CN113673794A - Method for evaluating comprehensive recycling efficiency of gas-water electric heating agent of old oil field - Google Patents
Method for evaluating comprehensive recycling efficiency of gas-water electric heating agent of old oil field Download PDFInfo
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- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
- E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield development, in particular to a method for evaluating comprehensive recycling efficiency of a gas-water electric heating agent of an old oilfield. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, counting the link values of the development tail end of each medium resource in the oil field; step 2, determining the cyclic utilization mode and path of each medium resource; step 3, counting the end values of the practical available and recycled media resources, and calculating the energy saving, cost saving and cyclic utilization rate of the media after cyclic utilization; step 4, establishing a recyclable evaluation model of the gas-water electric heating agent; and 5, establishing an evaluation standard, and evaluating the comprehensive recycling level and efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent. The method comprehensively considers the comprehensive influence of the cyclic utilization of each medium resource on energy consumption, cost, path and benefit, has comprehensive evaluation and high reliability, and has important significance for oil field development guidance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oilfield development, in particular to a method for evaluating comprehensive recycling efficiency of a gas-water electric heating agent of an old oilfield.
Background
At present, the external dependence of petroleum in China is close to 70%, and the safety situation of oil and gas supply is very severe; meanwhile, the oil and gas industry is not only an energy producer, but also an energy consumer, and the green sustainable development task is huge. Taking a victory oil field as an example, the oil yield per year is 2342 million tons, the stable production task is difficult along with the reduction of the grade of a newly added reserve, the oil field development completely enters an extra high water content stage, the water yield per year is 2.75 million tons, the total energy consumption is 249 million tons of standard coal, and the green sustainable development faces the challenge.
At present, technologies for recycling petroleum resources have been developed, including a produced dissolved gas recycling boiler for heating, a slurry and rock debris centralized recycling treatment process, a produced water sewage biochemical treatment technology, a sewage resource utilization technology, an associated gas fully-closed gathering and transportation technology, an oil-containing sludge profile control technology in the aspect of producing sludge, a produced liquid waste heat utilization technology in the aspect of waste heat, and the like. But the recycling of single resource is usually little beneficial.
The method realizes the maximization of resource utilization, explores the comprehensive cyclic utilization of various resources such as gas resources, water resources, waste heat resources, sludge containing various chemical agents and the like generated in the petroleum production, and gradually becomes a hot point of research of people. With the progress of research, the evaluation of the comprehensive utilization of each resource is an important reference index for determining the comprehensive cyclic utilization scheme of each resource. However, in the prior art, evaluation indexes and standards for comprehensive utilization of oil field resources do not exist. If subjective and artificial judgment is used for evaluating which medium has good and bad recycling effect, quantitative evaluation is lacked, the medium is easy to separate from practice, and the result and the practice are different greatly. Moreover, in oil field development, not only the utilization of various resources but also various utilization approaches of each resource are involved, and effective evaluation of the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the various approaches of the various resources is undoubtedly difficult.
Therefore, the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of each resource in the old oil field is very necessary, and has important guiding significance for sustainable development of the old oil field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent of the old oil field, comprehensively considers the comprehensive influence of the recycling of various medium resources on energy consumption, cost, path and benefit, has comprehensive evaluation and high reliability, and has important significance for oil field development guidance.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of a gas-water electric heating agent of an old oil field, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, counting the link values of the development tail end of each medium resource in the oil field;
step 2, determining the cyclic utilization mode and path of each medium resource;
step 3, counting the end values of the practical available and recycled media resources, and calculating the energy saving, cost saving and cyclic utilization rate of the media after cyclic utilization;
step 4, establishing a recyclable evaluation model of the gas-water electric heating agent;
step 5, establishing an evaluation standard, and evaluating the comprehensive recycling level and efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent;
the medium resources comprise gas resources, water resources, electric resources, waste heat resources and oil-containing sludge resources containing chemical agents.
Preferably, in step 1, the media resource development end-link value Qi1(ii) a The method comprises the following steps: annual gas production Qg1Annual sewage yield Qw1Annual high and low temperature sewage quantity Qh1Annual oil-containing sludge quantity Qs1。
Preferably, in step 2, the gas resource is mainly casing dissolved gas generated in the production process, and the path n is recycledgThe method comprises the following steps: as boiler fuel;
preferably, the water resource is primarily oilfield produced water, utilizing path nwThe method comprises the following steps: directly reinjecting the oil reservoir; as water for steam injection of a thick oil boiler;
preferably, the electricity is primarily economized electricity, recycling path neThe method comprises the following steps: making steam by using a gas boiler; pipeline steam transmission; injecting steam into a shaft; lifting the shaft; gathering and transporting;
preferably, the waste heat resource is mainly the waste heat of the produced liquid, and the path n is recycledhThe method comprises the following steps: pipeline oil transportation, unloading and transporting, and heating of crude oil;
preferably, the oily sludge resource with chemical agent recycles the path nsThe method comprises the following steps: used as a reservoir profile control agent.
Preferably, in step 3, the recovered end value Q of the media resource is actually availablei2(ii) a The method comprises the following steps: annual cyclic utilization of natural gas quantity Qg2Annual cyclic utilization of sewage quantity Qw2Annual saving electricity consumption Qe2Annual cyclic utilization of extracted heat sewage quantity Qh2Annual cyclic utilization of oil-containing sludge quantity Qs2。
Preferably, the method for calculating the energy consumption saving value of each medium comprises the following steps: converted to equivalent standard coal according to enthalpy:
Ei＝Qi2×αi
wherein Q isi2An end value of actual available recovery for a certain medium resource; alpha is alphaiAnd converting standard coal coefficient for certain medium resource equivalent.
Preferably, in step 3, the cost savings for each medium is calculated from its unit price.
Preferably, in step 3, the respective medium recycling rates are:
wherein Q isi2End value, Q, recovered for practical availability of media resourcesi1Developing an end link value for the media resource.
Preferably, in step 4, a gas-water electric heating agent recyclable evaluation model is established, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting the energy consumption saving value E after the cyclic utilization of each medium resourceiAnnual cost saving CiAnd cyclic utilization rate etaiThe number n of medium circulation use pathsi4 indexes are used as recyclable comprehensive evaluation indexes;
(2) establishing Xn×mThe matrix, the rows of the matrix represent the system to be evaluated of each medium of the gas-water electric heating agent, and the columns represent evaluation indexes;
preferably, Xn×mThe matrix can be represented as:
(3) carrying out non-dimensionalization treatment on the evaluation matrix by adopting a normalization method:
c is translation amount;
(4) weighting the 4 evaluation indexes, and establishing a weight vector omega (omega)1,ω2,ω3,ω4)′。
(5) Establishing a comprehensive evaluation model, and adopting linear function weighting as a final evaluation model:
preferably, the evaluation criteria established in step 5 are as shown in table 1 below:
TABLE 1
| Evaluation value | Evaluation results |
| 0～0.2 | Is low in |
| 0.2～0.4 | Is lower than |
| 0.4～0.6 | Medium and high grade |
| 0.6～0.8 | Is preferably used |
| 0.8～1.0 | Good taste |
The higher the evaluation value, the better the evaluation effect.
The method comprises the steps of firstly counting development end link values of gas-water thermal agents aiming at old oil field development, determining a cyclic utilization mode and a utilization path of each medium according to a cyclic utilization technology of each medium, and further calculating energy consumption and cost saving values and actual cyclic utilization rate of each medium after cyclic utilization. On the basis, the evaluation index of comprehensive cyclic utilization of the gas-water electric heating agent is determined, a recyclable evaluation model and an evaluation standard of the gas-water electric heating agent are established, and further evaluation of the comprehensive cyclic utilization level and efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the oilfield development process is carried out. The method is simple and practical, has comprehensive evaluation, and solves the problem of high difficulty in comprehensive circulation evaluation of multiple media and multiple paths of gas-water electric heating agents. By evaluating the recycling efficiency of each medium of the gas-water electric heating agent, the method has important significance for maximizing the utilization of oil field resources, improving the development benefit of the oil field, reducing the environmental pollution and realizing the sustainable development of the oil field.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for evaluating comprehensive recycling efficiency of a gas-water electric heating agent in an old oil field according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a gas recycling path in an embodiment of the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the old oil field.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a water recycling path according to an embodiment of the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the old oil field.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an electrical recycling path of an embodiment of the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the old oil field.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a thermal recycling path according to an embodiment of the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the old oil field.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the agent recycling path of an embodiment of the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent in the old oil field.
Detailed Description
It is to be understood that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of the stated features, steps, operations, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.
As shown in figure 1, the method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent of the old oil field comprises the following steps:
in step 101, the stratum buried depth of a certain oil field block is 1150m, the permeability is 2300mD, the porosity is 32.3%, the oil layer temperature is 56 ℃, the viscosity of the degassed crude oil at the stratum temperature is 3400mPa & s, and the dissolved gas-oil ratio is 18m3T, original formation pressure 12.3 MPa. The block currently has a total throughput of 40 wells, and conventional production wells of 160. The average of the huff and puff well cycle reaches about 9, and the late period of high-cycle huff and puff development is entered. The annual liquid production of the block is 188.5 multiplied by 104m at present3Annual oil production 24X 104m3Annual gas production 432X 104m3Annual sewage yield of 164.5 x 104m3Annual production of oil-containing sludge 0.14X 104t. The daily liquid of a single well is 37.7t/d, the daily oil production of the single well is 4.8t/d, and the daily gas production of the single well is 86.4m3And d. In the early development stage, the energy consumption is relatively high in an injection-production system due to relatively lagged and complicated equipment and flow, and the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of oil reaches 371 Kw.h/t. After the advanced lifting process, the optimized working system and the integrated optimization decision scheme are adopted, the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of oil is reduced to 328 Kw.h/t, 43 Kw.h/t is saved, the reduction amplitude is 11.5 percent, and the annual energy conservation can reach 1032.0 multiplied by 104Kw.h. The produced sewage is divided into two parts, wherein the high-temperature sewage amount is mainly generated by treating the produced liquid of the huff and puff thermal production well. The outlet temperature is 70 ℃, and the total outlet temperature is 30.0 x 104m3And the low-temperature sewage amount is mainly generated by treating the produced fluid of the conventional production well. The outlet temperature is 50 ℃, and the total outlet temperature is 134.5 multiplied by 104m3. The results of the statistical evaluation of the values of the gas, water, heat and agent media in the end links of the oil field development are shown in table 2. The flow proceeds to step 102.
TABLE 2
In step 102, determining the recycling mode and path of each medium of the gas-water electric heating agent;
a: and gas, namely casing dissolved gas generated in the production process, wherein one part of the casing dissolved gas is used for selling natural gas commodities, and the rest part of the casing dissolved gas is used as oil field gas boiler fuel. Thus, the path n is recycledg1 as shown in fig. 2.
B: after water and a part of produced water of the production well are treated by water quality, the produced water is continuously injected back to the oil reservoir, so that the effects of supplementing stratum energy and displacing oil are achieved; one part of the purified water is used as the steam injection source water of the thick oil boiler. Therefore, the number of main paths for water recycling is nw2 as shown in fig. 3.
C: electricity mainly occurs in the process of lifting a shaft, and the pumping unit consumes electric energy. Great saving through high-efficiency and low-energy consumption shaft lifting processThe electric energy of the quantity indirectly serves each link in the development process, including steam injection, steam transmission, shaft steam injection, shaft lifting and collecting transmission links, and the number of the electric main utilization paths is neAs shown in fig. 4, 5.
D: the temperature of the produced sewage is higher due to the oil layer temperature or steam injection and the like, the temperature of part of the produced sewage is higher and can reach about 70 ℃, and the temperature of part of the produced sewage is relatively low and is about 50 ℃. The high-temperature water adopts heat pump to recover the waste heat through direct heat exchange and low-temperature water. In addition, the flue gas burned by the gas boiler also contains a large amount of heat. The waste heat of the high-temperature sewage and the boiler flue gas can be used for pipeline oil transportation, unloading and oil transportation and heating crude oil after being recovered, and is 3 main paths for heat cycle utilization. The heat circulation utilization path is 3 paths, and n is recordedh3, as shown in fig. 5.
E: formation sand, oily sludge and the like are often carried in produced liquid, and from the resource circulation perspective of oil reservoir development, the oily sludge can be prepared into an emulsified suspension to be used as an oil reservoir profile control agent, and after the oily sludge is injected into an oil reservoir, interlayer heterogeneity can be improved, and the oil reservoir development effect is improved. The development path of the profile control agent is 1 and is marked as ns1. As shown in fig. 6. The flow proceeds to step 103.
In step 103, the actually available and recycled end values of the gas, water, electricity, heat and agent media are respectively counted: annual cyclic utilization of natural gas Qg2Annual cyclic utilization of sewage Qw2Annual energy saving electricity Qe2Annual waste heat utilization high-temperature and low-temperature sewage quantity Qh2Preparation of profile control dose Qs2As shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
Respectively calculating equivalent standard coal values of various media of gas, water, electricity, heat and agent after actual recycling and recycling according to equivalent conversion coefficients of the standard coal:
gas: eg＝Qg2×αg＝146.5×104m3X 1.33kg standard coal/m30.1948 ten thousand tons standard coal;
water: ew＝Qw2×αw＝164.5×104m3X 0.0435 ═ 0.06457 ten thousand tons of standard coal;
electricity: ee＝Qe2×αe＝1032×104X 0.1229 ═ 0.01268 million tons of standard coal;
heating: the utilization of the waste heat of the high-temperature sewage is converted into equivalent standard coal: ehh＝cmΔTh·αh＝4.2KJ/(kg·℃)×24.0×104m3×(70-55)℃×10-6X 36.1647kg standard coal/GJ 0.05166 ten thousand tons standard coal;
low-temperature sewage waste heat utilization conversion equivalent standard coal: ehl＝cmΔTl·αh＝4.2KJ/(kg·℃)×107.6×104m3×(50-45)℃×10-6X 36.1647kg standard coal/GJ 0.07720 ten thousand tons standard coal;
Eh＝Ehh+Ehl0.05166+0.07720 is 0.12886 ten thousand tons of standard coal.
Preparation: es＝Qs2×αs＝0.098×104t × 0.3851kg standard coal/kg 0.03774 ten thousand tons standard coal.
According to the price of the gas-water electric heating agent, the cost saved after recycling is calculated:
gas: according to the natural gas price of 3.1 yuan/m3Calculating, gas saving cost Cs454.1 ten thousand yuan;
water: according to the industrial water price of 5.0 yuan/m3Calculation, Water saving costs Cw822.5 ten thousand yuan;
electricity: the electricity cost C is saved by calculating according to the industrial electricity price of 0.8 yuan/Kw.he825.6 ten thousand yuan;
heating: heat saving cost C calculated according to heat value 73.0 yuan/GJh275.3 ten thousand yuan;
preparation: the cost of the profile control agent is saved by calculating according to 5000 yuan/t of the profile control agents490.0 ten thousand yuan.
According to the formula
Calculating the recovery rate of gas-water heating agent as etag＝33.91％、ηw＝100％、ηh＝80％、ηs70 percent. Electric recoverable utilization rate etaeThe value is 100%. The flow proceeds to step 104.
In step 104, a gas-water electric heating agent recyclable evaluation model is established.
(1) 4 indexes of the annual conversion standard coal (energy consumption), annual cost saving, cyclic utilization rate and the number of medium cyclic utilization paths after the cyclic utilization of the gas-water electric heating agent are taken as recyclable comprehensive evaluation indexes.
(2) Establishing Xn×mThe matrix (n-5, m-4) represents 5 systems to be evaluated for gas, water, electricity, heat, and chemicals. Wherein, the row represents each medium system to be evaluated of the gas-water electric heating agent, and the column represents the evaluation index. Expressed in a matrix as:
(3) in order to facilitate evaluation of indexes of different units and reduce influence of weights brought by different dimensions, a normalization method is adopted for carrying out non-dimensionalization processing on the evaluation matrix.
Wherein c is translation amount, and the value is 0.2 this time. After normalization by the method, each matrix value becomes a dimensionless value xi′jAnd each value ranges between 0-1. The normalized evaluation matrix is:
(4) the 4 evaluation indexes are weighted, and the weight vector of the indexes is determined to be (0.35,0.30,0.25, 0.1)', according to field experience.
(5) And establishing a comprehensive evaluation model. Therefore, linear function weighting is adopted as the final evaluation model.
(6) And (3) solving the evaluation model y (0.6504,0.7748,0.8385,0.6615, 0.5994)', obtaining evaluation results of five evaluation targets of gas, water, electricity, heat and agent, and obtaining an overall average value 0.7049.
The flow proceeds to step 105.
In step 105, a comprehensive recycling evaluation criterion is established as shown in table 1. The higher the evaluation value, the better the evaluation result.
According to the recycling evaluation results of the gas, water, electricity, heat and agent, the electricity (0.8385) has very good utilization effect and excellent comprehensive performance, and has advantages in saving energy consumption, cost, recycling rate and recycling path; the comprehensive utilization of water (0.7748), gas (0.6504) and heat (0.6615) is relatively good; while the overall utilization of the agent (0.5994) is somewhat inferior to the other 4 media, but approaches a better level depending on the medium utilization level. The comprehensive average value of the evaluation results is 0.7049, the evaluation results are better, and the comprehensive recycling level and efficiency of the oil field block in gas, water, electricity, heat and agent are in the middle and upstream level.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for evaluating the comprehensive recycling efficiency of a gas-water electric heating agent of an old oil field is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, counting the link values of the development tail end of each medium resource in the oil field;
step 2, determining the cyclic utilization mode and path of each medium resource;
step 3, counting the end values of the practical available and recycled media resources, and calculating the energy saving, cost saving and cyclic utilization rate of the media after cyclic utilization;
step 4, establishing a recyclable evaluation model of the gas-water electric heating agent;
step 5, establishing an evaluation standard, and evaluating the comprehensive recycling level and efficiency of the gas-water electric heating agent;
the medium resources comprise gas resources, water resources, electric resources, waste heat resources and oil-containing sludge resources containing chemical agents.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 1, the media asset development end-link value Qi1(ii) a The method comprises the following steps: annual gas production Qg1Annual sewage yield Qw1Annual high and low temperature sewage quantity Qh1Annual oil-containing sludge quantity Qs1。
3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 2, the gas resource is mainly casing solution gas generated in the production process, and the path n is recycledgThe method comprises the following steps: as boiler fuel;
preferably, the water resource is primarily oilfield produced water, utilizing path nwThe method comprises the following steps: directly reinjecting the oil reservoir; as water for steam injection of a thick oil boiler;
preferably, the electricity is primarily economized electricity, recycling path neThe method comprises the following steps: making steam by using a gas boiler; pipeline steam transmission; injecting steam into a shaft; lifting the shaft; gathering and transporting;
preferably, the waste heat resource is mainly the waste heat of the produced liquid, and the path n is recycledhThe method comprises the following steps: pipeline oil transportation, unloading and transporting, and heating of crude oil;
preferablyOil-containing sludge resource with chemical agent, cyclic utilization route nsThe method comprises the following steps: used as a reservoir profile control agent.
4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 3 the end value Q of the actual available recovery of the media resource is determinedi2(ii) a The method comprises the following steps: annual cyclic utilization of natural gas quantity Qg2Annual cyclic utilization of sewage quantity Qw2Annual saving electricity consumption Qe2Annual cyclic utilization of extracted heat sewage quantity Qh2Annual cyclic utilization of oil-containing sludge quantity Qs2。
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy savings value for each medium is calculated by: converted to equivalent standard coal according to enthalpy:
Ei＝Qi2×αi
wherein Q isi2An end value of actual available recovery for a certain medium resource; alpha is alphaiAnd converting standard coal coefficient for certain medium resource equivalent.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein in step 3, the cost savings for each medium is calculated based on the unit price of each medium.
7. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step 3, the respective medium recycling ratio is:
wherein Q isi2End value, Q, recovered for practical availability of media resourcesi1Developing an end link value for the media resource.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step 4, a gas-water electric heating agent recyclable evaluation model is established, and the method comprises:
(1) selecting the energy consumption saving value E after the cyclic utilization of each medium resourceiAnnual cost saving CiAnd cyclic utilization rate etaiThe number n of medium circulation use pathsi4 indexes are used as recyclable comprehensive evaluation indexes;
(2) establishing Xn×mThe matrix, the rows of the matrix represent the system to be evaluated of each medium of the gas-water electric heating agent, and the columns represent evaluation indexes;
preferably, Xn×mThe matrix can be represented as:
(3) carrying out non-dimensionalization treatment on the evaluation matrix by adopting a normalization method:
c is translation amount;
(4) weighting the 4 evaluation indexes, and establishing a weight vector omega (omega)1，ω2，ω3，ω4)′。
(5) Establishing a comprehensive evaluation model, and adopting linear function weighting as a final evaluation model:
9. the method according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation criteria established in step 5 are:
the higher the evaluation value, the better the evaluation effect.
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