CN113731187A - Method for improving desalting stability of porous ceramic membrane by constructing hydrophobic protective layer - Google Patents
Method for improving desalting stability of porous ceramic membrane by constructing hydrophobic protective layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN113731187A CN113731187A CN202110997150.4A CN202110997150A CN113731187A CN 113731187 A CN113731187 A CN 113731187A CN 202110997150 A CN202110997150 A CN 202110997150A CN 113731187 A CN113731187 A CN 113731187A
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- B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
- B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
- B01D61/364—Membrane distillation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for improving the desalting stability of a porous ceramic membrane by constructing a hydrophobic protective layer. Firstly, carrying out hydrophobic modification on the surface of a porous ceramic membrane by using a hydrophobic modifier, then spraying a pore-forming agent solution on the surface of the porous ceramic membrane, and drying to crystallize the porous ceramic membrane into pore-forming agent particles; then, diluting PDMS with organic matter, and adding a certain proportion of hydrophobic nano silicon dioxide particles; will contain SiO2The PDMS solution is evenly sprayed on the surface of the ceramic membrane which is fully distributed with the pore-forming agent particles and is solidified; and soaking the cured ceramic membrane into water to dissolve the pore-forming agent particles, and drying to obtain the porous ceramic membrane with the surface provided with the porous PDMS protective layer. The obtained ceramic membrane has the advantages of good air permeability, high hydrophobic stability, stable chemical property, low cost, simple method and the like, and the ceramic membrane has the advantages of good air permeability, high hydrophobic stability, stable chemical property, low cost and the likeWhen the method is used for membrane distillation desalination, the desalination rate is kept at 100 percent, and the method can be continuously operated for more than 300 h.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of membrane distillation desalination, and relates to a method for improving desalination stability by constructing a porous PDMS hydrophobic protective layer on the surface of a ceramic membrane.
Background
Fresh water resources on the earth are scarce, water resources which can be directly utilized by human only account for 0.3 percent of the total amount of the fresh water, and the demand of the human on the fresh water resources is huge. Uneven water resource distribution, unreasonable exploitation and pollution waste, so that the fresh water resource is in greater shortage. The seawater desalination can improve the problem of fresh water shortage to a certain extent, and plays an important role in relieving global crisis of fresh water resources.
The membrane distillation is a technology which has low transmembrane pressure, low energy consumption, simple operation, stable operation and capability of theoretically obtaining 100 percent of desalination rate, and has wide potential application prospect in the field of seawater desalination. The porous ceramic membrane has high mechanical strength and stable chemical performance, and can be used as a membrane component for membrane distillation. Because of their intrinsic hydrophilicity, inorganic ceramic membranes need to be hydrophobized. The current commonly used hydrophobization treatment method is to perform post-grafting modification on a ceramic membrane by utilizing Fluorosilane (FAS), connect hydrophobic fluorocarbon groups to the surface of the ceramic, and reduce the concentration of hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the surface of the ceramic, thereby obtaining the hydrophobic ceramic membrane. After the ceramic membrane subjected to hydrophobic treatment is soaked in a saline solution for a long time, hydrophobic groups are easy to fall off from the surface of the ceramic membrane, so that the hydrophobicity of the ceramic membrane is lost, and the saline water is easy to wet and permeate the ceramic membrane in the desalting process, so that the desalting rate is reduced, and the long-time use requirement cannot be met, therefore, the improvement of the hydrophobic stability of the inorganic ceramic membrane is of great importance.
The hydrophobic protective layer is constructed on the surface of the hydrophobic ceramic membrane to prevent the brine wetting phenomenon of the ceramic membrane in the long-time desalting operation process, so that the hydrophobic stability of the ceramic membrane is improved, and the desalting stability of the porous ceramic membrane is further improved. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has good chemical stability, low surface energy, convenient use and processing and low price, and is widely applied to the preparation of hydrophobic materials. The literature reports that a hydrophobic surface is prepared by PDMS, and the hydrophobic surface with large water contact angle, good stability, scratch resistance, friction resistance, water impact resistance and strong bonding force with a substrate can be obtained by doping nano particles or constructing a micro-nano structure. However, PDMS forms a dense polymer after being cured, and if it is directly coated on the surface of the porous ceramic to serve as a hydrophobic layer, the porous structure of the ceramic is blocked, so that steam cannot pass through the membrane material, and thus the PDMS cannot be used for membrane distillation desalination. Therefore, the invention adopts an innovative method to construct the porous PDMS hydrophobic protective layer on the surface of the porous ceramic membrane, thereby improving the stability of the porous ceramic membrane in desalination.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving the desalination stability of a ceramic membrane by constructing a porous PDMS hydrophobic protective layer; the method obviously improves the membrane distillation desalination stability of the ceramic membrane, and has low cost, simple method and universality.
The invention is carried out according to the following steps:
a method for constructing a porous PDMS hydrophobic protection layer with good stability on the surface of a porous ceramic membrane for desalination is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out post-grafting modification on the surface of the porous ceramic membrane by using a hydrophobic modifier and carrying out condensation reaction to obtain a ceramic membrane A;
(2) spraying a pore-forming agent solution on the surface of the ceramic membrane A obtained in the step (1), and uniformly distributing the pore-forming agent on the surface of the ceramic membrane A after the pore-forming agent is crystallized and separated out under certain conditions to obtain a ceramic membrane B;
(3) PDMS is dissolved in organic solvent and diluted, and then SiO with a certain proportion is added2Particles are uniformly dispersed to obtain the product containing SiO2The PDMS mixture of (1).
(4) Uniformly spraying the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) on the surface of the ceramic membrane B obtained in the step (2) to obtain a ceramic membrane C;
(5) heating and curing the ceramic membrane C obtained in the step (4) to obtain a ceramic membrane D;
(6) and (5) dissolving the pore-forming agent particles contained in the ceramic membrane D obtained in the step (5), and drying to obtain the hydrophobic porous ceramic membrane with the porous PDMS protective layer.
In the step (1), the hydrophobic modifier is a tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane-ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 15%, the modification time is 24 hours, and the condensation reaction conditions are 100 ℃ and 24 hours.
In the step (1), the porous ceramic membrane is a cordierite porous ceramic membrane, and the aperture is 0.1-0.5 μm.
In the step (2), the pore-forming agent solution is a sodium chloride solution with the mass percentage concentration of 20%; the spraying is realized by an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, the spraying distance is 20cm, and the spraying time is 15 s; the crystallization environment of the pore-forming agent is in a baking oven at 50 ℃.
In the step (3), the PDMS is Sylgard 184; the organic solvent is n-hexane and is diluted into PDMS diluent with the mass percentage concentration of 10%; the SiO2Is hydrophobic gas phase type nano SiO2The particle size is 7-40nm, and the addition ratio is SiO2The mass ratio of PDMS is 0.30.
In the step (4), the spraying is realized by an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, the spraying distance is 10cm, and the spraying time is 15 s.
In the step (5), the heating curing temperature is 80 ℃, and the time is 2 hours.
In the step (6), the condition for dissolving the pore-forming agent particles is that the particles are soaked in deionized water, and water is replaced for three times in the soaking period; the drying temperature is 50 ℃, and the drying time is 24 hours.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the technical advantages that:
the surface of the hydrophobic protective layer of porous PDMS obtained by the method has a water contact angle of 155 degrees, and has stable hydrophobicity and acid and alkali corrosion resistance; has obvious hydrophobic protection effect on the porous ceramic membrane, and obviously improves the stability of ceramic membrane desalination.
The equipment used by the method of the invention is only the air pressure spray gun and the drying box, other expensive and special equipment is not needed, the manufacturing process is simple, and the cost is lower;
the method has strong operability, and the content of the pore-forming agent can be adjusted by adjusting the spraying time when the pore-forming agent is sprayed, so that the membranes with different gas permeation fluxes are prepared.
The method has universality. The pore-forming agent is inorganic salt which is easy to dissolve in water, and can be selected in various ways; and the method is also applicable to porous ceramic membrane substrates made of different materials.
Drawings
FIG. 1A ceramic film N before and after the formation of a protective layer2Flux of permeation
FIG. 2 shows the surface morphology of the porous ceramic film without a protective layer, the dense PDMS and the porous PDMS
FIG. 3 shows the contact angles of the ceramic films to water before and after the formation of the protective layer in FIGS. (a) and (b)
FIG. 4 shows that (a) and (b) show ceramic film scraping test and acid-base corrosion test after the protective layer is constructed
FIG. 5 Membrane distillation desalination stability test
Detailed Description
The following provides a clear and complete description of the scheme in the embodiments of the present invention, and shows the partial characterization results.
Example 1
Grafting and modifying the cordierite porous ceramic membrane with the aperture of 0.1-0.5 mu m in a tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane-ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 15% for 24h, then placing the cordierite porous ceramic membrane in a drying oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ for condensation reaction, and taking out the cordierite porous ceramic membrane after 24 h. Preparing 20% NaCl solution by mass fraction, loading into an air pressure spray gun with the nozzle caliber of 0.3mm, spraying for 15s at a distance of 20cm from the ceramic membrane substrate, and then placing in a 50 ℃ oven to crystallize and separate NaCl. Weighing Sylgard184-PDMS according to a proportion, and adding n-hexane to dilute into a diluent with the mass fraction of 10%; SiO with the mass ratio of 0.30 to PDMS is added2Mixing uniformly; and (3) loading the mixed solution into an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, and spraying for 15s at a distance of 10cm from the ceramic membrane substrate. And then, putting the ceramic membrane into an oven with the temperature of 80 ℃ for curing for 2 hours, and then putting the ceramic membrane into deionized water for soaking, wherein water is changed for three times. Finally, the ceramic membrane is dried for 24 hours at 50 ℃, excessive moisture is removed, and then nitrogen (N) is carried out2) Permeation flux test and surface topography test. N of the prepared hydrophobic ceramic membrane at the pressure difference of 100kPa on two sides of the membrane2The air flow is 3.172 x 104L/m2h. Observing the prepared hydrophobic ceramic membrane under a scanning electron microscopeThe surface of (2), PDMS of the surface can be seen to have a porous structure.
Example 2
Grafting and modifying the cordierite porous ceramic membrane with the aperture of 0.1-0.5 mu m in a tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane-ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 15% for 24h, then placing the cordierite porous ceramic membrane in a drying oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ for condensation reaction, and taking out the cordierite porous ceramic membrane after 24 h. Preparing 20% NaCl solution by mass fraction, loading into an air pressure spray gun with the nozzle caliber of 0.3mm, spraying for 15s at a distance of 20cm from the ceramic membrane substrate, and then placing in a 50 ℃ oven to crystallize and separate NaCl. Weighing Sylgard184-PDMS according to a proportion, and adding n-hexane to dilute into a diluent with the mass fraction of 10%; adding SiO2 with the mass ratio of the added material to the PDMS being 0.30, and mixing evenly; and (3) loading the mixed solution into an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, and spraying for 15s at a distance of 10cm from the ceramic membrane substrate. And then, putting the ceramic membrane into an oven with the temperature of 80 ℃ for curing for 2 hours, and then putting the ceramic membrane into deionized water for soaking, wherein water is changed for three times. And finally, drying the ceramic membrane for 24 hours at 50 ℃, removing redundant moisture, and then carrying out scratch resistance and chemical corrosion resistance tests. After 35 cycles of 400-mesh sand paper, 200g of load and 20cm of scraping distance, the prepared hydrophobic ceramic membrane has good surface hydrophobicity, and the contact angle of the hydrophobic ceramic membrane to water is 135.8 degrees; after the prepared hydrophobic ceramic membrane is soaked in strong acid and strong base solutions for 120 hours, the contact angles of the hydrophobic ceramic membrane to water are respectively reduced to 138.6 degrees and 124.8 degrees, and the hydrophobic ceramic membrane has good acid and alkali corrosion resistance.
Example 3
Grafting and modifying the cordierite porous ceramic membrane with the aperture of 0.1-0.5 mu m in a tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane-ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 15% for 24h, then placing the cordierite porous ceramic membrane in a drying oven with the temperature of 100 ℃ for condensation reaction, and taking out the cordierite porous ceramic membrane after 24 h. Preparing 20% NaCl solution by mass fraction, loading into an air pressure spray gun with the nozzle caliber of 0.3mm, spraying for 15s at a distance of 20cm from the ceramic membrane substrate, and then placing in a 50 ℃ oven to crystallize and separate NaCl. Weighing Sylgard184-PDMS according to a proportion, and adding n-hexane to dilute into a diluent with the mass fraction of 10%; adding SiO2 with the mass ratio of the added material to the PDMS being 0.30, and mixing evenly; the mixed solution is filled into an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle of 0.3mm, and is sprayed 10cm away from the ceramic membrane substrateThe time is 15 s. And then, putting the ceramic membrane into an oven with the temperature of 80 ℃ for curing for 2 hours, and then putting the ceramic membrane into deionized water for soaking, wherein water is changed for three times. And finally, drying the ceramic membrane for 24 hours at 50 ℃ to remove excessive water, and then carrying out a membrane distillation desalination experiment. The desalting rate of the prepared hydrophobic ceramic membrane is 100 percent, and the average flux is 8.16Kg/m under the conditions of 3.5 percent of NaCl, the temperature of the feed liquid is 80 ℃, and the pumping speed is 300mL/min2h; after continuous desalination for 200h under the condition, the desalination experiment is continuously carried out for 30h by changing the experiment conditions such as different temperatures, concentrations and flow rates, the subsequent 70h still can keep stable water flux, and the accumulated stable desalination time is as long as 300 h.
FIG. 1 shows the ceramic films N before and after the formation of the protective layer2The permeation flux graph shows that the gas permeability of the ceramic membrane is reduced after the porous PDMS protective layer is built on the surface, but the gas permeability of the ceramic membrane is also proved to be porous rather than completely compact, which indicates that the pore-forming of PDMS by NaCl is successful. FIG. 2 is a surface morphology of a ceramic membrane observed under a scanning electron microscope, and FIG. 2a is a porous ceramic membrane without a protective layer; FIG. 2b shows the ceramic film sprayed with PDMS only (without pore-forming agent), and it can be seen that the porous structure on the surface of the ceramic film is completely covered and the surface is completely dense; fig. 2c shows the surface morphology of the ceramic film after removing the pore-forming agent from the PDMS, and it can be seen that the surface of the ceramic film is covered by a porous PDMS layer. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the change of the contact angle of the porous ceramic membrane to water before and after modification, and it can be seen from the graph that the ceramic membrane before modification is completely hydrophilic, the contact angle to water is 0 degrees, the contact angle to water of the modified ceramic membrane is 155.8 degrees, and the hydrophilic surface is changed into a superhydrophobic surface. FIG. 4 shows the change of water contact angle of the porous ceramic membrane after the construction of the protective layer and the scratch test and the acid-base corrosion test. As can be seen from fig. 4a, after 35 scraping cycles, the contact angle of the surface of the ceramic film to water is 135.8 °, and good hydrophobicity is still maintained; as shown in fig. 4b, after the ceramic film with the protective layer is soaked in strong acid and strong alkali solutions for 120 hours, the contact angles of the ceramic film with the protective layer to water are respectively reduced to 138.6 ° and 124.8 °, so that the ceramic film has good acid and alkali corrosion resistance. FIG. 5 shows the results of the membrane distillation desalination stability test of the hydrophobic porous ceramic after the protective layer is constructed, first at 3.5% NaCl, feed liquid temperatureAnd under the original experimental conditions of the temperature of 80 ℃ and the pumping rate of 300mL/min, after the stable operation for 200 hours, changing the experimental conditions of different temperatures, concentrations, flow rates and the like, and continuously carrying out the desalting experiment for 30 hours. FIG. 5 (I) shows that 3.5% NaCl, pumping rate 300mL/min, and feed liquid temperature are: a.70 ℃, b.60 ℃ and c.50 ℃; FIG. 5 (II) shows that the feed liquid temperature is 80 ℃, the pumping rate is 300mL/min, and the NaCl concentration is respectively: a.0.0%, b.7.0%, c.10.5%; FIG. 5 (III) shows the feed temperature of 80 ℃, 3.5% NaCl, and the pumping rate, respectively: a.500mL/min, b.400mL/min, c.200mL/min and d.100mL/min, after the original desalting experiment condition is recovered, the prepared hydrophobic porous ceramic membrane can still keep relatively stable water flux, and the average flux is 8.10Kg/m2h, the desalination rate is always kept at 100%, and the accumulative stable desalination operation is more than 300 h.
Claims (2)
1. A method for constructing a stable porous PDMS hydrophobic protection layer on the surface of a porous ceramic membrane for desalination is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out post-grafting modification on the surface of the porous ceramic membrane by using a hydrophobic modifier and carrying out condensation reaction to obtain a ceramic membrane A;
(2) spraying a pore-forming agent solution on the surface of the ceramic membrane A obtained in the step (1), and uniformly distributing the pore-forming agent on the surface of the ceramic membrane A after the pore-forming agent is crystallized and separated out under certain conditions to obtain a ceramic membrane B;
(3) uniformly mixing the prepolymer of PDMS and a curing agent in proportion, dissolving the mixture in an organic solvent, and adding SiO in a certain proportion2Particles are uniformly dispersed to obtain the product containing SiO2The PDMS mixed solution;
(4) uniformly spraying the mixed solution obtained in the step (3) on the surface of the ceramic membrane B obtained in the step (2) to obtain a ceramic membrane C;
(5) heating and curing the ceramic membrane C obtained in the step (4) to obtain a ceramic membrane D;
(6) dissolving the pore-forming agent particles contained in the ceramic membrane D obtained in the step (5), and drying to obtain a porous PDMS hydrophobic protective layer;
in the step (1), the hydrophobic modifier is a tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane-ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 15 percent, the modification time is 24 hours, and the condensation reaction condition is 100 ℃ and 24 hours;
in the step (2), the pore-forming agent solution is a sodium chloride solution with the mass percentage concentration of 20%; the pore-forming agent; the spraying is realized by an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, the spraying distance is 20cm, and the spraying time is 15 s; the pore-forming agent crystallization environment is a 50 ℃ oven;
in the step (3), the PDMS is Sylgard184, the organic solvent is n-hexane, and the PDMS is prepared into a n-hexane solution with a mass percentage concentration of 10%; the SiO2Is hydrophobic gas phase type nano SiO2The particle size is 7-40nm, and the addition ratio is SiO2The mass ratio of PDMS is 0.30;
in the step (4), the spraying is realized by an air pressure spray gun with the caliber of a nozzle being 0.3mm, the spraying distance is 10cm, and the spraying time is 15 s;
in the step (5), the heating curing temperature is 80 ℃, and the time is 2 hours;
in the step (6), the condition for dissolving the pore-forming agent is that the pore-forming agent is soaked in deionized water, and water is replaced for three times in the soaking period; the drying temperature is 50 ℃, and the drying time is 24 hours.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the porous ceramic membrane is a cordierite porous ceramic membrane having a pore size of 0.1 to 0.5 μm.
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