CN113648836A - Method for controlling leakage of membrane source disinfection by-product precursor - Google Patents
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- CN113648836A CN113648836A CN202110518340.3A CN202110518340A CN113648836A CN 113648836 A CN113648836 A CN 113648836A CN 202110518340 A CN202110518340 A CN 202110518340A CN 113648836 A CN113648836 A CN 113648836A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/20—Accessories; Auxiliary operations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2321/00—Details relating to membrane cleaning, regeneration, sterilization or to the prevention of fouling
- B01D2321/16—Use of chemical agents
- B01D2321/168—Use of other chemical agents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for controlling leakage of a precursor of a membrane source disinfection by-product, which comprises the following steps: preparing a sodium hypochlorite solution with the concentration of 1-5 mg/L, and adjusting the pH value of the sodium hypochlorite solution to 6-8 by using a buffer salt solution. And (3) performing pre-filtration treatment on the new ultrafiltration membrane by using the chlorine-containing water for 1-5 h before formal filtration, and then washing the new ultrafiltration membrane by using ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in filtrate is lower than the detection limit. After the pretreatment step, the stock solution is subjected to formal ultrafiltration, and then a disinfectant is added to react for 24 to 48 hours in a dark environment according to the content of soluble organic carbon in the effluent. The method has short pretreatment time, has a prominent removing effect on disinfection by-product precursors leaked by the ultrafiltration membrane, and reduces the adverse effect of membrane leakage on the quality of effluent water in formal filtration, thereby ensuring the safety of drinking water and providing technical support for the popularization and application of a membrane separation process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of water treatment, and particularly relates to a method for controlling leakage of a precursor of a membrane source disinfection by-product by pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite.
Background
The safety of drinking water is closely related to the health of human beings. In order to ensure the microbial safety of drinking water, the disinfection process is indispensable. Because of the advantages of low price, spectrum sterilization, continuous sterilization and the like, free chlorine is one of the most widely used drinking water disinfectants at present. Because the water contains organic matters and inorganic ions which are difficult to remove, the disinfectant can also generate disinfection byproducts which are harmful to human bodies while inactivating germs. These organic and inorganic substances are collectively referred to as precursors of disinfection by-products. The control of the disinfection by-products has important significance for ensuring the safety of drinking water. In general, control techniques for disinfection byproducts can be divided into source control, process control, and end control. Source control refers to the removal of precursors of disinfection by-products prior to disinfection. Because the generation mechanism of the disinfection by-products is complex, the influence factors are more, and once the disinfection by-products are generated, the disinfection by-products are difficult to economically and effectively remove, the source control has higher feasibility and research value. The membrane separation technology has the advantages of stable operation, simple operation and the like, and has a good removal effect on the precursor of the disinfection by-product in the raw water, so the membrane separation technology is widely concerned in the industry.
The membrane separation technology is a method for separating different substance components by the selective permeation action of a membrane material under the driving of external driving force (pressure difference, concentration difference, potential difference and the like). According to the difference of pore size, the common pressure-driven membrane technology can be divided into four types, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, wherein the ultrafiltration technology is called as the core of the third-generation urban water purification treatment technology, is introduced into water production processes by a plurality of water plants at home and abroad, and plays an increasingly important role in municipal water supply treatment. According to different material properties, common membranes can be divided into two categories of organic membranes and inorganic membranes, wherein organic high polymer membrane materials generally have the advantages of high economy, rich functions, mature research, simple processing and preparation and the like, so that the organic high polymer membrane materials are widely applied. However, it should be noted that organic substances in the organic membrane material itself leak, and can also be used as one of the sources of the disinfection by-product precursor, in order to distinguish the organic substances from the precursor in the water source, researchers have a general outline of the precursor derived from the organic membrane material as the membrane source precursor. Research shows that organic membranes (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polysulfone membranes, polyamide membranes and the like) commonly used in microfiltration can react with chlorine or chloramine to generate a plurality of disinfection byproducts, and the concentration can reach the level of microgram per liter. In addition to its application in water plants, microfiltration technology is also commonly used as a terminal treatment technology to protect the safety of the last mile of drinking water. If the precursor falling from the membrane reacts with residual chlorine in tap water to generate disinfection byproducts, the safety risk of drinking water is increased. It follows that control of membrane source precursors for ultrafiltration membranes is highly desirable.
However, most current control studies on disinfection by-product precursors focus primarily on natural organic matter in water, and there are many gaps in control studies on membrane source precursors derived from organic membrane materials. How to pretreat the ultrafiltration membrane to avoid the leakage of a membrane source precursor, so that the method is safer, more effectively realizes the source control of the disinfection by-products, and is a key problem to be solved urgently in engineering application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for controlling leakage of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method of pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control leakage of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor, comprising the steps of:
the pH value of a cleaning solution (chlorine-containing water for short) containing sodium hypochlorite with the concentration of 1 mg/L-5 mg/L is adjusted to 6-8 by using a buffer salt solution. And (3) performing pre-filtration treatment on the new ultrafiltration membrane by using the chlorine-containing water for 1-5 h before formal filtration, and then washing the ultrafiltration membrane by using ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in effluent is lower than the detection limit. After the pretreatment step, the stock solution is subjected to formal ultrafiltration, and then a disinfectant is added to react for 24 to 48 hours in a dark environment according to the content of soluble organic carbon in the effluent.
Wherein the concentration of sodium hypochlorite contained in the chlorine-containing water is 1 mg/L-5 mg/L; the intercepted molecular mass of the ultrafiltration membrane is 5000 Da-150000 Da; the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride, but is not limited thereto; the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration processing unit is 0.2MPa to 0.6 MPa; the disinfectant is hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite.
Preferably, the buffered salt solution is a phosphate or carbonate buffer solution.
Preferably, the pH value of the sodium hypochlorite solution after being adjusted by the buffer salt solution is 6-8.
Preferably, the concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution is 1mg/L to 5 mg/L.
Preferably, the temperature of the chlorine-containing water and the ultrapure water in the filtration process is 20 ℃ to 25 ℃.
Preferably, the ultrapure water rinsing step is carried out with a sodium hypochlorite concentration of less than 0.01mg/L in the effluent.
Preferably, the formula for calculating the amount of disinfectant added is as follows:
Cl2(mg/L)＝(1-5)×DOC(mg/L)+7.5×NH3-N(mg/L)+0～ 15。
preferably, the temperature condition of adding the disinfectant in the dark environment for reaction is 20 +/-2 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
firstly, the chemical cleaning agent sodium hypochlorite adopted by the invention has oxidability, and can react with the precursor of the nitrogenous disinfection by-product in advance in the pretreatment process, so that the concentration of the membrane source nitrogenous disinfection by-product contained in effluent during formal filtration is greatly reduced, the source control effect of a microfiltration process on the disinfection by-product is effectively improved, and the safety of drinking water is comprehensively ensured. Meanwhile, sodium hypochlorite is one of the most commonly used disinfectants, and can effectively inhibit the biological growth on the surface of the membrane, thereby controlling the biological pollution on the membrane surface, being beneficial to prolonging the operation period of the membrane and killing two birds with one stone.
Secondly, the invention adopts the operation mode of pre-filtration to pre-treat the new membrane. Compared with simple pre-soaking treatment, the combined action of external pressure, water flow shearing force, dissolution and diffusion of water and other material exchange can be more fully utilized to control the membrane source precursor in the pre-filtering process, so that the time required by the pre-treatment is obviously reduced, the control effect of the pre-treatment on the membrane source precursor is improved, and the time and the operation cost required in the initial operation stage of the membrane are reduced.
Thirdly, the reaction conditions are mild (the pH value is 6-8, the temperature is 20-25 ℃), and the pH value of a common natural water body is neutral or alkalescent, so that the pH value does not need to be adjusted when the pretreatment of a water plant is actually carried out, thereby saving manpower, material resources and financial resources.
Fourth, the problem of leakage of membrane source precursors of the disinfection by-products needs to be of concern, and especially at the initial stage of membrane operation or when new membranes are used, the problem can have a serious impact on front-end control and even accurate quantification of the disinfection by-products. The invention provides a method for pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane by using an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite from the aspect of source control to control a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor, which can effectively reduce the concentration of the disinfection by-product precursor leaked from a common organic membrane material in a membrane separation process, provide theoretical reference for accurate detection, risk assessment and effective control of the disinfection by-product in the membrane separation process, and really ensure the safety of drinking water.
Detailed Description
The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.
A method of pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control membrane source disinfection by-product precursors, comprising the steps of:
preparing a sodium hypochlorite solution (short for chlorine-containing water) with the concentration of 1-5 mg/L, and adjusting the pH value of the sodium hypochlorite solution to 6-8 by using a buffer salt solution. And (3) performing pre-filtration treatment on the new ultrafiltration membrane by using the chlorine-containing water for 1-5 h before formal filtration, and then washing the filtrate by using ultrapure water until the residual chlorine in the filtrate is lower than the detection limit. After the pretreatment step, formal ultrafiltration is carried out on the stock solution, then according to the content of soluble organic carbon in the effluent, a disinfectant is added in a dark environment, then the mixture is immediately sealed by a spiral cover with a polytetrafluoroethylene gasket, and the reaction is continued for 24 to 48 hours, so that the membrane source precursor is effectively controlled.
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite contained in the chlorine-containing water is 1 mg/L-5 mg/L; the intercepted molecular mass of the ultrafiltration membrane is 5000 Da-150000 Da; the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride, but is not limited thereto; the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration processing unit is 0.2MPa to 0.6 MPa; the disinfectant is hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, but is not limited thereto.
When in use, the sodium hypochlorite solution is diluted to the effective chlorine content of about 4g/L and is placed in a brown reagent bottle to be protected from light.
The purpose of sealing with a screw cap with a teflon gasket is: preventing the interference of impurities in the external environment, thereby preventing the volatilization of the disinfectant.
In practice, the buffered salt solution is selected from one or more phosphate or carbonate buffer solutions.
The pH value of the water body after the buffer salt solution is adjusted can be 6-8, and preferably 6.5-7.5.
The initial concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution used for the pretreatment may be 1mg/L to 5mg/L, preferably 3mg/L to 5 mg/L.
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite, the pretreatment time and the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit used in the pretreatment can be determined according to the concentration, the pH value, the turbidity and the chromaticity of the soluble organic carbon of the actual water body.
The formula for calculating the dosage of the disinfectant is as follows:
Cl2＝(1-5)×DOC+7.5×NH3-N+0～15
wherein, the determination method of the soluble Organic carbon DOC (dissolved Organic carbon) in the water body comprises the following steps: the water sample was passed through a 0.45 μm filter and then measured using Shimadzu TOC-L instrument. The method for measuring ammonia nitrogen NH3-N (Ammonia nitrogen) in the water body comprises the following steps: the water sample was passed through a 0.45 μm filter and then measured using a Hash DR6000 spectrophotometer.
Further, the reaction temperature after adding the disinfectant can be 20 +/-2 ℃, and is preferably 20 ℃; the reaction time can be 24-48 h, preferably 24 h.
The invention will now be further illustrated by reference to the examples shown in the accompanying table.
Example 1:
the method for pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
adjusting the pH value of a sodium hypochlorite solution with initial concentration of 3mg/L to 7.0 by using a phosphate buffer solution, then passing the sodium hypochlorite solution through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit, performing pre-filtration treatment on a new ultrafiltration membrane for 1h, washing with ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in effluent is lower than 0.01mg/L, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyether sulfone, the mass of a trapped molecule is 5000Da, and the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit is 0.35 Mpa. After the pretreatment is finished, the actual water body passes through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit under the pressure of 0.35MPa to carry out formal water sample filtration, then effective chlorine is added according to the content of soluble organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen in the effluent of the ultrafiltration treatment unit, a spiral cover with a polytetrafluoroethylene gasket is immediately used for sealing, and after full mixing, the mixture is stored in a thermostat to carry out dark reaction for 24 hours, and meanwhile, the temperature is kept at 20 ℃, thereby controlling the concentration of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the ultrafiltration membrane.
Example 2:
the method for pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
adjusting the pH value of a sodium hypochlorite solution with the initial concentration of 4mg/L to 7.5 by using a phosphate buffer solution, then passing the sodium hypochlorite solution through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit, performing pre-filtration treatment on a new ultrafiltration membrane for 2 hours, and then flushing with ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in effluent is lower than 0.01mg/L, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, the mass of trapped molecules is 50000Da, and the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit is 0.3 Mpa. After the pretreatment is finished, the actual water body passes through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit under the pressure of 0.3MPa to carry out formal water sample filtration, then effective chlorine is added according to the content of soluble organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen in the effluent of the ultrafiltration treatment unit, a spiral cover with a polytetrafluoroethylene gasket is immediately used for sealing, and after full mixing, the mixture is stored in a thermostat to carry out dark reaction for 24 hours, and meanwhile, the temperature is kept at 20 ℃, thereby controlling the concentration of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the ultrafiltration membrane.
Example 3:
the method for pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
adjusting the pH value of a sodium hypochlorite solution with initial concentration of 5mg/L to 7.0 by using a phosphate buffer solution, then passing the sodium hypochlorite solution through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit, performing pre-filtration treatment on a new ultrafiltration membrane for 1h, washing with ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in effluent is lower than 0.01mg/L, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, the mass of trapped molecules is 10000Da, and the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit is 0.3 Mpa. After the pretreatment is finished, the actual water body passes through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit under the pressure of 0.3MPa to carry out formal water sample filtration, then effective chlorine is added according to the content of soluble organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen in the effluent of the ultrafiltration treatment unit, a spiral cover with a polytetrafluoroethylene gasket is immediately used for sealing, and after full mixing, the mixture is stored in a thermostat to carry out dark reaction for 24 hours, and meanwhile, the temperature is kept at 20 ℃, thereby controlling the concentration of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the ultrafiltration membrane.
Example 4:
the method for pretreating an ultrafiltration membrane with an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite to control a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
adjusting the pH value of a sodium hypochlorite solution with initial concentration of 5mg/L to 7.5 by using a phosphate buffer solution, then passing the sodium hypochlorite solution through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit, performing pre-filtration treatment on a new ultrafiltration membrane for 3 hours, and then flushing with ultrapure water until the concentration of residual chlorine in effluent is lower than 0.01mg/L, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyether sulfone, the mass of a trapped molecule is 5000Da, and the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit is 0.35 Mpa. After the pretreatment is finished, the actual water body passes through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit under the pressure of 0.35MPa to carry out formal water sample filtration, then effective chlorine is added according to the content of soluble organic carbon and ammonia nitrogen in the effluent of the ultrafiltration treatment unit, a spiral cover with a polytetrafluoroethylene gasket is immediately used for sealing, and after full mixing, the mixture is stored in a thermostat to carry out dark reaction for 24 hours, and meanwhile, the temperature is kept at 20 ℃, thereby controlling the concentration of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor of the ultrafiltration membrane.
The following experiments were conducted using the products of the above examples as materials, respectively.
The method for measuring the disinfection by-products comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out liquid-liquid extraction on a disinfected water sample, namely: after a water sample passes through a 0.45-micron microporous filter membrane, 2g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (or anhydrous sodium chloride) is immediately added into a test tube containing 10mL of the water sample, and the test tube is placed on a test tube oscillator for oscillation, so that the anhydrous sodium sulfate is fully dissolved, and the liquid level of the water sample rises to some extent; then 2mL of methyl tert-butyl ether (as an extractant) is added and placed on a test tube oscillator to oscillate for 5min, the mixture is kept stand for 5min, a pipette is used for sucking 1mL of the extractant solution on the upper layer and placing the extractant solution in a sample feeding bottle, the sample feeding bottle is placed in an automatic sample feeder, then a gas chromatography-electronic capture detector combined instrument is used for measurement, and the test results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 reduction rate of precursor concentration of membrane-derived disinfection by-products in ultrafiltrate effluent
The rate of decrease in the table is the difference between the concentration of the disinfection by-product generated during the disinfection of the membrane source precursor leaked from the new ultrafiltration membrane and the concentration of the disinfection by-product generated from the membrane source precursor leaked from the pretreated ultrafiltration membrane, divided by the concentration of the disinfection by-product generated from the membrane source precursor before pretreatment, prior to pretreatment by the method of this patent. As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the method for controlling the precursor of the membrane source disinfection by pre-treating the ultrafiltration membrane with the aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite, the method has a good control effect on the precursor of the membrane source disinfection by-product when the ultrafiltration membrane is not pre-treated, the reduction rate of the concentration of the trichloromethane precursor is 65.6-82.4%, the reduction rate of the concentration of the trichloroacetaldehyde precursor is 71.4-88.3%, the reduction rate of the concentration of the trichloronitromethane precursor is 54.7-69.7%, and the removal effect is obvious, so that the method for controlling the leakage of the precursor of the membrane source disinfection by-product by pre-treating the ultrafiltration membrane with the aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite has a good control effect on the leakage of the precursor of the disinfection by-product leaked from the microfiltration membrane.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of controlling leakage of a membrane source disinfection by-product precursor, comprising the steps of:
s1: preparing sodium hypochlorite solution with the concentration of 1 mg/L-5 mg/L;
s2: adjusting the pH value of the sodium hypochlorite solution to 6-8 by using a buffer salt solution;
s3: filtering the sodium hypochlorite solution by an ultrafiltration membrane filtering unit at the pressure of 0.2-0.6 MPa; and (3) carrying out pre-filtration treatment on the new ultrafiltration membrane for 1-5 h, and then washing with ultrapure water until no residual chlorine exists in the effluent.
S4: after the pretreatment is finished, the stock solution in the S3 passes through an ultrafiltration membrane filtration treatment unit under the pressure of 0.2-0.6 MPa to carry out formal water sample filtration;
s5: according to the content of the soluble organic carbon in the effluent, adding a disinfectant to react for 24 to 48 hours in a dark environment.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the mass of the intercepted molecules of the ultrafiltration membrane is 5000 Da-150000 Da.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the ultrafiltration membrane is made of polyether sulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the operating pressure of the ultrafiltration treatment unit is 0.2MPa to 0.6 MPa.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the disinfectant is hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the buffer salt solution is phosphate or carbonate buffer solution.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the temperature of the sodium hypochlorite solution and the ultrapure water in the filtering process is 20-25 ℃.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the ultrapure water rinsing step is completed according to the standard that the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in effluent is lower than 0.01 mg/L.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the formula for calculating the dosage of the disinfectant is as follows:
and Cl2 is (1-5) multiplied by DOC +7.5 multiplied by NH3-N + a, wherein the units of Cl2, DOC, NH3 and N are mg/L, and a is an error regulation term with the value ranging from 0 to 15.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of controlling leakage of precursor of membrane source disinfection byproducts comprises: the temperature condition of adding the disinfectant in the dark environment for reaction is 20 +/-2 ℃.
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| 朱志良等: "不同分子质量区间腐殖酸的氯化反应特性研究", 《中国给水排水》 * |
| 钟惠舟等: "超滤膜减少消毒剂量和消毒副产物的研究", 《供水技术》 * |
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