaving positions on the jacket for conveniently and independently bonding the sprue cup and the exhaust riser, thereby facilitating pouring.
And 4) baking the assembled whole shell type jacket tool at low temperature to remove moisture, humidity and the like adsorbed in the shell type jacket tool, wherein the baking temperature is controlled to be 150-180 ℃, and the baking time is 4-5 hours.
And 5) pouring the iron liquid with the tapping temperature of 1550-1570 ℃ at the temperature of 1370-1400 ℃, spheroidizing the iron liquid before pouring, inoculating by adopting a stream inoculation method, controlling the pouring time of the whole pouring process to be 3-4 min, opening a jacket to start sand falling and cleaning 4-5 h after pouring, and taking out a casting.
The quality of the castings obtained by this method is shown in table 1:
example 2
The method comprises the steps of taking pig iron, scrap steel, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, electrolytic copper and antimony ingots as raw material ingredients, adopting a cupola-electric furnace duplex smelting, smelting a raw iron liquid in the cupola, adding alloy in the electric furnace to adjust components, obtaining the required iron liquid, and preparing for pouring. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
step 1) using precoated sand composed of refractory aggregate, a binder, a curing agent, a lubricant, a special additive and the like as a raw material, heating a mold to 170-215 ℃, and curing and forming the precoated sand through sand shooting and heat preservation, wherein the sand shooting pressure is 0.7-1 MPa, the sand shooting time is 10-15 s, and the curing time is 150-180 s, so that a shell mold with the thickness of 10-30 mm and a shell core meeting the requirements are finally obtained.
And 2) after the shell mold is taken out of the high-temperature mold, thermally spraying the sand shell which is just taken out by adopting a water-based coating containing zircon powder components, and improving the density and the smoothness of the surface of the shell mold.
And 3) putting the shell into a shell jacket (the inner contour of the jacket is consistent with the outer contour of the shell, the thickness of the jacket is uniform, the thickness of the jacket is 10-30 mm, the material is cast iron), clamping the jacket tool of the upper shell and the lower shell after the cores are combined, and leaving positions on the jacket for conveniently and independently bonding the sprue cup and the exhaust riser, thereby facilitating pouring.
And 4) baking the assembled whole shell type jacket tool at low temperature to remove moisture, humidity and the like adsorbed in the shell type jacket tool, wherein the baking temperature is controlled to be 150-180 ℃, and the baking time is 4-5 hours.
And 5) pouring the iron liquid with the tapping temperature of 1550-1570 ℃ at the temperature of 1370-1400 ℃, wherein spheroidizing treatment is carried out on the iron liquid before pouring, and stream inoculation is adopted for inoculation. And controlling the pouring time of the whole pouring process to be 3-4 min, opening the clamp 4-5 h after the pouring is finished, starting to shake out and clean, and taking out the casting.
The quality of the castings obtained by this method is shown in table 2:
example 3
The method is characterized in that pig iron, scrap steel, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, electrolytic copper and antimony ingots are used as raw material ingredients, a cupola furnace and an electric furnace are used for duplex smelting, the cupola furnace is used for smelting base iron, the electric furnace is added with alloy to adjust components, and the required iron is obtained for pouring preparation. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
step 1) using precoated sand composed of refractory aggregate, a binder, a curing agent, a lubricant, a special additive and the like as a raw material, heating a mold to 170-215 ℃, and curing and forming the precoated sand through sand shooting and heat preservation, wherein the sand shooting pressure is 0.5-0.7 MPa, the sand shooting time is 5-10 s, and the curing time is 120-150 s, so that a shell mold with the thickness of 3-10 mm and a shell core meeting the requirements are finally obtained.
And 2) after the shell mold is taken out of the high-temperature mold, thermally spraying the shell mold which is just taken out by adopting a water-based coating containing zircon powder components, and improving the compactness and the smoothness of the surface of the shell mold.
And 3) putting the shell into a shell jacket (the inner contour of the jacket is consistent with the outer contour of the shell, the thickness of the jacket is uniform, the thickness of the jacket is 30-100 mm, the material is cast iron), clamping the upper and lower shell jacket tools after the cores are combined, and leaving positions on the clamps for conveniently and independently bonding the sprue cup and the exhaust riser, thereby facilitating pouring.
And 4) baking the assembled whole shell type jacket tool at low temperature to remove moisture, humidity and the like adsorbed in the shell type jacket tool, wherein the baking temperature is controlled to be 150-180 ℃, and the baking time is 4-5 hours.
And 5) pouring the molten iron discharged at the temperature of 1550-1570 ℃ at the temperature of 1370-1400 ℃, spheroidizing the molten iron before pouring, inoculating by adopting a stream inoculation method, controlling the pouring time in the whole pouring process to be 3-4 min, opening a clamp 4-5 h after pouring, starting to shake out and clean, and taking out a casting.
The quality of the castings obtained by this method is shown in table 3:
the above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method of reducing distortion and sand-binding of a shell cast article comprising the steps of:
step 1) using precoated sand composed of refractory aggregate, a binder, a curing agent, a lubricant, a special additive and the like as a raw material, heating a mold to 170-250 ℃, and curing and forming the precoated sand through sand shooting and heat preservation, wherein the sand shooting pressure is 0.5-1.5 MPa, the sand shooting time is 5-20 s, and the curing time is 120-200 s, so that a shell mold with the thickness of 3-50 mm and a shell core meeting the requirements are finally obtained.
And 2) taking the shell mold out of the high-temperature mold, and immediately thermally spraying the shell mold by using a water-based coating containing zircon powder components to improve the compactness and the smoothness of the surface of the shell mold.
Step 3) putting the shell into a shell type jacket (the inner contour of the jacket is consistent with the outer contour of the shell type, and the clearance between the jacket and the shell type jacket after assembly is within 0.3 mm; the jacket is made of cast iron, the wall thickness of each part is uniform, the average wall thickness is 5-100 mm), the upper and lower shell type jackets are clamped after the lower core is combined, and an adhesive port for arranging a sprue cup and an exhaust riser is reserved on the jacket so as to facilitate pouring.
And 4) baking and drying the assembled shell type jacket tool containing the shell type, wherein the baking temperature is controlled to be 140-250 ℃, and the baking time is 2-5 hours.
And 5) carrying out spheroidization on the molten iron discharged at 1550-1570 ℃, cooling to 1370-1400 ℃ for pouring, carrying out stream inoculation during pouring, controlling the pouring time to be 1-5 min, opening a shell mold jacket 3-6 h after pouring, and then carrying out sand shakeout and cleaning castings.
2. The method of reducing distortion and sand-binding of a shell cast casting of claim 1 wherein: the sand shooting pressure is 1-1.5 MPa, the sand shooting time is 15-20 s, the curing time is 180-200 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 30-50 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 5-10 mm.
3. The method of reducing distortion and sand-binding of a shell cast casting of claim 1 wherein: the sand shooting pressure is 0.7-1 MPa, the sand shooting time is 10-15 s, the curing time is 150-180 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 10-30 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 10-30 mm.
4. The method of reducing distortion and sand-binding of a shell cast casting of claim 1 wherein: the sand shooting pressure is 0.5-0.7 MPa, the sand shooting time is 5-10 s, the curing time is 120-150 s, the thickness of the obtained shell mold is 3-10 mm, and the thickness of the shell-shaped jacket is 30-100 mm.
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| CN202111042863.1A CN113732246A (en) | 2021-09-07 | 2021-09-07 | Method for reducing deformation and sand adhesion of shell mold casting |
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| 《铸造技术标准手册》编委会: "《铸造技术标准手册》", 31 May 2004, 中国物资出版社 * |
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