CN113654787B - Supercharger working state test method - Google Patents
Supercharger working state test method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113654787B CN113654787B CN202111095060.2A CN202111095060A CN113654787B CN 113654787 B CN113654787 B CN 113654787B CN 202111095060 A CN202111095060 A CN 202111095060A CN 113654787 B CN113654787 B CN 113654787B
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- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003584 silencer Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M15/00—Testing of engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
Abstract
The patent relates to the technical field of supercharger detection, in particular to a supercharger working state inspection test method, which adopts a supercharger test bed for test and comprises the following steps: s1: preparing in the early stage; s2: a low-speed test run inspection pipeline; s3: adjusting the air inlet pressure of the turbine and igniting; s4: establishing self-circulation; s5: collecting test data; s6: cooling and shutting down, opening a fan, opening an air source air release valve, a turbine air inlet valve and a compressor air release valve, closing a self-circulation valve, stopping the fan after the temperature of the turbine inlet is reduced to 60-70 ℃, and cutting off lubricating oil supply after the fan is stopped. According to the scheme, the supercharger is directly connected to the supercharger test bed, the actual working condition of the supercharger is simulated through the work of the supercharger test bed, under the condition, the detection result of the supercharger is closer to the actual working result, and the collected data are more real and reliable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of supercharger detection, in particular to a supercharger working state test method.
Background
Exhaust gas turbocharging is one of the most widely used techniques for improving the power performance of automotive engines. And turbochargers are an essential element in exhaust gas turbocharging technology. Air tightness and functional detection of a turbocharger are one of the main ways to judge whether the turbocharger is good or bad. At present, a detection test for the turbocharger mostly adopts a mode of offline sampling detection, the mainly used detection gas in the mode is compressed air output by an air pump, the method cannot accurately simulate the actual practical working condition of the turbocharger, and the detection result is inconsistent with the output parameters of the turbocharger under the actual working condition.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a supercharger working state checking and testing method, which is used for carrying out a test on a supercharger before the supercharger leaves a factory.
In order to achieve the above object, the basic scheme of the present invention is as follows:
the supercharger working state test method adopts a supercharger test bed to test, and comprises the following steps:
s1: the method comprises the steps of preparing in the earlier stage, mounting a supercharger on a supercharger test bed, and checking whether the supercharger test bed meets driving requirements or not;
s2: checking a pipeline in a low-speed test run, checking the state of a valve after a supercharger test run meets the driving requirement, starting a fan, and adjusting a turbine air inlet valve to enable the supercharger to run at 10% -20% of the highest rotating speed;
s3: adjusting the air inlet pressure of the turbine, igniting, opening an air inlet valve of the turbine to enable the air inlet pressure of the turbine to reach 1.3-1.4KPa, closing a wind source air release valve, closing an accelerator switch to be minimum, opening a fuel pump, and igniting after the fuel oil pressure reaches 5bar and is stabilized for 10 s;
s4: establishing self-circulation, opening a self-circulation valve, closing a compressor air release valve, closing a turbine air inlet valve, and opening a wind source air release valve;
s5: test data acquisition, after running in from circulation and stable operation for at least 2min, regulating the supercharger to the flow and pressure ratio with definite performance points, storing data twice after the performance points are stable, increasing the oil injection quantity to the highest rotating speed of the supercharger, and recording the data for 1min stably to ensure that the oil temperature data are correct;
s6: cooling and shutting down, opening a fan, opening an air source air release valve, a turbine air inlet valve and a compressor air release valve, closing a self-circulation valve, stopping the fan after the temperature of the turbine inlet is reduced to 60-70 ℃, and cutting off lubricating oil supply after the fan is stopped.
Further, an idle running experiment step is further included between the steps S5 and S6, in which the turbine intake valve is specifically opened to reduce the rotation speed of the supercharger to 60%, the fuel supply is cut off after the stable operation is performed for 1min, the timing is started after the fuel supply is cut off, and the timing is ended after the rotation speed of the supercharger disappears.
Further, in the step S1, the driving requirement is specifically that no foreign matters enter the air passage, the oil passage, the water passage and the supercharger shell, the oil passage returns smoothly, and the fuel oil is sufficient.
Further, in the step S2, the valve state is checked to ensure that 60% of the air source bleed valve is opened, 50% of the air compressor bleed valve is opened, and the turbine air inlet valve and the self-circulation valve are completely closed.
In step S3, whether the ignition is successful or not is determined by the ignition sound and the temperature of the combustion chamber, if the ignition is unsuccessful for three times, the ignition discharge failure is stopped, and the ignition is performed after the cold air is blown for 5 min.
Further, in the step S4, if the supercharger rotation speed is found to be too fast, the ignition switch is pressed.
Further, in step S4, in the self-circulation state, the compressor bleed valve is closed, the turbine intake valve is closed, the wind source bleed valve is opened by 50-60%, and the self-circulation valve is opened by 60-70%.
Further, the lubrication oil pressure in the step S2 is 2.5bar, the lubrication oil pressure in the step S3 and the step S4 is increased to 3-3.5bar, and the lubrication oil pressure in the step S5 is increased to 4-4.5bar.
The beneficial effect of this scheme: (1) According to the scheme, the supercharger is directly connected to the supercharger test bed, the actual working condition of the supercharger is simulated through the work of the supercharger test bed, under the condition, the detection result of the supercharger is closer to the actual working result, and the collected data are more real and reliable.
(2) The test work before the supercharger leaves the factory can be used for monitoring whether the factory performance index of the supercharger accords with the design index, and the whole test process is less in time, so that the test on the supercharger can be completed efficiently.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a connection diagram of a supercharger test stand in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Reference numerals in the drawings of the specification include: fan 1, compressor 2, turbine 3, ignition 4, pressure sensor 5, temperature sensor 6, rotational speed sensor 7, differential pressure sensor 8, flow sensor 9, control unit 10, vibration sensor 11, noise test point 12, muffler 13, shock absorber 14, air source bleed valve 15, compressor bleed valve 16, turbine intake valve 17, self-circulation valve 18, diesel oil station 19, main fuel pump 20, auxiliary fuel pump 21, oil injection device 22, liquid level sensor 23, main combustion chamber 24, auxiliary combustion chamber 25.
Examples
Substantially as shown in figure 1: the method for checking and testing the working state of the supercharger adopts a supercharger test bed for testing, and is combined with the test bed shown in fig. 2, wherein the supercharger test bed comprises a fan 1, a gas compressor 2, a turbine 3, a fuel unit, a combustion chamber, a lubricating oil unit, an ignition device 4, a plurality of pipelines, a plurality of valves, a plurality of pressure sensors 5, a plurality of temperature sensors 6, a plurality of rotating speed sensors 7, a differential pressure sensor 8, a flow sensor 9, a plurality of control units 10, a vibration sensor 11, a noise measuring instrument, a silencer 13 and a plurality of shock absorbers 14; the pipelines comprise an air inlet pipeline, a pipeline from the gas compressor 2 to the combustion chamber, a pipeline from the combustion chamber to the turbine 3, an exhaust pipeline of the turbine 3, a fuel oil supply pipeline and a lubrication oil pipeline; the several valves include an air source bleed valve 15, a compressor bleed valve 16, a turbine inlet valve 17 and a self-circulation valve 18.
The air inlet pipeline, the compressor 2 to the combustion chamber pipeline, the combustion chamber to the turbine 3 pipeline, the turbine 3 exhaust pipeline, the fuel oil supply pipeline and the lubrication pipeline are respectively provided with a pressure sensor 5, the air inlet pipeline, the combustion chamber, the lubrication pipeline and the turbine 3 exhaust pipeline are respectively provided with a temperature sensor 6, a plurality of rotation speed sensors 7 are arranged in the compressor 2 and used for detecting the rotation speed of a supercharger in the compressor 2, a pressure difference sensor 8 and a flow sensor 9 are arranged in the air inlet pipeline, and a plurality of control units 10 are respectively connected with the plurality of pressure sensors 5, the plurality of temperature sensors 6, the plurality of rotation speed sensors 7, the pressure difference sensor 8 and the flow sensor 9 and are used for collecting and processing data information of the plurality of pressure sensors 5, the plurality of temperature sensors 6, the plurality of rotation speed sensors 7, the pressure difference sensor 8 and the flow sensor 9.
The vibration sensor 11 is installed on the plane that the booster is close to the bearing, noise measurement appearance carries out noise test in six places around apart from booster 1m, muffler 13 installs on the air intake pipe way, a plurality of shock absorbers 14 are installed respectively on air intake pipe way, compressor 2 to combustion chamber pipeline, combustion chamber to turbine 3 pipeline, the fuel unit includes diesel oil station 19, main fuel pump 20, vice fuel pump 21 and oil injection device 22, install level sensor 23 in the diesel oil station 19, level sensor 23 is connected with control unit 10, the combustion chamber includes main combustion chamber 24 and vice combustion chamber 25, and main combustion chamber 24 and vice combustion chamber 25 are connected with ignition device 4 respectively.
The method for carrying out the detection test by adopting the supercharger test bed comprises the following steps:
s1: the method comprises the steps of pre-preparing, mounting a supercharger on a supercharger test bed, and checking whether the supercharger test bed meets the driving requirement, wherein the driving requirement is that no foreign matters enter an air passage, an oil passage, a water passage and a supercharger shell, the oil passage returns oil smoothly, and the fuel oil is sufficient;
s2: after the running requirement of the supercharger test bed is met, checking the valve state, ensuring that a wind source air release valve is 60 percent open, a gas compressor air release valve 1650 percent open, a turbine 3 air inlet valve and a self-circulation valve 18 are completely closed, starting a fan 1, and adjusting the turbine 3 air inlet valve to enable the supercharger to run at 10-20 percent of the highest rotating speed, wherein the lubricating oil pressure is 2.5bar;
s3: adjusting the air inlet pressure of the turbine 3, igniting, opening an air inlet valve of the turbine 3 to enable the air inlet pressure of the turbine 3 to reach 1.3-1.4KPa, closing a wind source air release valve, closing an accelerator switch to be minimum, opening a fuel pump, igniting after the fuel oil pressure reaches 5bar and is stabilized for 10s, judging whether the ignition is successful or not through ignition sound and the temperature of a combustion chamber, stopping ignition and discharging faults if the ignition is unsuccessful for three times, performing ignition after cold air blows for 5min, and increasing the pressure of lubricating oil to 3-3.5bar;
s4: establishing self-circulation, opening a self-circulation valve 18, closing a compressor air release valve 16, closing a turbine air inlet valve 17, opening a wind source air release valve, if the rotation speed of the supercharger is found to be too fast to drop, pressing an ignition switch, closing the compressor air release valve 16, closing the turbine air inlet valve 17 in a self-circulation state, opening 50-60% of the wind source air release valve, opening 60-70% of the self-circulation valve 18, and maintaining the lubricating oil pressure at 3-3.5bar;
s5: test data acquisition, namely after running in from circulation and stable operation for at least 2min, the pressure of lubricating oil is increased to 4-4.5bar, the supercharger is regulated to the flow and pressure ratio with definite performance point, the data are stored twice after the performance point is stable, the oil injection quantity is increased to the highest rotating speed of the supercharger, the data are recorded for 1min, the oil temperature data are ensured to be correct, and the data comprise a plurality of pressure sensors 5, a plurality of temperature sensors 6, a plurality of rotating speed sensors 7, a differential pressure sensor 8, a flow sensor 9, a vibration sensor 11 and various data acquired by a noise measuring instrument;
s6: in the idle running experiment, the turbine air inlet valve 17 is opened to enable the rotation speed of the supercharger to be reduced to 60%, the fuel supply is cut off after the stable operation is carried out for 1min, the timing is started after the fuel supply is cut off, and the timing is ended after the rotation number of the supercharger disappears;
s7: cooling and shutting down, opening the fan 1, opening the air source air release valve 15, the turbine air inlet valve 17 and the air compressor air release valve 16, closing the self-circulation valve 18, stopping the fan 1 after the inlet temperature of the turbine 3 is reduced to 60-70 ℃, and cutting off the lubricating oil supply after the fan 1 is stopped.
It is noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
The foregoing is merely an embodiment of the present invention, and a specific structure and characteristics of common knowledge in the art, which are well known in the scheme, are not described herein, so that a person of ordinary skill in the art knows all the prior art in the application day or before the priority date of the present invention, and can know all the prior art in the field, and have the capability of applying the conventional experimental means before the date, so that a person of ordinary skill in the art can complete and implement the present embodiment in combination with his own capability in the light of the present application, and some typical known structures or known methods should not be an obstacle for a person of ordinary skill in the art to implement the present application. It should be noted that modifications and improvements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the structure of the present invention, and these should also be considered as the scope of the present invention, which does not affect the effect of the implementation of the present invention and the utility of the patent. The protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the content of the claims, and the description of the specific embodiments and the like in the specification can be used for explaining the content of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. The supercharger working state inspection test method adopts a supercharger test bed for test, and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: the method comprises the steps of pre-preparing, mounting a supercharger on a supercharger test bed, wherein the supercharger test bed comprises a fan, a gas compressor, a turbine, a fuel unit, a combustion chamber, a lubricating oil unit, an ignition device, a plurality of pipelines, a plurality of valves, a plurality of pressure sensors, a plurality of temperature sensors, a plurality of rotation speed sensors, a differential pressure sensor, a flow sensor, a plurality of control units, a vibration sensor, a noise measuring instrument, a silencer and a plurality of shock absorbers; the pipelines comprise an air inlet pipeline, a compressor-to-combustion chamber pipeline, a combustion chamber-to-turbine pipeline, a turbine exhaust pipeline, a fuel oil supply pipeline and a lubrication oil pipeline; the valves comprise an air source air release valve, a gas compressor air release valve, a turbine air inlet valve and a self-circulation valve;
the air inlet pipeline, the compressor to combustion chamber pipeline, the combustion chamber to turbine pipeline, the turbine exhaust pipeline, the fuel oil supply pipeline and the lubrication pipeline are respectively provided with a pressure sensor, the air inlet pipeline, the combustion chamber, the lubrication pipeline and the turbine exhaust pipeline are respectively provided with a temperature sensor, a plurality of rotation speed sensors are arranged in the compressor and used for detecting the rotation speed of a supercharger in the compressor, a plurality of pressure difference sensors and flow sensors are arranged on the air inlet pipeline, and a plurality of control units are respectively connected with a plurality of pressure sensors, a plurality of temperature sensors, a plurality of rotation speed sensors, a pressure difference sensor and a flow sensor and are used for collecting and processing data information of the pressure sensors, the temperature sensors, the rotation speed sensors, the pressure difference sensors and the flow sensors;
the vibration sensor is arranged on a plane of the supercharger, which is close to the bearing, the silencer is arranged on an air inlet pipeline, a plurality of shock absorbers are respectively arranged on an air inlet pipeline, a compressor-to-combustion chamber pipeline and a combustion chamber-to-turbine pipeline, the fuel unit comprises a diesel oil station, a main fuel pump, an auxiliary fuel pump and a fuel injection device, a liquid level sensor is arranged in the diesel oil station, the liquid level sensor is connected with a control unit, the combustion chamber comprises a main combustion chamber and an auxiliary combustion chamber, and the main combustion chamber and the auxiliary combustion chamber are respectively connected with an ignition device; checking whether the supercharger test bed meets the driving requirement;
s2: checking a pipeline in a low-speed test run, checking the state of a valve after a supercharger test run meets the driving requirement, starting a fan, and adjusting a turbine air inlet valve to enable the supercharger to run at 10% -20% of the highest rotating speed;
s3: adjusting the air inlet pressure of the turbine, igniting, opening an air inlet valve of the turbine to enable the air inlet pressure of the turbine to reach 1.3-1.4KPa, closing a wind source air release valve, closing an accelerator switch to be minimum, opening a fuel pump, and igniting after the fuel oil pressure reaches 5bar and is stabilized for 10 s;
s4: establishing self-circulation, opening a self-circulation valve, closing a compressor air release valve, closing a turbine air inlet valve, and opening a wind source air release valve;
s5: test data acquisition, after running in from circulation and stable operation for at least 2min, regulating the supercharger to the flow and pressure ratio with definite performance points, storing data twice after the performance points are stable, increasing the oil injection quantity to the highest rotating speed of the supercharger, and recording the data for 1min stably to ensure that the oil temperature data are correct;
s6: cooling and shutting down, opening a fan, opening an air source air release valve, a turbine air inlet valve and a compressor air release valve, closing a self-circulation valve, stopping the fan after the temperature of the turbine inlet is reduced to 60-70 ℃, and cutting off lubricating oil supply after the fan is stopped.
2. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 1, wherein: and an idle running experiment step is further included between the steps S5 and S6, wherein the idle running experiment step is specifically to open a turbine air inlet valve to enable the rotation speed of the supercharger to be reduced to 60%, cut off fuel supply after stable operation is carried out for 1min, start timing after the fuel supply is cut off, and end timing after the rotation number of the supercharger disappears.
3. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 1, wherein: in the step S1, the driving requirement is that no foreign matters enter the air passage, the oil passage, the water passage and the supercharger shell, the oil passage returns smoothly, and the fuel oil is sufficient.
4. A supercharger operating condition test method according to claim 3, wherein: in the step S2, the valve state is checked to ensure that 60% of the air source air release valve is opened, 50% of the air compressor air release valve is opened, and the turbine air inlet valve and the self-circulation valve are completely closed.
5. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 2, wherein: in the step S3, whether the ignition is successful or not is judged by the ignition sound and the temperature of the combustion chamber, if the ignition is unsuccessful for three times, the ignition is stopped, the fault is discharged, and the ignition is performed after the cold air is blown for 5 min.
6. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 2, wherein: in the step S4, if the rotation speed of the supercharger is found to drop too fast, the ignition switch is pressed.
7. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 6, wherein: in step S4, under the self-circulation state, the air compressor bleed valve is closed, the turbine air inlet valve is closed, the air source bleed valve is opened by 50-60%, and the self-circulation valve is opened by 60-70%.
8. The supercharger operating condition test method of claim 7, wherein: the lubrication oil pressure in the step S2 is 2.5bar, the lubrication oil pressure in the step S3 and the step S4 is increased to 3-3.5bar, and the lubrication oil pressure in the step S5 is increased to 4-4.5bar.
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| CN202111095060.2A CN113654787B (en) | 2021-09-17 | 2021-09-17 | Supercharger working state test method |
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| CN202111095060.2A CN113654787B (en) | 2021-09-17 | 2021-09-17 | Supercharger working state test method |
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| CN2206955Y (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1995-09-06 | 铁道部大连内燃机车研究所 | Energy-saving leaving factroy testing device for waste gas turbine booster |
| RU2009123615A (en) * | 2009-06-19 | 2010-12-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Группа "А.Д.Д." (RU) | AUTOMATED COMBINED PLANT FOR INTEGRATED DISPOSAL OF THERMAL ENERGY OF DIESEL ENGINE |
| CN102798520A (en) * | 2012-08-10 | 2012-11-28 | 任彦领 | Comprehensive test bench of turbocharger |
| CN113375944A (en) * | 2021-06-03 | 2021-09-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Comprehensive test bed system of exhaust gas turbocharger |
-
2021
- 2021-09-17 CN CN202111095060.2A patent/CN113654787B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2206955Y (en) * | 1994-07-29 | 1995-09-06 | 铁道部大连内燃机车研究所 | Energy-saving leaving factroy testing device for waste gas turbine booster |
| RU2009123615A (en) * | 2009-06-19 | 2010-12-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Группа "А.Д.Д." (RU) | AUTOMATED COMBINED PLANT FOR INTEGRATED DISPOSAL OF THERMAL ENERGY OF DIESEL ENGINE |
| CN102798520A (en) * | 2012-08-10 | 2012-11-28 | 任彦领 | Comprehensive test bench of turbocharger |
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| Title |
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