CN113725601B - Multi-view-field array antenna for millimeter wave automobile radar - Google Patents
Multi-view-field array antenna for millimeter wave automobile radar Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000191 radiation effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010344 co-firing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
- H01Q1/3208—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used
- H01Q1/3233—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used particular used as part of a sensor or in a security system, e.g. for automotive radar, navigation systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
Abstract
The invention discloses a multi-view field array antenna for a millimeter wave automobile radar, which consists of three layers of dielectric materials and four layers of metals, wherein the metal layers comprise a radiation layer, an antenna reflection layer, a strip line feed layer and a bottom floor layer. The radiation layer is etched with an array formed by four or more combined antennas, and the antennas are formed by two radiation units of grid units and patch units. Each antenna is symmetrical about the central line of the array, each antenna is composed of more than two identical grid radiating units which are equidistantly arranged, the non-radiating side of each grid unit replaces the traditional straight line by a bending arc, and the radiating side replaces the traditional microstrip line with the same width by a gradual change microstrip line. And patch units are added in a blank area in the middle of the grid unit, and a series patch antenna is formed by the patch units and the connection sections between the patch units, so that the antenna area is effectively utilized. Through carrying out wave beam shaping design on the array, the directional diagram is provided with a plurality of 'flat shoulder' shaped characteristics, and different view fields divided by the 'flat shoulder' meet the detection requirements of the radar on targets in different distance ranges. The invention has simple structure, can realize the integration of multiple detection distance functions of the radar by only one transmitting chain, reduces the processing difficulty of front-end signals, and is suitable for millimeter wave band automobile radars.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to wireless communication equipment, in particular to a vehicle-mounted radar antenna, and particularly relates to a multi-view-field array antenna which is designed by adopting a planar technology and is used for millimeter wave automobile radar.
Background
With the development of intelligent automobiles and unmanned technologies, automobile radars are becoming an indispensable important part of automobiles. Compared with the radar of ultrasonic wave, infrared ray and laser system, the millimeter wave automobile radar has the characteristics of large bandwidth, high resolution, small volume and low cost, and can work in any severe weather environment. In the millimeter wave automobile radar at present, in order to realize target detection and early warning in different ranges, more than one transmitting array antenna is generally needed. For example, to detect a large target at a long distance, the array size needs to be large enough to achieve a high gain narrow beam; to detect small objects at close distances, a single linear array is often used to achieve a low gain wide beam. The multi-frame transmitting array activates the working state in a time-sharing way through the front-end radio frequency chip, and on one hand, the requirement on the number of chip links is put forward, so that redundancy of the receiving and transmitting link resources is caused. On the other hand, the difficulty of front-end signal processing is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a multi-view-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automobile radar, wherein the array consists of a miniaturized combined antenna and comprises two types of radiation units, namely a grid unit and a patch unit. Wherein, by bending the non-radiation edge into an arc shape, the size reduction of the grid antenna is realized, and the space between the arrays in the general array design is 0.5lambda 0 (λ 0 Air wavelength), avoiding the radiation edge spacing of the traditional grid antennaExcessive size causes grating lobes problems in array design. A patch unit is added in a blank area in the middle of the grid unit, and a connection section between the patch unit and the grid unit forms a series patch antenna, so that the antenna area is effectively utilized, and two radiation units generate two resonant mode radiation with different frequencies to realize bandwidth expansion. Zero filling is carried out on an array directional diagram through beam forming design, blind spot-free detection of the radar within a range of +/-60 degrees is achieved, the directional diagram has a flat shoulder-shaped characteristic, and therefore the multiple divided fields of view can meet detection requirements of the radar on targets with different ranges and different sizes.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized by being composed of three layers of dielectric materials and four layers of metals. The metal layers include a radiation layer, an antenna reflection layer, a stripline feed layer, and a bottom floor layer. The radiation layer is etched with an array of four or more combined antennas, each of which is symmetrical about the center line of the array. According to the number of array elements and the required number of multiple fields of view, specific array spacing, feed amplitude and phase distribution can be obtained through the design of array beam forming, so that the directional diagram has a 'flat shoulder' shape.
The invention provides an antenna, which is characterized in that the combined antenna is composed of two radiation units of grid units and patch units, and comprises more than two identical grid radiation units which are equidistantly arranged, and the space between radiation edges is reduced to 0.3lambda by replacing the non-radiation edges of the grid units with curved arcs from traditional straight lines 0 (λ 0 Air wavelength), the antenna size is reduced, and the array spacing of 0.5lambda in the general array design is satisfied 0 The grid lobe problem of the traditional grid antenna caused by overlarge space between radiating edges in array design is avoided. The microstrip line with the same width is replaced by the gradual change microstrip line on the radiation side, wherein the minimum linewidth is consistent with the linewidth of the non-radiation side, the continuity of the microstrip line at the joint of the radiation side and the non-radiation side is ensured, and the matching and radiation performance can be improved by adjusting the maximum linewidth. The inter-unit connection sections also have a radiating effect, so that the length and width are consistent with the radiating edges. The patch units are added in the blank area in the middle of the grid unit and are non-radiative with the grid through microstrip linesThe edges are connected and form a series patch antenna with the inter-unit connection section, so that the antenna area is effectively utilized. Because the area in the middle of the grid unit is smaller, the resonant mode frequency generated by the patch antenna is slightly higher than that of the grid antenna, so that the two types of radiation units form a combined antenna effect, wherein the patch unit generates high-frequency resonant mode radiation, the grid unit generates low-frequency resonant mode radiation, and the two groups of resonant mode radiation generated widens the working bandwidth of the antenna. The slotted patch units connected in series at the tail ends of the antennas serve as matching loads to improve matching performance. The strip line feed layer adopts a via hole to feed the top radiation layer, and the feed position is bilaterally symmetrical relative to the center of the linear array to realize differential feed. The via hole penetrates through the through hole on the antenna reflecting layer to be connected with the strip line feed layer, and an equivalent electric wall formed by the grounding via hole is arranged near the connection part of the via hole and the strip line feed layer; the strip line feed layer comprises a multi-stage T-shaped power division phase shift network, each stage of power division phase shift network realizes amplitude distribution by means of the line width of an output port and realizes phase distribution by means of additional length. The amplitude and the phase of the array element are distributed according to the forming calculated value through a multistage power division phase shift network, so that the beam forming is realized.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized in that differential feed ensures that the current directions of the radiating edges of the grids are the same, the current directions of the non-radiating edges are opposite, and the via holes are positioned at the intersection points of the non-radiating edges of the grids and the connecting sections between the units and are symmetrical about the center of the combined antenna.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized in that an equivalent electric wall formed by the grounding holes is arranged near the connection part of the via holes and the strip line feed layer, so that the loss of energy in layer change transmission is reduced, and the matching degree of a layer change transition structure can be improved by adjusting the size of the grounding holes and the distance between the grounding via holes.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized in that each stage of T-shaped power division structure comprises a quarter wavelength line segment and a chamfer angle, and is used for improving the port matching condition.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized in that the T-shaped power division structure input strip line is matched with the chip output. The tail end of the device can be connected with a feeder line led out from a chip pin through a layer-changing transition structure.
The antenna provided by the invention is characterized in that the whole structure can be realized by adopting a low-temperature co-firing ceramic process or a multilayer printed circuit board process.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. through wave beam forming design, the array direction diagram has a plurality of 'flat shoulder' shape characteristics, at + -60 DEG
Zero points do not exist in the range, and no blind area exists in beam coverage. Multiple fields of view divided by the flat shoulder can meet the requirement that the radar detects targets in different ranges simultaneously. The function which can be realized by a plurality of arrays with different scales in a time-sharing way can be realized by a beam forming array fed by a single link, thereby greatly reducing the requirement of an antenna on the number of links of a receiving and transmitting chip and the difficulty of signal processing
2. The radiation edge distance of the miniaturized grid antenna is shortened to 0.3lambda 0 (λ 0 Air wavelength), satisfying 0.5λ for a typical array design 0 The array element spacing requirement avoids grating lobe problems in the design of the array caused by oversized H surface of the traditional grid line array. Compared with the traditional grid antenna with the same array element number, the beam width is wider, and the method is more suitable for radar to perform large-range target detection.
3. And patch units are added in a blank area in the middle of the grid unit to form a series patch antenna, and two types of units are utilized to generate resonant mode radiation with different frequencies to realize bandwidth expansion, so that the stability of radar performance in a wide-band range is ensured, and the antenna area is effectively utilized.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a structure of a multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a top view of a radiation layer of a multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a side view of a layer-changing transition structure of a multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automobile radar.
Fig. 4 is a top view of a feed layer of a multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a diagram of the simulation result of the pattern of the multi-field array antenna for the millimeter wave automobile radar.
Fig. 6 is a diagram of the impedance bandwidth simulation results of a multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automobile radar according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to examples and drawings, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the examples.
The antenna structure provided by the invention is shown in fig. 1, and the whole structure comprises three layers of dielectric materials and four layers of metals. The metal layer includes a radiation layer, an antenna reflection layer, a strip line feed layer, and a bottom floor layer. The radiation layer is formed by etching an array of four or more combined antennas with an array pitch d as shown in FIG. 2 1 、d 2 、d 3 、d 4 And the feeding amplitude and the feeding phase are symmetrical about the central line of the array, and specific array spacing, feeding amplitude and phase distribution can be obtained by shaping the array beam according to the number of array elements and the number of required multiple fields of view, so that the directional diagram has a 'flat shoulder' shape. The combined antenna is composed of two types of radiation units, including more than two identical grid radiation units arranged equidistantly, and the distance between radiation edges is reduced to 0.3λ by replacing the non-radiation edge (11) of the grid unit with a curved arc 0 (λ 0 For air wavelength), the antenna size is reduced, and the space between arrays of a common array design is 0.5lambda 0 The grid lobe problem of the traditional grid antenna caused by overlarge space between radiating edges in array design is avoided. The radiating edge replaces the traditional microstrip line with the same width by the gradual change type microstrip line, and the purpose is to reduce the mismatch caused by the discontinuity of the microstrip line at the joint of the radiating edge and the non-radiating edge. The inter-unit connection section is consistent with the radiating edge in size, which has the advantage of facilitating processing. A patch unit is added in a blank area in the middle of the grid unit and is not connected with the grid through a microstrip lineThe radiating edges are connected and form a series patch antenna with the inter-unit connection section, so that the purpose of improving the area utilization rate of the antenna is achieved. Since the radiation principles of the two types of radiation units are slit radiation, and the middle area of the grid is smaller, the patch unit working frequency is slightly higher than that of the grid unit, and therefore the two types of radiation units form a combined antenna effect. By adjusting the unit operating frequency, the resulting two sets of resonant mode radiation broaden the antenna operating bandwidth. In this embodiment, the low-frequency resonant mode radiation frequency generated by the grid unit is 78GHz, and the high-frequency resonant mode radiation frequency generated by the patch unit is 83GHz.
The antenna adopts Kong Kuidian, the feed point is bilaterally symmetrical about the center of the linear array to meet the symmetry of the directional diagram, and the intersection point of the non-radiation side of the grid and the connecting section between the units is generally selected. The via hole passes through the through hole on the antenna reflecting layer and is connected with the strip line feed layer, wherein the via hole and the through hole form a 50 omega coaxial line filled with dielectric materials. The strip line feeder layer is formed by the equivalent electric wall formed by the grounding holes near the joint of the via holes and the feeder layer as shown in fig. 3, and the loss and mismatch phenomenon of energy in layer change transmission can be reduced by adjusting the size of the grounding holes and the spacing of the grounding via holes. The power division phase-shifting feed network comprises a multi-stage T-shaped power division phase-shifting structure, and as shown in fig. 4, each stage of power division phase-shifting structure realizes amplitude distribution by means of line width of an output port and phase distribution by means of additional length. The amplitude and the phase of the array element are distributed according to the forming calculated value through a multistage power division structure, so that the beam forming is realized. The parasitic loss of the power division phase-shifting feed network is reduced by adopting the shortest power division path, the matching characteristic is improved, and the beam forming effect is ensured. The input part of the power division phase-shifting feed network is a 50 omega strip line, and signal wires led out from the front end chip can be connected through a layer-changing transition structure, so that the antenna and the chip are possibly expanded into a packaged antenna after being designed and integrally packaged, unlike the circuit board technology adopted by the common vehicle-mounted radar antenna.
An example of application of the antenna: in order not to lose generality, all dimensions of this example are for a dielectric wavelength λ of 79GHz of the antenna center frequency g Normalized to electrical length, calculating the phase of array spacing and each array element amplitudeBit distributions are not included in the embodiments. As shown in FIG. 2, the array is composed of eight combined antennas and is symmetrical about the array centerline 10, d 1 、d 2 、d 3 And d 4 Respectively 1.61 lambda g 、1.1λ g 、1.03λ g And lambda (lambda) g . Each combined antenna is composed of six grid units with the same size, wherein the grid non-radiating edge 11 is composed of four sections of semicircular arcs, the impedance of the arcs is 75Ω, and the radius is 0.08λ g A stretched total length of lambda g The radiation edge distance is 1.16λ g Reduced to 0.68λ g (0.28λ 0 ) The following are set forth; the maximum width of the radiating edge 12 corresponds to a characteristic impedance of 55.4Ω and a length of 0.64λ g The size of the connecting section between two adjacent units is consistent with the length and width of the radiating edge. The length and width of the mesh intermediate patch unit 14 are respectively 0.26 lambda g And 0.16λ g The end-loaded absorbent load patch 15 had a length and width of 0.32λ, respectively g And 0.21 lambda g . As shown in FIG. 3, the distance between the via hole and the center of the linear array is 2.9λ g The via 6 and the antenna reflection stratum via 7 both form a dielectric material filled 50Ω coaxial line. As shown in fig. 4, the ground hole 8 has a radius of 0.21λ around the position of the via hole 6 g An equivalent electric wall is formed. The power division phase-shifting feed network comprises four-stage power division phase-shifting structures, wherein all the power division phase-shifting structures are T-shaped equal power dividers, and output port phase difference is realized through additional length, wherein the electric length difference of the two power dividers 20 of the last stage is 0.08λ from inside to outside respectively g 、1.35λ g The second last stage power divider 19 has an electrical length difference of 0.135 lambda g . The first stage power divider 17 has an electrical length difference of 0.5λ g The differential feed is realized by dividing the energy of the input port into two parts with equal and opposite amplitude. At this time, the two middle array elements are zero phase points, the amplitude of each array element from outside to inside is equal, and the phase distribution is 75 degrees, 25 degrees, 10 degrees and 0 degrees. The whole structure is realized by adopting an LTCC process, and the medium is FerroA6M-E ceramic material (epsilon) r =5.7±0.2, tan δ=0.002), the dielectric layer thickness was 96 μm, and the metal layer thickness was 8 μm.
Fig. 5 shows the results of directional pattern simulation of the azimuth plane (the plane along the non-radiating side direction of the grid and perpendicular to the structure) and the elevation plane (the plane along the radiating side direction of the grid and perpendicular to the structure) of the present antenna. The result shows that the azimuth plane directional diagram of the array antenna after the shaping design has the characteristic of double flat shoulders, so that three fields of view are divided into the range of +/-8 degrees, +/-21 degrees and +/-44 degrees respectively, wherein the maximum gain is 19dB, and the field of view is the narrowest, so that long-distance large-target detection can be realized; the widest view field range is + -44 degrees, the gain is larger than 5dB, and the short-distance small target detection can be realized. The side lobe level of the pitching surface is lower than-14 dB, the symmetry of the directional diagram is good, zero points are not arranged in the range of +/-60 degrees of the azimuth surface, and the radar can realize non-blind area detection.
Fig. 6 shows the simulation results of the antenna impedance bandwidth of the inventive patent design. The result shows that the antenna impedance bandwidth can completely cover the currently formulated millimeter wave 76-81GHz vehicle-mounted radar frequency band.
The patent of the invention can be better realized as described above. The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art can make different modifications, for example, using different shape and different size radiators to replace the grid radiating edge and patch, so as to obtain a functional antenna with wide impedance band and low side lobe; the antenna feed structure may be a microstrip line, a substrate integrated waveguide, a coplanar waveguide, or the like.
Claims (5)
1. A multi-view field array antenna for millimeter wave automobile radar is characterized by comprising three layers of dielectric materials (1) and four layers of metals; the metal layer comprises a radiation layer (2), an antenna reflection layer (3), a strip line feed layer (4) and a bottom floor layer (5);
the radiation layer (2) is etched with an array formed by four or more combined antennas (9), and the combined antennas are symmetrical about an array center line (10); according to the number of array elements and the number of required multiple fields of view, specific array spacing, feed amplitude and phase distribution are obtained through the design of array beam forming, so that the directional diagram has a 'flat shoulder' characteristic;
the combined antenna (9) is composed of two types of radiation units, namely a grid unit and a patch unit, and comprises more than two identical grid radiation units which are equidistantly arranged, the distance between the radiation sides is reduced to be below 0.3λ0 by replacing the non-radiation sides (11) of the grid units with curved arcs from traditional straight lines, λ0 is the air wavelength, the size reduction of the antenna is realized, the requirement that the distance between the array design arrays is 0.5λ0 is met, and the problem that grating lobes appear in the array design of the traditional grid antenna due to overlarge distance between the radiation sides is avoided; the radiating edge (12) replaces the traditional microstrip line with the same width by the gradual change microstrip line, wherein the minimum linewidth is consistent with the linewidth of the non-radiating edge, the continuity of the microstrip line at the joint of the radiating edge and the non-radiating edge is ensured, and the matching and radiating performance is improved by adjusting the maximum linewidth; the inter-unit connection sections (13) also have a radiation effect, so that the length and the width are consistent with the radiation edges; a patch unit (14) is added in a blank area in the middle of the grid unit, and is connected with the non-radiation side of the grid through a microstrip line, and a series patch antenna is formed by the connection section between the patch units, so that the antenna area is effectively utilized; because the area in the middle of the grid unit is smaller, the resonant mode frequency generated by the patch antenna is slightly higher than that of the grid antenna, so that the two types of radiation units form a combined antenna effect, wherein the patch unit generates high-frequency resonant mode radiation, the grid unit generates low-frequency resonant mode radiation, and the two groups of resonant mode radiation generated widens the working bandwidth of the antenna; the slotted patch unit (15) connected with the tail ends of the antennas in series is used as a matching load to improve matching performance;
the strip line feed layer (4) feeds the top radiation layer (2) by adopting a via hole (6), and the position of the via hole (6) is positioned at the intersection point of the grid non-radiation side and the connecting section between the units and is bilaterally symmetrical relative to the linear array center (16) to realize differential feed; the via hole (6) passes through a through hole (7) on the antenna reflecting layer and is connected with the strip line feed layer (4), and an equivalent electric wall (8) formed by the grounding via hole is arranged near the connection part of the via hole (6) and the strip line feed layer (4) and is used for reducing the loss of energy during layer change transmission; the strip line feed layer comprises multi-stage T-shaped power division phase shifting structures (17), (18), (19) and (20), wherein each stage of power division phase shifting structure realizes amplitude distribution by means of line width of an output port and phase distribution by means of additional length; the multi-stage power division phase shift structure ensures that the amplitude and the phase of the array element are distributed according to the wave beam forming calculation value, thereby realizing wave beam forming.
2. A multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar as defined in claim 1 wherein the differential feed ensures that the grid radiating side currents are in the same direction and the non-radiating side currents are in opposite directions.
3. A multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar according to claim 1, characterized in that each stage of T-shaped power splitting structure comprises a quarter wavelength line segment (21) and a chamfer (22) for improving port matching.
4. A multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automotive radar according to claim 3, characterized in that the T-shaped power splitting structure input stripline (23) matches the chip output; the tail end of the chip is connected with a feeder line led out from a chip pin through a layer-changing transition structure.
5. The multi-field array antenna for a millimeter wave automobile radar according to claim 1, wherein the overall structure is realized by a low-temperature co-fired ceramic process or a multi-layer printed circuit board process.
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| CN113725601A (en) | 2021-11-30 |
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