CN113722964A - Casting simulation method - Google Patents

Casting simulation method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113722964A
CN113722964A CN202111034513.0A CN202111034513A CN113722964A CN 113722964 A CN113722964 A CN 113722964A CN 202111034513 A CN202111034513 A CN 202111034513A CN 113722964 A CN113722964 A CN 113722964A
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casting
pouring
cast
simulation
procast
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Inventor
邱鹏
邱中浩
郑福雨
苏成辉
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Hohai University HHU
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Hohai University HHU
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
    • B22C9/082—Sprues, pouring cups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
    • B22C9/086—Filters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
    • B22C9/088—Feeder heads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D46/00—Controlling, supervising, not restricted to casting covered by a single main group, e.g. for safety reasons

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a casting simulation method, which adopts casting simulation software ProCast to carry out simulation analysis on a nodular cast iron support, and sequentially carries out the steps of pouring system design, three-dimensional modeling, grid division, parameter setting, simulation result primary analysis, pouring system optimization, simulation result secondary analysis and the like. According to the invention, the casting simulation software is used for analyzing the casting mold filling result, so that a pouring system with a better scheme is designed, the trial casting cost can be reduced, the production period of parts is shortened, the defects are reduced, the technological performance of the parts and the quality of the support casting are ensured, qualified products are obtained, and the requirement on the technological performance of the support is met.

Description

Casting simulation method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of sand casting, in particular to a casting simulation method.
Background
The nodular cast iron support is used for supporting and fixing appliance parts and belongs to a medium-sized casting. The support is a part commonly used in mechanical engineering, the working environment of the support is complex, the support is acted by forces in various directions, the compression action of axial force is the most influential to the support among the forces, and in order to prevent the support from being cracked or damaged by the axial force, the support is required to be free from being damaged by pressure in the working process when the material is selected for pouring and processing. The casting is used as the part blank, so that the material consumption and the material wasted by secondary cutting can be reduced, the material is saved, and the economical efficiency is greatly improved. When a casting part is cast, the casting process, particularly the design of a gating system, must be strictly set, and the product yield is directly influenced. Meanwhile, the support part is subjected to effective casting process design, so that the support part can effectively meet the practical standard, and the economy and the practicability are improved.
The sand casting has low production cost and is widely applied to casting parts. However, conventionally, trial casting is repeated under actual casting conditions, and the mode of re-modifying the scheme wastes a large amount of manpower, material resources and capital, and has low production efficiency and high production cost. Under the industrial background of putting into production benefits, the simulation of the mold filling process of a to-be-cast part in advance by using casting simulation software becomes a popular trend in the casting industry at present. The ductile iron casting is easy to oxidize and carry out secondary slagging, the flowing and mold filling process is poor, and the tendency of shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity is large. If before actual casting, a better pouring scheme is reasonably designed by utilizing the analysis of casting simulation software, the generation of defects is reduced, the process yield is improved, the trial casting cost is reduced, the production period of parts is shortened, the process performance of the parts is ensured, and the quality of support castings is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to design pouring type, pouring time, pouring area, pouring cup, filter screen, riser and chill according to the structural characteristics of parts to be cast, and finally determine the optimal process of the nodular cast iron support piece by combining the analysis of the simulation result of casting simulation software ProCast.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a casting simulation method comprising the steps of:
step 1) designing a pouring system according to the structural characteristics of a part to be cast, wherein the pouring system comprises a pouring type, pouring time, areas of pouring gates, a pouring cup and a filter screen;
step 2) utilizing Solid Works three-dimensional modeling software to draw a part to be cast and the three-dimensional Solid model of the pouring system designed in the step 1);
step 3) carrying out grid division on the three-dimensional solid model in the step 2) by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software mesh module;
step 4) setting parameters of pouring temperature, pouring time, materials of each part and heat exchange coefficients of the part to be cast in ProCast casting simulation software;
and 5) carrying out simulation analysis on the sand casting and mold filling process by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module.
Specifically, the specific implementation method of step 1) is as follows: selecting a pouring type, a pouring cup and a filter screen according to the casting characteristics of the part to be cast; obtaining pouring time according to a pouring time empirical formula of a part to be cast; areas of ingates, runners and sprues are determined by a flow-resisting interface design method.
Specifically, the three-dimensional solid model drawn in the step 2) is converted into an x _ t format and then is imported into casting simulation software ProCast for grid division.
Specifically, in the step 5), the speed field in the sand casting and mold filling process, the temperature field in the solidification process, the solidification field, the shrinkage cavity and the shrinkage porosity defects are subjected to result analysis.
Step 5) is preferably followed by:
and 6) optimizing the gating system according to the simulation result, and setting a riser and a chill. And (3) performing final defect analysis on the optimized scheme by using a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module so as to obtain an optimal pouring system, and being beneficial to obtaining qualified products with compact tissues and excellent process performance.
As an embodiment, a method of casting a spheroidal graphite cast iron bearing includes the steps of:
step 1) designing a pouring system according to the structural characteristics of a part to be cast, wherein the pouring system comprises a pouring type, pouring time, areas of pouring gates, a pouring cup and a filter screen; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1) selecting a bottom pouring system according to the casting characteristics of the nodular iron castings, and selecting a pool type pouring cup;
1.2) obtaining the pouring time of 15s according to an empirical formula of the pouring time of the nodular cast iron;
1.3) calculating to obtain the areas of the sprue, the ingate and the cross gate which are respectively 21cm according to a flow resisting interface design method2、8cm2、12cm2；
1.4) selecting a foam type ceramic filter according to the characteristics of slag inclusion defects in the casting process of the nodular iron casting;
step 2) utilizing Solid Works three-dimensional modeling software to draw a part to be cast and the pouring system designed in the step 1) in a three-dimensional entity manner, and after the drawing is finished, converting the part to be cast into a file with an x _ t format and importing the file into casting simulation software ProCast;
step 3) carrying out grid division on the three-dimensional model by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software mesh module, firstly drawing a box body outside a three-dimensional entity, then dividing a two-dimensional grid, checking and repairing grid defects, and dividing the three-dimensional grid after repairing;
step 4) setting parameters of pouring temperature, pouring time, materials of all parts and heat exchange coefficients of parts to be cast in ProCast casting simulation software, and selecting the pouring temperature of 1340 +/-5 ℃ according to the melting point of nodular cast iron; inputting the pouring time 15s according to the calculation result of the step 1.2); the casting is made of QT500-7, and the sand mold is resin sand; the heat exchange coefficient is set according to the type of the contact surface, and the heat exchange coefficient between the sand mold and the casting in the embodiment is 500W/(m)2·K)；
And 5) utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module to perform result analysis on a speed field in the sand casting and mold filling process, a temperature field in the solidification process, a solidification field, shrinkage cavities and shrinkage porosity defects.
According to the simulation results of insufficient casting and difficult feeding at the top of the support, a riser is added at the top of the support to feed the casting, and according to the simulation result of slow solidification at the thick wall of the flange, a chill is placed at the thick wall of the flange.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, the casting simulation software is used for analyzing the casting mold filling result, so that a pouring system with a better scheme is designed, the trial casting cost can be reduced, the production period of parts is shortened, the defects are reduced, the technological performance of the parts and the quality of the support casting are ensured, qualified products are obtained, and the requirement on the technological performance of the support is met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a casting simulation of an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional solid model of the spheroidal graphite cast iron support of the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional solid model of the nodular cast iron support and the gating system according to the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the grid division of the nodular cast iron support and the gating system according to the embodiment;
FIG. 5 shows a sand casting mold filling process in the casting simulation software; wherein 5a shows the mold filling at 1.85s, 5b shows the mold filling at 5.75s, 5c shows the mold filling at 9.24s, 5d shows the mold filling at 9.64s, and 5e shows the mold filling at 13.04 s;
FIG. 6 shows a temperature field;
FIG. 7 shows a coagulation field;
FIG. 8 shows shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity defect distribution;
FIG. 9 shows the mounting positions of the risers and chills;
FIG. 10 shows the gating system after optimization.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 2, the present embodiment takes a nodular cast iron support as an example to illustrate the method.
Referring to fig. 1, the casting simulation method according to the present invention includes the following steps:
step 1) designing a pouring system according to the structural characteristics of a part to be cast, wherein the pouring system comprises a pouring type, pouring time, areas of pouring gates, a pouring cup and a filter screen.
1.1) selecting a pouring type according to the casting characteristics of the nodular iron casting: molten metal of the nodular iron casting is easy to oxidize and carry out secondary slagging, the molten iron is sticky, the flowing and filling capacity is poor, the shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity tendency are high, and oxide skin slag inclusion and subcutaneous blowholes are easy to generate. The support belongs to a medium-sized nodular iron casting, and is cast in a leaky ladle with good heat insulation performance and strong slag resistance in order to reduce the influence of oxidation in the casting process and improve the slag blocking capability of a casting system; the wall thickness of the maximum cross section of the support and the flange are important working surfaces and contact surfaces, the casting quality is emphatically ensured, no casting defects are ensured, the large plane is ensured to face downwards during pouring, the filling stability is strived to be realized, and therefore a bottom pouring type pouring system is adopted. According to the characteristic that the ductile cast iron is easy to slag, the pouring cup is in a tank shape, the depth of liquid in the tank-shaped pouring cup is large, and the horizontal vortex can be prevented from being generated to form a vertical vortex, so that the slag and the air bubbles can be separated, and the slag blocking effect is good.
1.2) empirical formula tau AG based on the casting time of nodular cast ironnAnd obtaining the pouring time. Wherein tau is the pouring time; g is the quality of the casting or the pouring metal; A. n is a coefficient, and A is 2.5-3.5 according to the material of the casting; n is 0.33. In this example, the pouring time was calculated to be 15 seconds.
1.3) considering the convenience of molding and stripping, the gating system adopts the buried pipe molding, and the cross-sectional area ratio of the sprue, the ingate and the cross gate, namely the sprue ratio, selects sigma AStraight bar：∑AHorizontal bar：∑AInner part1: 1.2: 1.5, the molten metal is flushed into the die cavity from the bottom, wherein AStraight bar、AHorizontal bar、AInner partRepresenting the cross-sectional area of the sprue, the cross-sectional area of the cross-runner, and the cross-sectional area of the ingate, respectively.
By adopting a flow-resisting interface design method, for a bottom pouring type pouring mode, the calculation formula of the average static head height is as follows
Figure BDA0003246556300000041
Wherein HPCalculating the pressure head height for the average; h0The total height of the casting (cavity) is 600mm in the embodiment; p is the cavity height above the choke, 274mm in this embodiment.
Substituting the formula:
Figure BDA0003246556300000051
the area of the runner with the smallest cross section is obtained.
Wherein A isResistance deviceThe minimum cross-sectional area of the casting system; gLIs flowed through AResistance deviceTotal weight of molten metal of the cross section; t is the pouring time; mu is the flow loss coefficient.
The smallest cross-sectional area of the sprue, namely A, is known from the sprue ratioResistance device＝AStraight barThen, the cross-sectional areas of the horizontal pouring channel and the inner pouring channel are sequentially obtained according to the pouring gate ratio.
1.4) the casting process has strict requirements on the slag inclusion defect of the casting, so that molten metal should be filtered in the pouring process. In the embodiment, the filter screen is a foam ceramic filter, so that the flow mode of the molten metal has turbulent flow and laminar flow, and the possibility of further oxidation of the filtered metal is reduced.
2) And (3) utilizing Solid Works three-dimensional modeling software to carry out three-dimensional entity drawing on the parts to be cast and the pouring system obtained by the design in the step 1), and importing the parts to be cast and the pouring system into casting simulation software ProCast by converting the parts into x _ t format files after drawing is finished, as shown in figure 3.
3) And (3) carrying out grid division on the three-dimensional model by using a ProCast casting simulation software mesh module, firstly drawing a box body outside the three-dimensional entity, then dividing a two-dimensional grid, checking and repairing grid defects, and dividing the three-dimensional grid after repairing, as shown in figure 4.
4) And (3) setting parameters of pouring temperature, pouring time, materials of all parts and heat exchange coefficients of the part to be cast in ProCast casting simulation software. Selecting the pouring temperature of 1340 +/-5 ℃ according to the melting point of the nodular cast iron; inputting the pouring time 15s according to the calculation result of the step 1.2); the casting is made of QT500-7, and the sand mold is resin sand(ii) a The heat exchange coefficient is set according to the type of the contact surface, and the heat exchange coefficient between the sand mold and the casting in the embodiment is 500W/(m)2·K)。
5) And (4) performing simulation analysis on the sand casting mold filling process by using a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module.
5.1) filling type velocity field analysis: judging the mold filling sequence according to the mold filling speed of each part of the casting, judging whether the mold filling is stable or not, and generating the condition of splashing due to impact on the sand mold caused by high flow speed.
As shown in fig. 5, the pedestal filling process is performed. The total time from the metal liquid entering the cavity to the full filling is 13.04s, which is close to the theoretical calculation time. When the mold is filled for 1.85s, the molten metal begins to enter the bottom of the support; when the casting mold is filled for 5.75s, the flow velocity of the molten metal at the junction between the bottom and the left side of the side wall is faster, about 0.8m/s, and it can be seen from the figure that the molten metal in the region with the fast flow velocity is lower, the molten metal on the two sides is higher, the casting mold is not stable, and the air entrainment phenomenon can be generated to cause defects, which has a crucial influence on the final hole defect distribution of the casting; when the mold is filled for 9.24s, the bottom of the casting support is basically filled; when the mold is filled for 9.64s, the molten metal is filled to the side wall, so that the liquid level is relatively flat, the mold filling is relatively stable, and the phenomena of splashing and gas entrainment of the molten metal are avoided; and when the mold filling is finished at 13.04s, the process is explained to adopt a bottom pouring type pouring system. The overall filling effect is good.
5.2) temperature field analysis: and observing the positions of the thermal junctions according to the temperature of each part of the casting, and judging the positions of the defects. As shown in FIG. 6, the temperature of the flange at the bottom of the support and the temperature of the flange at the top of the support are high, thermal nodes exist, and defects can occur.
5.3) analysis of the solidification field: observing whether the casting solidification sequence is from bottom to top; and observing the final solidification position so as to judge the position of the casting where feeding is difficult. As shown in fig. 7, the sides and top of the flange at the bottom of the pedestal set late and defects may occur.
5.4) shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity analysis: it can be judged that shrinkage cavities and shrinkage porosity exist on two sides of the flange plate at the bottom of the support and the top of the support, as shown in fig. 8.
And 6) optimizing the gating system according to the simulation result. According to the analysis result of the step 5), feeding is performed on the casting by adding a dead head under the conditions of insufficient casting at the top of the support and difficult feeding, so that the gradual compactness is improved; because the support has thick wall because of bearing, the ring flange solidification of thick wall department need place the chill partially to improve the solidification order of foundry goods relatively slowly, makes the foundry goods realize the order solidification from bottom to top. Fig. 9 shows the optimized post-gating system riser and chill position.
And 7) carrying out final defect analysis on the optimized scheme by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module, thereby obtaining an optimal pouring system and being beneficial to obtaining qualified products with compact tissues and excellent process performance. As shown in fig. 10, after optimization, defects are concentrated on the feeder head, the feeder head can be cut off through subsequent machining, the overall quality of the support is not affected, and it is illustrated that four corners of the bottom of the support are additionally provided with the chills to increase the cooling speed of the whole bottom, which is beneficial to improving the solidification sequence of castings and increasing the feeding effect of the feeder head, so that a compact structure is obtained.
The present specification and figures are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it is intended that all such alterations and modifications that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention, and that all such modifications and variations are included within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims without the use of inventive faculty.

Claims (7)

1. A casting simulation method, characterized by: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1) designing a pouring system according to the structural characteristics of a part to be cast, wherein the pouring system comprises a pouring type, pouring time, areas of pouring gates, a pouring cup and a filter screen;
step 2) utilizing Solid Works three-dimensional modeling software to draw a part to be cast and the three-dimensional Solid model of the pouring system designed in the step 1);
step 3) carrying out grid division on the three-dimensional solid model in the step 2) by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software mesh module;
step 4) setting parameters of pouring temperature, pouring time, materials of each part and heat exchange coefficients of the part to be cast in ProCast casting simulation software;
and 5) carrying out simulation analysis on the sand casting and mold filling process by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module.
2. A casting simulation method according to claim 1, wherein: the specific implementation method of the step 1) is as follows: selecting a pouring type, a pouring cup and a filter screen according to the casting characteristics of the part to be cast; obtaining pouring time according to a pouring time empirical formula of a part to be cast; areas of ingates, runners and sprues are determined by a flow-resisting interface design method.
3. A casting simulation method according to claim 1, wherein: converting the three-dimensional solid model drawn in the step 2) into an x _ t format, and then importing the three-dimensional solid model into casting simulation software ProCast for grid division.
4. A casting simulation method according to claim 1, wherein: and 5) carrying out result analysis on the speed field in the sand casting and mold filling process, the temperature field in the solidification process, the solidification field, the shrinkage cavity and the shrinkage porosity defects.
5. A casting simulation method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: step 5) is followed by:
and 6) optimizing the gating system according to the simulation result, and setting a riser and a chill.
6. A method for casting a nodular cast iron support is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1) designing a pouring system according to the structural characteristics of a part to be cast, wherein the pouring system comprises a pouring type, pouring time, areas of pouring gates, a pouring cup and a filter screen; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1) selecting a bottom pouring system according to the casting characteristics of the nodular iron castings, and selecting a pool type pouring cup;
1.2) obtaining the pouring time of 15s according to an empirical formula of the pouring time of the nodular cast iron;
1.3) calculating to obtain the areas of the sprue, the ingate and the cross gate which are respectively 21cm according to a flow resisting interface design method2、8cm2、12cm2；
1.4) selecting a foam type ceramic filter according to the characteristics of slag inclusion defects in the casting process of the nodular iron casting;
step 2) utilizing Solid Works three-dimensional modeling software to draw a part to be cast and the pouring system designed in the step 1) in a three-dimensional entity manner, and after the drawing is finished, converting the part to be cast into a file with an x _ t format and importing the file into casting simulation software ProCast;
step 3) carrying out grid division on the three-dimensional model by utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software mesh module, firstly drawing a box body outside a three-dimensional entity, then dividing a two-dimensional grid, checking and repairing grid defects, and dividing the three-dimensional grid after repairing;
step 4) setting parameters of pouring temperature, pouring time, materials of all parts and heat exchange coefficients of parts to be cast in ProCast casting simulation software, and selecting the pouring temperature of 1340 +/-5 ℃ according to the melting point of nodular cast iron; inputting the pouring time 15s according to the calculation result of the step 1.2); the casting is made of QT500-7, and the sand mold is resin sand; the heat exchange coefficient is set according to the type of the contact surface, and the heat exchange coefficient between the sand mold and the casting in the embodiment is 500W/(m)2·K)；
And 5) utilizing a ProCast casting simulation software viewer module to perform result analysis on a speed field in the sand casting and mold filling process, a temperature field in the solidification process, a solidification field, shrinkage cavities and shrinkage porosity defects.
7. The method of casting a spheroidal graphite cast iron seat according to claim 6, wherein: according to the simulation results of insufficient casting and difficult feeding at the top of the support, a riser is added at the top of the support to feed the casting, and according to the simulation result of slow solidification at the thick wall of the flange, a chill is placed at the thick wall of the flange.
CN202111034513.0A 2021-09-03 2021-09-03 Casting simulation method Pending CN113722964A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220143687A1 (en) * 2020-06-23 2022-05-12 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Method for Collecting Parameters for Casting Solidification Simulation and Gridded Design Method for Pouring and Riser System
CN115421460A (en) * 2022-09-15 2022-12-02 重庆大学 Casting residual stress control optimization method based on computer numerical simulation and application
CN115684533A (en) * 2022-09-27 2023-02-03 中机生产力促进中心有限公司 Method for evaluating ductile iron spent fuel transport container casting

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220143687A1 (en) * 2020-06-23 2022-05-12 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Method for Collecting Parameters for Casting Solidification Simulation and Gridded Design Method for Pouring and Riser System
US11638953B2 (en) * 2020-06-23 2023-05-02 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Method for collecting parameters for casting solidification simulation and gridded design method for pouring and riser system
CN115421460A (en) * 2022-09-15 2022-12-02 重庆大学 Casting residual stress control optimization method based on computer numerical simulation and application
CN115684533A (en) * 2022-09-27 2023-02-03 中机生产力促进中心有限公司 Method for evaluating ductile iron spent fuel transport container casting

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