CN113688518A - Three-dimensional simulation method for TC4 titanium alloy welding pool solid phase change - Google Patents

Three-dimensional simulation method for TC4 titanium alloy welding pool solid phase change Download PDF

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CN113688518A
CN113688518A CN202110960930.1A CN202110960930A CN113688518A CN 113688518 A CN113688518 A CN 113688518A CN 202110960930 A CN202110960930 A CN 202110960930A CN 113688518 A CN113688518 A CN 113688518A
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titanium alloy
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张敏
李保铃
郭钊
雷龙宇
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Xian University of Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase change of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool, which is implemented by the following steps: step 1, constructing a welding transient temperature field model based on a heat transfer theory principle; step 2, constructing a weld metal solid phase change model by using a solid phase change principle; step 3, coupling the transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model by utilizing an interpolation principle; step 4, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the welding seam solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by utilizing an interpolation function to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool, and calculating and analyzing; the method provides an efficient, reliable and more intuitive research means for researching the solid phase change process of the weld metal.

Description

Three-dimensional simulation method for TC4 titanium alloy welding pool solid phase change
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of solid phase change numerical simulation methods in a metal solidification process, and relates to a three-dimensional simulation method for solid phase change of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool.
Background
The titanium alloy is widely used in various fields due to the characteristics of high strength, good corrosion resistance, high heat resistance and the like, and TC4(Ti-6Al-4V) titanium alloy is the most widely used titanium alloy so far, and is the Wanpai alloy in the titanium alloy industry; welding is a common connecting method, has the advantages of good flexibility, strong adaptability, good material connecting performance and the like, and is the most main connecting method of titanium alloy, so how to improve the quality of a welding joint in the welding process of the titanium alloy has important significance.
In the welding process, the composition and the content of a final generated phase of a welding seam can be influenced significantly in the solid phase change process of welding seam metal, so that the mechanical property and the service life of a welding joint are determined. The traditional metallographic experimental method can only observe and research the phase composition of the weld metal which is completely cooled to room temperature, and the solid phase change process generated under the action of high temperature after the weld metal is completely solidified is difficult to observe and analyze, so that a research method capable of observing and analyzing the solid phase change process of the weld metal in real time is urgently needed. In recent years, computer technology is rapidly developed, a new research idea is provided for students by adopting a numerical simulation technology to research processes of welding, casting and the like of metal materials, a mathematical model of an actual problem is established based on a certain physical basis, and finally visual processing and analysis of the actual physical process are realized on computer simulation software.
Therefore, it is important to establish a three-dimensional simulation method of the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy welding pool.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase change of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool, which solves the problem that the prior art lacks a weld metal solid-state phase change research method and makes the real-time observation of the weld metal solid-state phase change process possible.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase change of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, constructing a welding transient temperature field model based on a heat transfer theory principle;
step 2, constructing a weld metal solid phase change model by using a solid phase change principle;
step 3, coupling the transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model by utilizing an interpolation principle;
and 4, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the welding seam solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by using an interpolation function to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool, and calculating and analyzing.
The invention is also characterized in that:
the construction of the welding transient temperature field model in the step 1 is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1.1, setting load according to the actual condition of a welding pool, wherein the load comprises the setting of boundary constraint and the setting of surface heat flux, namely the selection of a heat source model, the heat source model selects a Gaussian heat source model, and the specific calculation formula is as shown in formula (1):
Figure BDA0003222027220000021
in the formula, rhIs the effective heat source radius, r is the radial distance from the center of the heat source surface, and Q is the total heat input;
step 1.2, according to the heat transfer theory, the three-dimensional heat conduction equation of the weldment is shown as the following formula:
Figure BDA0003222027220000031
wherein T is temperature, k is unit, rho is density, Kg/m is unit3，cpIs specific heat capacity, and has the unit of J (m)3·k)-1λ is thermal conductivity and has the unit W/(m.k), qvIs the amount of heat released per unit volume of the body per unit time, which is expressed in W/m3。
Step 1.3, adding an initial condition and a boundary condition to the simulation area, wherein the initial condition comprises setting of an initial temperature, and the boundary condition comprises determination of a heat exchange relation between the simulation area and the environment, and constructing a workpiece temperature field model;
wherein the step 2 is implemented according to the following steps:
step 2.1, simplifying the construction conditions of the weld metal solid phase change model;
step 2.2, constructing a model of the change of the equilibrium phase composition of the weld metal in the heating and cooling processes, wherein the specific process is as follows:
according to the lever law, the change of equilibrium phase composition during the heating process of the TC4 titanium alloy can be represented by the following formula (3):
F(β)＝(Fα(T)-6.0)/(Fα(T)-Fβ(T)) (3)
wherein F (β) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the β phase during heating; fα(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the alpha phase at temperature T; fβ(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the beta phase at temperature T;
when the titanium alloy is rapidly cooled from high temperature, if the content of beta stable elements in the alloy is low, the titanium alloy is converted into an alpha' martensite phase with a close-packed hexagonal structure, MATLAB software is adopted to construct an alloy microscopic phase transformation model, a temperature-phase transformation mathematical model is established, and a specific calculation formula can be represented by the following formula (4):
Fα’(i，j)＝a*T(i，j)+b (4)
in the formula, Fα’(i, j) represents the content of the α' martensite phase of the microscopic unit (i, j); (i, j) represents the temperature of the microcell (i, j); a and b represent real constants, the magnitude of which is temperature dependent;
wherein the step 3 is implemented according to the following steps:
step 3.1, coupling the transient temperature field model and the weld metal solid phase change model by adopting a linear interpolation method to calculate the solid phase change in the calculation domain of the workpiece, wherein a specific calculation formula is represented by the following formula (5):
Figure BDA0003222027220000041
in the formula, T0Is the temperature of the microcell 0; t isiMacro cell temperature around 0 point; l isiIs the distance from point 0 to the surrounding macro-units; n is the number of macro-units surrounding the micro-units;
and 3.2, converting the three-dimensional heat transfer formula in the step 1 by using a differential principle, wherein the cell shape is square according to the setting, namely, the cell shape is delta x-delta y-delta z, and no heat source is arranged inside the weldment, namely q is qvThe condition 0 means that the material has the same thermal conductivity in all directions, i.e., λ ═ λx＝λy＝λzAnd obtaining the temperature of each cell:
Figure BDA0003222027220000042
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure BDA0003222027220000043
the temperature of the cell (i, j, k) at time P,
Figure BDA0003222027220000044
the temperature at the time P +1 is reached,
Figure BDA0003222027220000045
the temperatures of the cells (i-1, j, k), (i +1, j, k), (i, j-1, k), (i, j +1, k), (i, j, k-1), (i, j, k +1) at time P, respectively;
the construction conditions of the simplified weld metal solid-state phase change model specifically comprise:
the main component of the multi-component alloy TC4 titanium alloy is simplified into Ti-6 Al; only the generation of a main phase is considered in the solid phase change process of the alloy, and the generation of a secondary phase is ignored;
wherein the step 4 is implemented according to the following steps:
step 4.1, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by utilizing an interpolation principle to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool;
and 4.2, inputting the thermal physical performance parameters and the specific welding process parameters of the TC4 titanium alloy into the calculation model of the three-dimensional welding pool solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy, calculating to obtain a simulation result image, and analyzing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy welding pool provides an efficient, reliable and more visual research means for researching the solid-state phase change process of weld metal; compared with the traditional test method, the method has the advantages of high calculation speed, high calculation precision and the like, and the research efficiency is greatly improved; meanwhile, the invention also has the advantages of safety, green, environmental protection and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional simulation flow chart of a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a Gaussian heat source model diagram of a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional simulation result of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of the titanium alloy of example 1TC4 in the three-dimensional simulation method of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy of the present invention at different times;
FIG. 4 shows the three-dimensional simulation results of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy in the three-dimensional simulation method of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy of the present invention under different welding currents;
FIG. 5 shows the three-dimensional simulation result of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy in different welding speeds of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy in accordance with the three-dimensional simulation method of solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of TC4 titanium alloy of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of a TC4 titanium alloy welding pool, which specifically comprises the following steps as shown in figure 1:
step 1, constructing a welding transient temperature field model based on a heat transfer theory, wherein the specific implementation mode of the step is as follows:
step 1.1, setting load according to the actual condition of a welding pool, wherein the load comprises setting of boundary constraint and setting of surface heat flux, namely selecting a heat source model, and the heat source model selects a Gaussian heat source model, as shown in FIG. 2; the specific calculation formula is as shown in formula (1):
Figure BDA0003222027220000061
in the formula, rhIs the effective heat source radius, r is the radial distance from the center of the heat source surface, and Q is the total heat input;
step 1.2, according to the heat transfer theory, the heat transfer of the weldment adopts a three-dimensional heat conduction equation;
Figure BDA0003222027220000062
wherein T is temperature, k is unit, rho is density, Kg/m is unit3，cpIs specific heat capacity, and has the unit of J (m)3·k)-1λ is thermal conductivity and has the unit W/(m.k), qvIs the amount of heat released per unit volume of the body per unit time, which is expressed in W/m3；
Step 1.3, adding initial conditions, boundary conditions, loads, Gaussian heat source models and the like to the geometric materials to construct a workpiece temperature field model, and calculating a welding transient macroscopic temperature field by using MATLAB software; according to the method, a simulation area is divided into cube units with the shape of 1mm multiplied by 1mm and the size of the cube units are completely the same, the total number of the cube units is 800000, and an established temperature field model is used for solving an instantaneous temperature field of a workpiece;
step 2, constructing a weld metal solid phase change model by using a solid phase change principle, wherein the specific implementation mode of the step is as follows:
step 2.1, simplifying the construction conditions of the weld metal solid phase change model;
step 2.2, constructing a model of the change of the equilibrium phase composition of the weld metal in the heating and cooling processes, wherein the specific process is as follows:
according to the lever law, the change of equilibrium phase composition during the heating process of the TC4 titanium alloy can be represented by the following formula:
F(β)＝(Fα(T)-6.0)/(Fα(T)-Fβ(T)) (3)
wherein F (β) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the β phase during heating; fα(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the alpha phase at temperature T; fβ(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the beta phase at temperature T;
when the titanium alloy is rapidly cooled from high temperature, if the content of beta stable elements in the alloy is low, the titanium alloy is converted into an alpha' martensite phase with a close-packed hexagonal structure, MATLAB software is adopted to construct an alloy microscopic phase conversion model, a temperature-phase conversion mathematical model is established, and a specific calculation formula can be represented by the following formula:
Fα’(i，j)＝a*T(i，j)+b (4)
in the formula, Fα’(i, j) represents the content of the α' martensite phase of the microscopic unit (i, j); (i, j) represents the temperature of the microcell (i, j); a and b represent real constants, the magnitude of which is temperature dependent;
and 3, coupling the temperature field model and the solid phase change model by using an interpolation principle, wherein the specific implementation mode of the step is as follows:
step 3.1, coupling the macroscopic transient temperature field model with the weld metal solid phase change model by adopting a linear interpolation method, wherein a specific calculation formula is represented by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003222027220000071
in the formula, T0Is the temperature of the microcell 0; t isiMacro cell temperature around 0 point; l isiIs the distance from point 0 to the surrounding macro-units; n is the number of macro-units surrounding the micro-units,the value of N in this application is 8;
and 3.2, converting the three-dimensional heat transfer formula in the step 1 by using a differential principle, wherein the cell shape is square according to the setting, namely, the cell shape is delta x-delta y-delta z, and no heat source is arranged inside the weldment, namely q is qvThe condition of 0, etc. can be assumed that the material has the same thermal conductivity in all aspects, i.e. λ ═ λx＝λy＝λzAnd obtaining the temperature of each macro unit of the cellular:
Figure BDA0003222027220000081
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure BDA0003222027220000082
the temperature of the cell (i, j, k) at time P,
Figure BDA0003222027220000083
the temperature at the time P +1 is reached,
Figure BDA0003222027220000084
the temperatures of the cells (i-1, j, k), (i +1, j, k), (i, j-1, k), (i, j +1, k), (i, j, k-1), (i, j, k +1) at time P, respectively;
the construction conditions of the simplified weld metal solid-state phase change model comprise:
(1) the main component of the multi-component alloy TC4 titanium alloy is simplified into Ti-6 Al;
(2) only the generation of a main phase is considered in the solid phase change process of the alloy, and the generation of a secondary phase is ignored;
step 4, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the welding seam solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by using an interpolation function to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool, and calculating and analyzing:
step 4.1, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by utilizing an interpolation principle to form a three-dimensional calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy welding pool, and calculating in MATLAB software;
and 4.2, inputting the thermal physical performance parameters and the specific welding process parameters of the TC4 titanium alloy into the three-dimensional calculation model of the solid-state phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy welding pool, calculating to obtain a simulation result image, and carrying out brief analysis.
The following describes a three-dimensional simulation method of the solid-state phase transition of the welding pool of the TC4 titanium alloy in accordance with the present invention with reference to the following embodiments:
example 1
Inputting thermal physical performance parameters of TC4 titanium alloy and welding process parameters into the calculation model, and obtaining a solid phase change visualization three-dimensional simulation result of the weld metal at different times through calculation, as shown in FIG. 3;
it can be observed from fig. 3 that, as the cooling process proceeds, the content of α ' martensite in the weld bead rapidly increases, although the final weld structure is α ' martensite, the transformation processes of the regions in the weld bead are not synchronous, the transformation rates are significantly different, the α ' martensite phase transformation does not immediately proceed after the weld bead is solidified, when the temperature drops to the transformation point (825 ℃), the α ' martensite phase transformation rapidly starts, due to the large cooling rate of the welding temperature field, the β phase is completely transformed to the α ' martensite phase in a short time, due to the difference of the heat dissipation and conduction conditions at different positions in the weld bead, the transformation process exhibits significant difference, and the transformation start time of the upper phase of the weld bead is earlier than the bottom of the weld bead;
example 2
Inputting thermal physical performance parameters of TC4 titanium alloy into the calculation model, keeping other conditions unchanged, respectively researching the solid phase change conditions of the weld metal when the welding current is 75A, 80A and 85A, and obtaining a simulation result shown in FIG. 4;
as can be seen from FIG. 4, the effect of the welding current is mainly reflected on the change of the weld pool morphology, but the solid-state phase transformation is closely related to the post-welding cooling rate, although the peak temperature of the weld pool is increased along with the increase of the welding current, the post-welding cooling rate is always at a higher level, and the transformation temperature of the alpha 'martensite phase of the TC4 titanium alloy is far lower than the peak temperature of the weld pool, so that the formed structure is all alpha' martensite phase.
Example 3
Inputting the thermophysical performance parameters of the TC4 titanium alloy into the calculation model, keeping other conditions unchanged, respectively researching the solid-state phase change conditions of the weld metal when the welding speed is 0.35cm/s, 0.4cm/s and 0.45cm/s, and obtaining a simulation result shown in FIG. 5;
it can be seen from fig. 5 that the microstructures after the solid phase transformation is completed at different welding speeds are all the α ' martensite phase, which is consistent with the law of the solid phase transformation at different welding currents, and the reason for analyzing the microstructure is caused by the combined action of the higher cooling rate in the molten pool and the lower transformation temperature of the α ' martensite phase structure after the welding is completed, and the strength of the α ' martensite phase structure is higher than that of the TC4 base metal of the α + β two-phase structure, so that the high-strength welding quality can be obtained when the TC4 titanium alloy is welded under the condition of reasonably selecting the welding process parameters.
It can be seen from the three embodiments that the method can calculate the alpha' martensite phase transformation condition of the weld metal at any time in the welding process of the TC4 titanium alloy, and can also study the phase transformation condition of the weld metal under different welding process parameters, thereby providing a new study means for studying the solid phase transformation condition of the weld pool metal in the welding process of the titanium alloy.

Claims (6)

1. A three-dimensional simulation method for TC4 titanium alloy welding pool solid phase transition is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, constructing a welding transient temperature field model based on a heat transfer theory principle;
step 2, constructing a weld metal solid phase change model by using a solid phase change principle;
step 3, coupling the transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model by utilizing an interpolation principle;
and 4, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the welding seam solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by using an interpolation function to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool, and calculating and analyzing.
2. The three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy weld pool according to claim 1, wherein the step 1 of constructing the welding transient temperature field model is implemented by the following steps:
step 1.1, setting load according to the actual condition of a welding pool, wherein the load comprises the setting of boundary constraint and the setting of surface heat flux, namely the selection of a heat source model, the heat source model selects a Gaussian heat source model, and the specific calculation formula is as shown in formula (1):
Figure FDA0003222027210000011
in the formula, rhIs the effective heat source radius, r is the radial distance from the center of the heat source surface, and Q is the total heat input;
step 1.2, according to the heat transfer theory, the three-dimensional heat conduction equation of the weldment is shown as the following formula:
Figure FDA0003222027210000012
wherein T is temperature, k is unit, rho is density, Kg/m is unit3，cpIs specific heat capacity, and has the unit of J (m)3·k)-1λ is thermal conductivity and has the unit W/(m.k), qvIs the amount of heat released per unit volume of the body per unit time, which is expressed in W/m3。
And 1.3, adding initial conditions and boundary conditions to the simulation area, wherein the initial conditions comprise setting of initial temperature, and the boundary conditions comprise determination of heat exchange relation between the simulation area and the environment, and constructing a workpiece temperature field model.
3. The three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy weld pool according to claim 1, wherein the step 2 is implemented by the following steps:
step 2.1, simplifying the construction conditions of the weld metal solid phase change model;
step 2.2, constructing a model of the change of the equilibrium phase composition of the weld metal in the heating and cooling processes, wherein the specific process is as follows:
according to the lever law, the change of equilibrium phase composition during the heating process of the TC4 titanium alloy can be represented by the following formula (3):
F(β)＝(Fα(T)-6.0)/(Fα(T)-Fβ(T)) (3)
wherein F (β) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the β phase during heating; fα(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the alpha phase at temperature T; fβ(T) represents the equilibrium phase volume fraction of the beta phase at temperature T;
when the titanium alloy is rapidly cooled from high temperature, if the content of beta stable elements in the alloy is low, the titanium alloy is converted into an alpha' martensite phase with a close-packed hexagonal structure, MATLAB software is adopted to construct an alloy microscopic phase transformation model, a temperature-phase transformation mathematical model is established, and a specific calculation formula can be represented by the following formula (4):
Fα′(i，j)＝a*T(i，j)+b (4)
in the formula, Fα′(i, j) represents the content of the α' martensite phase of the microscopic unit (i, j); (i, j) represents the temperature of the microcell (i, j); a and b represent real constants, the magnitude of which is temperature dependent.
4. The three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy weld pool according to claim 1, wherein the step 3 is implemented by the following steps:
step 3.1, coupling the transient temperature field model and the weld metal solid phase change model by adopting a linear interpolation method to calculate the solid phase change in the calculation domain of the workpiece, wherein a specific calculation formula is represented by the following formula (5):
Figure FDA0003222027210000031
in the formula, T0Is the temperature of the microcell 0; t isiMacro cell temperature around 0 point; l isiIs the distance from point 0 to the surrounding macro-units; n is the number of macro-units surrounding the micro-units;
and 3.2, converting the three-dimensional heat transfer formula in the step 1 by using a differential principle, wherein the cell shape is square according to the setting, namely, the cell shape is delta x-delta y-delta z, and no heat source is arranged inside the weldment, namely q is qvThe condition 0 means that the material has the same thermal conductivity in all directions, i.e., λ ═ λx＝λy＝λzAnd obtaining the temperature of each cell:
Figure FDA0003222027210000032
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
Figure FDA0003222027210000033
the temperature of the cell (i, j, k) at time P,
Figure FDA0003222027210000034
the temperature at the time P +1 is reached,
Figure FDA0003222027210000035
the temperatures of the cells (i-1, j, k), (i +1, j, k), (i, j-1, k), (i, j +1, k), (i, j, k-1), (i, j, k +1), respectively, at time P.
5. The method for three-dimensional simulation of the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy weld pool according to claim 4, wherein the simplified weld metal solid-state phase transition model is constructed under conditions that include:
the main component of the multi-component alloy TC4 titanium alloy is simplified into Ti-6 Al; only the generation of a main phase is considered in the solid phase transformation process of the alloy, and the generation of a secondary phase is ignored.
6. The three-dimensional simulation method for the solid-state phase transition of the TC4 titanium alloy weld pool according to claim 1, wherein the step 4 is implemented by the following steps:
step 4.1, coupling the welding transient temperature field model and the solid phase change model constructed in the steps 1 to 3 by utilizing an interpolation principle to form a calculation model of the solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy three-dimensional welding pool;
and 4.2, inputting the thermal physical performance parameters and the specific welding process parameters of the TC4 titanium alloy into the calculation model of the three-dimensional welding pool solid phase change of the TC4 titanium alloy, calculating to obtain a simulation result image, and analyzing.
CN202110960930.1A 2021-08-20 2021-08-20 Three-dimensional simulation method for TC4 titanium alloy welding pool solid phase change Withdrawn CN113688518A (en)

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