CN113707863B - Hard carbon composite material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

Hard carbon composite material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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CN113707863B
CN113707863B CN202110990791.7A CN202110990791A CN113707863B CN 113707863 B CN113707863 B CN 113707863B CN 202110990791 A CN202110990791 A CN 202110990791A CN 113707863 B CN113707863 B CN 113707863B
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hard carbon
carbon composite
composite material
solvent
binder
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CN113707863A (en
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赵晓锋
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Svolt Energy Technology Co Ltd
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Svolt Energy Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2022/080885 priority patent/WO2023024488A1/en
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Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a hard carbon composite material and a preparation method and application thereof. The hard carbon composite material has a core-shell structure, wherein the core comprises hard carbon doped with nitrogen elements, and the shell comprises a phosphorus-containing compound; the mass of the inner core is 1% -10% of that of the outer shell. The inner shell of the hard carbon composite material is doped with nitrogen element to improve the conductivity of the composite material; the shell is doped with the phosphorus-containing compound, the specific capacity and the first efficiency of the composite material are improved by depending on the high specific capacity of the phosphorus element, and meanwhile, the specific surface area of the porous structure of the inner core is reduced by coating the phosphorus-containing compound on the shell, so that the whole specific surface area of the hard carbon composite material is reduced. Through the matching of the inner core and the outer shell, the obtained hard carbon composite material has excellent electrochemical performance.

Description

Hard carbon composite material and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a hard carbon composite material and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The hard carbon is pyrolytic carbon of high molecular polymer, is difficult to graphitize, and has a mutually staggered layered structure, so that lithium ions can be inserted and extracted from various angles, and the charging and discharging speed is greatly improved; compared with graphite materials, the low-temperature performance and rate capability of the graphite material are also obviously improved. However, the hard carbon material generally has a low specific capacity and a low first efficiency, and meanwhile, the hard carbon material also has the disadvantages of too high electrode potential, potential hysteresis, first irreversible property and the like, so that the large-scale application of the hard carbon material is limited. The doping modification is one of measures for improving the specific capacity of the material and reducing the resistance, but the hard carbon modified material in the prior art has the problems of small multiplying power improvement amplitude, high voltage platform, low first efficiency and to-be-improved cycle performance.
In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention relates to a hard carbon composite material, which has a core-shell structure, wherein the core of the hard carbon composite material comprises hard carbon doped with nitrogen, and the shell of the hard carbon composite material comprises a phosphorus-containing compound;
the mass of the inner core is 1% -10% of that of the outer shell.
The invention provides a hard carbon composite material, which aims to solve the problems of small multiplying power improvement amplitude, high voltage platform, low first efficiency and poor cycle performance of the hard carbon composite material in the prior art. According to the invention, the hard carbon core doped with nitrogen element is matched with the shell containing the phosphorus-containing compound, so that the specific capacity and the power performance of the composite material are improved.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a hard carbon composite material as described above, comprising the steps of:
carbonizing a mixture of an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder, a solvent B and a core precursor material;
the preparation method of the inner core precursor material comprises the following steps: a mixture of a resinous raw material, a nitrogen source, an additive and a solvent A is ground and dried, and the resultant is subjected to a heat treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
The preparation method of the hard carbon composite material is simple and easy to implement, and the obtained composite material has excellent conductivity and can improve the cycle performance and rate capability of the lithium ion battery.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a negative electrode comprising a hard carbon composite as described above.
The negative electrode of the invention can endow the lithium ion battery with higher specific capacity and first efficiency.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a lithium ion battery comprising a negative electrode as described above.
The lithium ion battery provided by the invention has excellent specific capacity, first efficiency, cycle performance and rate capability.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The inner shell of the hard carbon composite material is doped with nitrogen element to improve the conductivity of the composite material, and meanwhile, the inner core and the outer shell are connected through a chemical bond, so that the impedance of the composite material is reduced, a charge-discharge voltage platform is reduced, and the specific capacity of the composite material is indirectly improved; the shell is doped with the phosphorus-containing compound, the specific capacity and the first efficiency of the material are improved by means of the high specific capacity of phosphorus, and meanwhile, the specific surface area of the porous structure of the inner core is reduced by coating the shell with the phosphorus-containing compound, and the whole specific surface area of the hard carbon composite material is reduced. Through the matching of the inner core and the outer shell, the obtained hard carbon composite material has excellent electrochemical performance.
(2) The preparation method of the hard carbon composite material is simple and easy to implement, and the obtained composite material has excellent conductivity and can improve the cycle performance and rate capability of the lithium ion battery.
(3) The negative electrode of the invention can endow the lithium ion battery with higher specific capacity and first efficiency.
(4) The lithium ion battery provided by the invention has excellent specific capacity, first efficiency, cycle performance and rate capability.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of a hard carbon composite material prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are conventional products which are commercially available, and are not indicated by manufacturers.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a hard carbon composite having a core-shell structure, the core of the hard carbon composite comprising hard carbon doped with nitrogen element, the shell of the hard carbon composite comprising a phosphorus-containing compound;
the mass of the inner core is 1% -10% of that of the outer shell.
The inner shell of the hard carbon composite material is doped with nitrogen elements to improve the conductivity of the composite material, the porous structure can store more lithium ions and improve the specific capacity, and the porous structure can store more electrolyte to improve the circulation and the rate capability. The shell is doped with the phosphorus-containing compound, the specific capacity and the first efficiency of the material are improved by means of the high specific capacity of phosphorus, and meanwhile, the specific surface area of the porous structure of the inner core is reduced by coating the shell with the phosphorus-containing compound, and the whole specific surface area of the hard carbon composite material is reduced. Namely, the electrochemical performance of the composite material can be further improved by matching the core-shell structure.
In one embodiment, the mass of the inner core is 1% to 10% of the mass of the outer shell, and may alternatively be 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, or 9%.
Preferably, the inner core and the outer shell are connected by a chemical bond.
The inner core and the outer shell of the hard carbon composite material are connected through chemical bonds, so that the impedance of the hard carbon composite material is reduced, a charge-discharge voltage platform is reduced, and the specific capacity of the composite material is indirectly improved.
Preferably, the hard carbon composite has a particle size of 5 to 20 μm.
In one embodiment, the hard carbon composite material has a particle size of 5 to 20 μm, and may be selected from 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, 10 μm, 11 μm, 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, 15 μm, 16 μm, 17 μm, 18 μm, and 19 μm.
Preferably, the inner core is prepared from resin raw materials, a nitrogen source, an additive and a solvent A according to the mass ratio of 100 (1-10) to (0.5-2) to (100-500).
In one embodiment, the mass ratio of the resinous raw material, nitrogen source, additive and solvent a is selected from the group consisting of 100.
Preferably, the nitrogen source comprises at least one of ammonia, aniline, or pyrrole.
The precursor (i.e. nitrogen source) of the nitrogen element doped in the inner shell can be selected from any one or combination of more of ammonia, aniline or pyrrole.
Preferably, the additive comprises at least one of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and ammonium carbonate.
According to the invention, at least one of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and ammonium carbonate is used as a pore-forming agent, so that the inner core of the hard carbon composite material has a porous structure.
Preferably, the resinous material comprises at least one of phenolic resin, epoxy resin and furfural resin.
The present invention employs any one or more of the above-described resin materials as a carbon source to provide a core skeleton.
Preferably, the solvent a includes ethanol and water.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the ethanol to the water is (0.8-1): (0.8-1).
Preferably, the shell is prepared from an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder and a solvent B according to the mass ratio of 100 (5-20) to (1000-5000).
In one embodiment, the mass ratio of the basic phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B can be selected from the group consisting of 100.
Preferably, the alkaline phosphonium salt compound comprises at least one of melamine cyanurate, pentaerythritol melamine phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate and melamine pyrophosphate.
The composite material adopts one or more of melamine cyanurate, pentaerythritol melamine phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate and melamine pyrophosphate to provide a phosphorus-containing compound of the shell, and the specific capacity and the first efficiency of the composite material are improved.
Preferably, the solvent B includes at least one of ethanol, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, N-methylpyrrolidone, and acetone.
Preferably, the binder includes at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber, LA132 binder, LA133 binder, and LA136D binder.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention also relates to a method for preparing the hard carbon composite material, comprising the steps of:
carbonizing a mixture of an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder, a solvent B and a core precursor material;
the preparation method of the inner core precursor material comprises the following steps: a mixture of a resinous raw material, a nitrogen source, an additive and a solvent A is ground and dried, and the resultant is subjected to a heat treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
The preparation method of the hard carbon composite material is simple and feasible, and the core precursor material is obtained by grinding and drying a mixture of the resin raw material, the nitrogen source, the additive and the solvent A and heating the mixture in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; and mixing the core precursor material with an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder and a solvent B to obtain a mixture, and further carbonizing the mixture to obtain the hard carbon composite material. According to the hard carbon composite material obtained by the method, nitrogen is doped in the resin matrix material to reduce impedance, and the surface of the resin matrix material is coated with the phosphorus-containing compound to improve the specific capacity of the material, so that the energy density and the power performance of the composite material are improved.
Preferably, the temperature of the heating treatment is 100-300 ℃, and the time of the heating treatment is 1-24 h.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the heat treatment is 100 to 300 ℃, and 110 ℃, 120 ℃, 130 ℃, 140 ℃, 150 ℃, 160 ℃, 170 ℃, 180 ℃, 190 ℃,200 ℃, 210 ℃, 220 ℃, 230 ℃, 240 ℃, 250 ℃, 260 ℃, 270 ℃, 280 ℃ or 290 ℃ can also be selected.
Preferably, oxygen is introduced at a flow rate of 4 to 6mL/min during the heat treatment.
Preferably, the grinding is ball milling, and the ball milling time is 1-24 h. The rotation speed of the ball mill is 40-60 rpm, and 45rpm, 50rpm or 55rpm can be selected.
In one embodiment, the time for ball milling can be selected from 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h, 9h, 10h, 11h, 12h, 13h, 14h, 15h, 16h, 17h, 18h, 19h, 20h, 21h, 22h or 23h.
According to the invention, the resin raw material, the nitrogen source, the additive and the solvent A are uniformly mixed and then transferred into a ball mill for wet ball milling, so that the components are uniformly mixed, the obtained core structure can be uniformly doped with nitrogen elements, and the conductivity of the composite material is improved.
Preferably, the temperature of the carbonization treatment is 900-1400 ℃, and the time of the carbonization treatment is 1-24 h.
In one embodiment, the temperature of the carbonization treatment is 900 to 1400 ℃, and 950 ℃, 970 ℃, 1000 ℃, 1020 ℃, 1050 ℃, 1070 ℃, 1100 ℃, 1120 ℃, 1150 ℃, 1170 ℃, 1200 ℃, 1220 ℃, 1250 ℃, 1270 ℃, 1300 ℃, 1320 ℃, 1350 ℃, 1370 ℃ or 1400 ℃ may be selected.
In one embodiment, the carbonization time is 1 to 24 hours, and 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, or 23 hours can be selected.
According to the invention, the hard carbon composite material with excellent conductivity and a suitable porous structure can be obtained by adopting a suitable carbonization temperature and time; thereby improving the specific capacity and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery.
Preferably, before the carbonization treatment, the method further comprises drying the mixture of the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder, the solvent B and the core precursor material.
Preferably, the drying process is spray drying.
The method comprises the steps of firstly carrying out spray drying and crushing on a mixture of an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder, a solvent B and a core precursor material, and then carrying out carbonization treatment in an inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon composite material. The inert atmosphere includes argon, helium, neon, and the like.
Preferably, the preparation method of the mixture of the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder, the solvent B and the core precursor material specifically comprises the following steps:
and dispersing the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B to obtain mixed slurry, and uniformly mixing the mixed slurry and the core precursor material.
The invention firstly carries out high-speed dispersion treatment on the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B, fully and uniformly mixes the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B, and then uniformly mixes the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B with the kernel precursor material.
Preferably, the dispersion speed of the dispersion treatment is 1 to 100m/s, and the dispersion time of the dispersion treatment is 10 to 120min.
In one embodiment, the dispersion speed of the dispersion treatment is 1 to 100m/s, and may be selected from 5m/s, 10m/s, 15m/s, 20m/s, 30m/s, 40m/s, 50m/s, 60m/s, 70m/s, 80m/s, or 90m/s. The dispersion time of the dispersion treatment is 10-120 min, and can also be 20min, 30min, 40min, 50min, 60min, 70min, 80min, 90min, 100min or 110min.
Preferably, the solid content of the mixed slurry is 1% to 5%.
In one embodiment, the solid content of the mixed slurry is 1% to 5%, and may be selected to be 2%, 3%, or 4%.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a negative electrode comprising a hard carbon composite as described above.
The hard carbon composite material can be used as a lithium ion battery cathode material alone or combined with other cathode materials to prepare a cathode. The negative electrode comprising the hard carbon composite material can endow the lithium ion battery with high specific capacity and first efficiency.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention also relates to a lithium ion battery comprising a negative electrode as described above.
The lithium ion battery provided by the invention has excellent specific capacity, first efficiency, rate capability and cycle performance.
The present invention will be further explained with reference to specific examples and comparative examples.
Example 1
A preparation method of a hard carbon composite material comprises the following steps:
(a) Adding 100g of phenolic resin, 5g of ammonia water and 1g of sodium carbonate into 300g of mixed solution of ethanol and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethanol to the deionized water is 1;
introducing oxygen into the precursor material A at the flow rate of 5mL/min under the atmosphere containing the oxygen, heating to 200 ℃ and heating for 12h to obtain a core precursor material;
(b) Weighing 100g of melamine cyanurate, 10g of LA133 and 3000g of N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a solution, and then dispersing the solution by a high-speed dispersion machine at a dispersion speed of 50m/s for 60min to obtain a mixed slurry;
(c) And weighing 500g of the core precursor material, adding the core precursor material into the mixed slurry, uniformly stirring, spray-drying, crushing, and carbonizing at 1200 ℃ for 12 hours under an argon inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon composite material.
Example 2
A preparation method of a hard carbon composite material comprises the following steps:
(a) Adding 100g of epoxy resin, 1g of aniline and 0.5g of ammonium bicarbonate into 100mL of mixed solution of ethanol and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethanol to the deionized water is 1;
introducing oxygen into the precursor material A at the flow rate of 5mL/min under the atmosphere containing the oxygen, and heating for 24h at the temperature of 100 ℃ to obtain a core precursor material;
(b) Weighing 100g of pentaerythritol melamine phosphate, 5g of polyvinylidene fluoride and 1000mL of carbon tetrachloride to prepare a solution, and dispersing the solution by a high-speed dispersion machine at a dispersion speed of 10m/s for 120min to obtain a mixed slurry;
(c) And adding 1000g of the core precursor material into the mixed slurry, uniformly stirring, spray-drying, crushing, and carbonizing at 900 ℃ for 24 hours under an inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon composite material.
Example 3
A preparation method of a hard carbon composite material comprises the following steps:
(a) Adding 100g of furfural resin, 10g of thiophene and 2g of ammonium carbonate into 500mL of mixed solution of ethanol and deionized water, wherein the volume ratio of the ethanol to the deionized water is 1;
introducing oxygen into the precursor material A at the flow rate of 5mL/min under the atmosphere containing the oxygen, and heating at the temperature of 300 ℃ for 1h to obtain a core precursor material;
(b) Weighing 100g of ammonium polyphosphate, 20g of styrene butadiene rubber and 5000mL of acetone to prepare a solution, and dispersing the solution by a high-speed dispersion machine at a dispersion speed of 100m/s for 10min to obtain mixed slurry;
(c) And adding the core precursor material into the mixed slurry, uniformly stirring, spray-drying, crushing, and carbonizing at 1400 ℃ for 1h under an argon inert atmosphere to obtain the hard carbon composite material.
Comparative example 1
Mixing 100g of phenolic resin and 25g of ethanol, and uniformly stirring; and then reacting for 6 hours at the temperature of 180 ℃, grinding the mixture into powder by adopting a ball mill, putting the powder into a tubular furnace, introducing argon inert gas, and carrying out heat treatment for 2 hours at the temperature of 1400 ℃ to crack and carbonize the powder to obtain the hard carbon composite material.
Examples of the experiments
1. SEM test
Fig. 1 is an SEM image of the hard carbon composite material prepared in example 1, and it can be seen that the material has a granular structure, a uniform size distribution, and a grain size of 5 to 20 μm.
2. Physicochemical property test of core precursor material
According to the national standard GBT _ 2453332009 graphite-based negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries the specific surface area and pore volume distribution of the core precursor materials of examples 1 to 3 were measured, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 physicochemical Properties of core precursor Material
Figure BDA0003232356370000111
As can be seen from Table 1, the core precursor materials obtained in examples 1-3 of the present invention are superior to comparative example 1 in terms of specific surface area, because the specific surface area and porosity of the material are increased by using the pore-forming agent in the precursor material.
3. And (3) button cell testing:
(1) Testing physicochemical properties and button cells thereof:
the hard carbon composite materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1 were subjected to particle size, true density, tap density, specific surface area, ash content and specific capacity thereof.
The test method refers to GBT-2453332009 graphite cathode materials of lithium ion batteries:
the hard carbon composite materials obtained in the examples 1 to 3 and the comparative example 1 are respectively assembled into button cells A1, A2, A3 and B1; the preparation method comprises the following steps: adding a binder, a conductive agent and a solvent into the negative electrode material, stirring and pulping, coating the mixture on a copper foil, and drying and rolling to obtain the copper foil; the used binder is LA132 binder, the conductive agent is SP, the negative electrode materials are respectively the hard carbon composite materials prepared in examples 1-3 and comparative example 1, and the solvent is secondary distilled water; the using ratio of the negative electrode material, the conductive agent SP, the LA132 adhesive and the secondary distilled water is 95g:1g:4g:220mL, and preparing a negative pole piece; the electrolyte is LiPF 6 EC and DEC (EC and DEC in a volume ratio of 1,lipf 6 The concentration is 1.3 mol/L); the metal lithium sheet is a counter electrode, the diaphragm is made of a Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene propylene (PEP) composite film, the simulated battery is assembled in an argon-filled glove box, the electrochemical performance is performed on a Wuhan blue electricity CT2001A type battery tester, the charging and discharging voltage range is 0.005V-2.0V, and the charging and discharging rate is 0.1C; the multiplying power (3C, 0.1C) and the cycling performance (0.5C/0.5C, 200 times) of the button cell are tested at the same time. The test data are detailed in table 2:
TABLE 2 comparison of physicochemical parameters and Performance
Figure BDA0003232356370000121
Figure BDA0003232356370000131
As can be seen from table 2, the hard carbon materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 have high specific capacity and first efficiency, because the phosphorus compound doped in the hard carbon composite material can increase the specific capacity, and the formed porous structure contains the lithium salt to reduce the irreversible capacity and increase the first efficiency of the material, and meanwhile, the nitrogen element contained in the material can increase the electronic conductivity of the material, thereby improving the rate capability and the cycle performance of the material.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and these modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims (20)

1. A hard carbon composite material, characterized in that the hard carbon composite material has a core-shell structure, the core of the hard carbon composite material comprises hard carbon doped with nitrogen element, and the shell of the hard carbon composite material comprises a phosphorus-containing compound;
the mass of the inner core is 1% -10% of that of the outer shell;
the inner core is prepared from resin raw materials, a nitrogen source, an additive and a solvent A according to the mass ratio of 100 (1-10) to (0.5-2) to (100-500); the additive comprises at least one of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and ammonium carbonate;
the shell is prepared from an alkaline phosphorus salt compound, a binder and a solvent B according to the mass ratio of 100 (5-20) to 1000-5000.
2. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the inner core and the outer shell are joined by a chemical bond.
3. The hard carbon composite according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the hard carbon composite is 5 to 20 μm.
4. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen source comprises at least one of ammonia, aniline, and pyrrole.
5. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the resinous material comprises at least one of a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, and a furfural resin.
6. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the solvent a comprises ethanol and water.
7. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the alkaline phosphonium salt compound comprises at least one of melamine cyanurate, pentaerythritol melamine phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, and melamine pyrophosphate.
8. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the solvent B comprises at least one of ethanol, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, toluene, N-methylpyrrolidone, and acetone.
9. The hard carbon composite of claim 1, wherein the binder comprises at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber, LA132 binder, LA133 binder, and LA136D binder.
10. The method for producing a hard carbon composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by comprising the steps of:
carbonizing a mixture of an alkaline phosphonium salt compound, a binder, a solvent B and a core precursor material;
the preparation method of the inner core precursor material comprises the following steps: a mixture of a resinous raw material, a nitrogen source, an additive and a solvent A is ground and dried, and the dried product is subjected to a heat treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
11. The method for preparing a hard carbon composite material according to claim 10, wherein the temperature of the heat treatment is 100 to 300 ℃, and the time of the heat treatment is 1 to 24 hours.
12. The method for preparing the hard carbon composite material according to claim 10, wherein the milling is ball milling, and the time for ball milling is 1 to 24 hours.
13. The method for preparing a hard carbon composite material according to claim 10, wherein the temperature of the carbonization treatment is 900 to 1400 ℃, and the time of the carbonization treatment is 1 to 24 hours.
14. The method of claim 10, further comprising drying the mixture of the alkali phosphate compound, the binder, the solvent B, and the core precursor material prior to the carbonizing.
15. The method of preparing a hard carbon composite according to claim 14, wherein the drying process is spray drying.
16. The method for producing a hard carbon composite material according to any one of claims 10 to 15, wherein the method for producing the mixture of the alkali phosphonium salt compound, the binder, the solvent B, and the core precursor material specifically comprises the steps of:
and dispersing the alkaline phosphonium salt compound, the binder and the solvent B to obtain mixed slurry, and uniformly mixing the mixed slurry and the core precursor material.
17. The method for producing a hard carbon composite according to claim 16, wherein the dispersion speed of the dispersion treatment is 1 to 100m/s, and the dispersion time of the dispersion treatment is 10 to 120min.
18. The method for preparing a hard carbon composite material according to claim 16, wherein the solid content of the mixed slurry is 1 to 5%.
19. A negative electrode comprising the hard carbon composite material according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
20. A lithium ion battery comprising the negative electrode of claim 19.
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