CN113645026B - Key negotiation method and system based on phase noise extraction - Google Patents

Key negotiation method and system based on phase noise extraction Download PDF

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CN113645026B
CN113645026B CN202110801148.5A CN202110801148A CN113645026B CN 113645026 B CN113645026 B CN 113645026B CN 202110801148 A CN202110801148 A CN 202110801148A CN 113645026 B CN113645026 B CN 113645026B
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phase noise
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key
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CN113645026A (en
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唐先锋
张�杰
刘乐
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Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0838—Key agreement, i.e. key establishment technique in which a shared key is derived by parties as a function of information contributed by, or associated with, each of these
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/60—Receivers
    • H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
    • H04B10/616—Details of the electronic signal processing in coherent optical receivers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/60—Receivers
    • H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
    • H04B10/616—Details of the electronic signal processing in coherent optical receivers
    • H04B10/6165—Estimation of the phase of the received optical signal, phase error estimation or phase error correction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/80—Optical aspects relating to the use of optical transmission for specific applications, not provided for in groups H04B10/03 - H04B10/70, e.g. optical power feeding or optical transmission through water
    • H04B10/85—Protection from unauthorised access, e.g. eavesdrop protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords

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Abstract

The invention discloses a key negotiation method and a system based on phase noise extraction, belonging to the technical field of optical communication and comprising the following steps: a receiving end of the coherent receiving system performs coherent receiving on a first modulation signal sent by a sending end, demodulates the first modulation signal and extracts a first phase noise; a transmitting end of the coherent connection system performs coherent reception on a second modulation signal transmitted by a receiving end, demodulates the second modulation signal and extracts a second phase noise; and the receiving end and the sending end generate and negotiate a key according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II. The invention generates the secret key by utilizing the randomness of the phase noise, has low cost and better anti-theft performance.

Description

Key negotiation method and system based on phase noise extraction
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical communication, in particular to a key agreement method and a key agreement system based on phase noise extraction.
Background
Fiber optic networks have received much attention driven by high bandwidth services such as online gaming and high-resolution video due to their advantages of large transmission capacity, high speed, etc. With the continuous coverage from backbone networks to access networks, the services and users involved in fiber-optic communications are becoming more and more widespread, with personal, commercial and even some confidential transmissions. However, fiber optic links readily employ many techniques, such as fiber bending, splitting, and evanescent coupling, to make transmitted data more vulnerable to malicious attacks. Therefore, in optical fiber communication, communication security is receiving more and more attention.
The traditional security algorithm has high computational complexity, and the communication security is ensured through the computational complexity. With the enhancement of computer computing capability, the security algorithm is weaker and weaker in attack resistance, and the security of the encryption algorithm based on the physical layer is not dependent on the complexity of computing, so that people pay attention to the encryption algorithm.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and realize the encryption of the optical communication physical layer.
To achieve the above object, in one aspect, the present invention provides a key agreement method based on phase noise extraction, including:
a receiving end of the coherent connection system performs coherent reception on a first modulation signal sent by a sending end, demodulates the first modulation signal and extracts a first phase noise;
a transmitting end of the coherent connection system performs coherent reception on a second modulation signal transmitted by a receiving end, demodulates the second modulation signal and extracts a second phase noise;
and the receiving end and the sending end generate and negotiate a key according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II.
Further, the first modulation signal sent by the sending end is obtained by modulating a signal on a carrier wave by a first IQ modulator for a light wave sent by a first light source laser;
and the second modulation signal sent by the receiving end is obtained by modulating a light wave sent by a second light source laser on a carrier wave through a second IQ modulator.
Further, the demodulating the first modulation signal and then extracting the first phase noise thereof includes:
demodulating the first modulation signal by using a second light source laser;
for the demodulated optical signal, extracting the phase noise thereof as
Figure BDA0003164594710000021
Figure BDA0003164594710000022
Respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
Further, the extracting a second phase noise after demodulating the second modulation signal includes:
demodulating the second modulation signal by using a first light source laser;
for the demodulated optical signal, extracting the phase noise of the optical signal as
Figure BDA0003164594710000023
Figure BDA0003164594710000024
Respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
Further, the generating and negotiating of the key by the receiving end and the transmitting end according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two includes:
Figure BDA0003164594710000025
Figure BDA0003164594710000026
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
On the other hand, a key negotiation system based on phase noise extraction is adopted, and comprises a sending end and a receiving end, wherein an upper link and a lower link which adopt coherent detection form an annular loop, the sending end is provided with a first light source laser, a first IQ modulator, a first phase noise extraction module and a first key negotiation module, the receiving end is provided with a second light source laser, a second IQ modulator, a second phase noise extraction module and a second key negotiation module, the two light source lasers are both used as local oscillator lasers of the coherent receiving module, the first light source laser emits light waves, and the first IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on carriers and transmits the light waves to the receiving end; the second light source laser emits light waves, and the second IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on a carrier and transmits the light wave signals to the transmitting end;
the first phase noise extraction module extracts the first phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser, and the second phase noise extraction module extracts the second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser;
and the first key negotiation module and the second key negotiation module perform key negotiation according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II.
Further, the first phase noise extraction module extracts a first phase noise from the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser as follows:
Figure BDA0003164594710000027
Figure BDA0003164594710000028
respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
Further, the second phase noise extraction module extracts a second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser as follows:
Figure BDA0003164594710000031
Figure BDA0003164594710000032
respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
Further, the key agreement performed by the first key agreement module and the second key agreement module according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two specifically includes:
Figure BDA0003164594710000033
Figure BDA0003164594710000034
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects: when encrypted transmission is performed in two places, a coherent optical system is used for communication, and thus phase noise exists. The invention utilizes the randomness of the phase noise to generate the key, and the two parties form a loop, and both the two parties extract the phase noise at the receiving end and then generate and negotiate the key, thereby having low cost and better anti-theft capability.
Drawings
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a key agreement method based on phase noise extraction;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a key agreement system based on phase noise extraction;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a laser;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the phase noise extraction result at the Alice receiving end;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of Bob transmit-end phase noise extraction results.
Detailed Description
To further illustrate the features of the present invention, please refer to the detailed description and accompanying drawings below. The drawings are for reference and illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment discloses a key agreement method based on phase noise extraction, which includes the following steps S1 to S2:
s1, the receiving end of the coherent receiving system performs coherent receiving on the first modulation signal sent by the sending end, demodulates the first modulation signal and extracts the first phase noise;
s2, the sending end of the coherent receiving system performs coherent receiving on the second modulation signal sent by the receiving end, demodulates the second modulation signal and extracts the second phase noise;
and S3, the receiving end and the sending end generate and negotiate the key according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II.
The embodiment generates the key by utilizing the randomness of the phase noise, has low cost and better anti-theft capability.
As a further preferred technical solution, the first modulation signal sent by the sending end is obtained by modulating a signal on a carrier wave by a first IQ modulator for a light wave sent by a first light source laser;
and the second modulation signal sent by the receiving end is obtained by modulating a light wave sent by a second light source laser on a carrier wave through a second IQ modulator.
As a further preferred technical solution, the demodulating the first modulated signal and then extracting the first phase noise thereof includes:
demodulating the first modulation signal by using a second light source laser;
for the demodulated optical signal, extracting the phase noise thereof as
Figure BDA0003164594710000041
Figure BDA0003164594710000042
Respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
As a further preferable technical solution, the demodulating the second modulation signal and then extracting the second phase noise thereof includes:
demodulating the second modulation signal by using a first light source laser;
extracting the phase noise of the demodulated optical signal as
Figure BDA0003164594710000043
Figure BDA0003164594710000044
Respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
As a further preferred technical solution, the generating and negotiating a key by the receiving end and the transmitting end according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two includes:
Figure BDA0003164594710000045
Figure BDA0003164594710000046
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
As shown in fig. 2, this embodiment discloses a key agreement system based on phase noise extraction, which includes a transmitting end and a receiving end, where an upper link and a lower link both adopt coherent detection to form an annular loop, the transmitting end is provided with a first light source laser, a first IQ modulator, a first phase noise extraction module and a first key agreement module, the receiving end is provided with a second light source laser, a second IQ modulator, a second phase noise extraction module and a second key agreement module, the two light source lasers are both used as local oscillator lasers of a coherent receiving module, the first light source laser emits light waves, and the first IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on a carrier and transmits the light wave signals to the receiving end; the second light source laser emits light waves, and the second IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on a carrier and transmits the light wave signals to the transmitting end;
the first phase noise extraction module extracts a first phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser, and the second phase noise extraction module extracts a second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser;
and the first key negotiation module and the second key negotiation module perform key negotiation according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II.
In this embodiment, coherent optical communication systems of two locations are designed to form a loop, phase noise is generated by setting parameters of the system, and finally, phase noise is extracted at receiving ends of the two locations, and a secret key is generated by using randomness of the phase noise. In coherent optical communication systems, phase noise consists of two parts: one part is the nonlinear phase noise of the fiber, which is small and can be ignored after processing. The other part is the phase noise of the laser, which is generated by the light source and the local oscillator light in the coherent optical communication system.
Lasers are used to generate continuous wave optical signals. The light wave is generated by setting parameters such as power, frequency, line width, initial phase and the like, and a schematic diagram of the light wave is shown in figure 3: the linewidth of the laser can be modeled as a white gaussian noise with a mean of 0 and a variance of 2 pi deltaf. For two polarization states, the polarization power division ratio k and a phase delta related to polarization are obtained through setting the azimuth angle and the ellipticity, and finally the laser output light intensity is obtained as follows:
Figure BDA0003164594710000051
wherein, P represents power, ω (τ) represents the distribution function of line width, versus the general expression of light waves:
Figure BDA0003164594710000052
where A represents amplitude, ω represents frequency,
Figure BDA0003164594710000053
indicating the phase.
It can be concluded that the phase of the output light intensity of the laser is related to the line width, so that the phase noise can be changed by adjusting the line width of the laser, which can reduce the requirement on the line width of the laser, thereby greatly saving the cost.
The system is a loop formed by an upper path and a lower path, and finally, the two paths finish the generation and negotiation of a secret key by extracting phase noise. When Alice and Bob communicate with each other, coherent optical systems are used, and the signals at both ends and the phase generated by the modulator are known. For the upper branch, first, a first light source laser at an Alice transmitting end emits light waves, a signal is modulated on a carrier wave through a first IQ modulator, and then the signal reaches a Bob receiving end through the transmission of an optical fiber. And coherent reception is carried out after the demodulated signal reaches a receiving end, the adopted local oscillator laser is a second light source laser of a downlink, and Phase Noise (PN) extraction is carried out on the demodulated signal. Similarly, the lower branch Bob sending end performs signal modulation and optical channel transmission, and reaches the Alice receiving end for coherent reception, and the local oscillator light adopts the first light source laser of the upper branch, and performs phase noise extraction after demodulation is completed. Thus, in the whole loop system, the phase noise of the two places is extracted, the key agreement of the two places is completed, and the key is generated.
For Alice, the phase noise that is finally extracted consists of two parts. One part is generated by a local light source (laser1), and the other part is generated by a coherent detection local oscillator laser (laser 2). For Bob, the extracted phase noise is also generated by the local light source (laser2) and local oscillator laser (laser 1). The system has two advantages in terms of secure communication. Firstly, the whole system forms a loop, and no matter which party steals the phase from, the obtained phase only can contain the phase of one party of the receiving and sending parties, and the complete phase information cannot be obtained, so that the safety of the phase noise in the transmission process is ensured. Second, for the stealing party, the obtained information includes both the phase carrying the information and the phase noise generated by the laser, so that the stealing party cannot extract effective information from the intercepted phase information.
The system is expressed mathematically, and each node in fig. 2 has the following expression:
Figure BDA0003164594710000061
Figure BDA0003164594710000062
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003164594710000063
the phases, a, of the first light source Laser1 and the second light source Laser2, respectively, due to the line width 1 、A 2 Respectively representing the amplitude intensities of the light waves 1 and 2,
Figure BDA0003164594710000064
representing the frequencies of lightwaves 1, 2, respectively.
After passing through the IQ modulator, the phase changes. The phase change generated by IQ modulator is known and used
Figure BDA0003164594710000065
Represents:
Figure BDA0003164594710000071
Figure BDA0003164594710000072
the signal is transmitted through an optical fiber channel, the effects of nonlinearity and the like of the optical fiber are not considered, the signal reaches a receiving end to be subjected to coherent detection, and the current is obtained through homodyne square rate detection:
Figure BDA0003164594710000073
wherein
Figure BDA0003164594710000074
R represents the responsivity of the photodiode, P 1 、P 2 Respectively representing the strength of the received signal and the local oscillator signal. The following currents can be obtained in the same way:
Figure BDA0003164594710000075
as a further preferred technical solution, the first phase noise extraction module extracts a first phase noise from the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser as follows:
Figure BDA0003164594710000076
Figure BDA0003164594710000077
respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
As a further preferred technical solution, the second phase noise extraction module extracts a second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser as follows:
Figure BDA0003164594710000078
Figure BDA0003164594710000079
respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
As a further preferred technical solution, the key agreement performed by the first key agreement module and the second key agreement module according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two specifically includes:
Figure BDA00031645947100000710
Figure BDA00031645947100000711
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
In order to verify the effectiveness of the scheme of the invention, a simulation system is set up in a professional optical fiber communication simulation platform according to a system schematic diagram 2. The system adopts the same confirmed signal, and the same laser is used as a light source of a transmitting end of the branch and a local oscillator light source of a receiving end of the other branch to form a QPSK loop system with the speed of 50 Gbit/s. The frequency of the two lasers is 1550nm, the line width is 100kHz, and after modulation and demodulation, partial Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is carried out on received data.
And performing joint simulation by using signal processing software and a simulation platform to extract phase noise of the received data. According to the constellation diagram, phase noise is reflected on the constellation diagram and appears as jitter of constellation points, and the phase deviates. Therefore, the phase of the received data is expressed, the phase difference is obtained by comparing the phase with the phase corresponding to the original QPSK, the phase noise is quantized and extracted, and the phase noise extraction results for both Alice and Bob are shown in fig. 4 and 5: it can be seen that the system successfully accomplishes the extraction of phase noise, and the phase noise of both places is substantially consistent. The phase noise is used for generating the key, so that the randomness and consistency of the key are ensured, and the key generation and negotiation between two places are completed. The method is efficient and has low requirements for system devices, and has great prospects in commerce.
It should be noted that, in the present embodiment, phase noise generated by the light source laser is converted into a key signal, where the phase noise refers to that generated by the local laser and the local oscillator laser, and the line width of the laser is used to generate the phase noise, regardless of that generated by the amplifier.
The noise of the laser includes relative intensity noise and phase noise, the relative intensity noise refers to power noise normalized to average power, and not discussed here, the laser phase noise is modeled by a probability density function with a mean value of zero and a variance of zero
Figure BDA0003164594710000081
Where Δ f is the laser linewidth, different phase noise is obtained by adjusting the linewidth of the laser.
Due to the influence of phase noise, the constellation diagram rotates, so that constellation points cannot be separated, and different requirements on the line width of the laser are also met for different coherent communication systems. In the case of the existing phase noise, the receiving end must be able to correctly track the change of the carrier phase to realize correct reception of the signal. For a 40-100Gbps coherent communication system which is commercially available at present, the required line width of a laser is 300-500kHz, the narrower the line width of the laser has higher requirements on technology and cost, and the embodiment utilizes phase noise caused by the line width of the laser, so that on the premise of meeting correct received signals, the wider the line width of the laser is, the better the line width of the laser is, the communication cost is reduced, and the application of the laser with the wider line width in the coherent communication system is expanded.
In addition, considering that the phase noise has different values at different moments, the invention adopts two sets of coherent optical communication transceiving systems to realize the synchronous extraction of the phase noise, and ensures that the noise extracted at the two ends is the same.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims (4)

1. A key agreement method based on phase noise extraction is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a receiving end of the coherent receiving system performs coherent receiving on a first modulation signal sent by a sending end, demodulates the first modulation signal and extracts a first phase noise;
a transmitting end of the coherent receiving system performs coherent receiving on a second modulation signal transmitted by a receiving end, demodulates the second modulation signal and extracts a second phase noise;
the receiving end and the sending end generate and negotiate a key according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II;
the modulation signal I sent by the sending end is obtained by modulating a signal on a carrier wave by a first IQ modulator through a light wave sent by a first light source laser;
the modulation signal II sent by the receiving end is obtained by modulating a signal on a carrier wave by a second IQ modulator through a light wave sent by a second light source laser;
the step of extracting the phase noise I of the modulated signal I after demodulating the modulated signal I comprises the following steps:
demodulating the first modulation signal by using a second light source laser;
for the demodulated optical signal, extracting the phase noise thereof as
Figure FDA0003650345930000011
Figure FDA0003650345930000012
The phases of the first light source laser and the second light source laser due to the line width respectively;
the step of extracting the phase noise II after demodulating the second modulation signal comprises the following steps:
demodulating the second modulation signal by using a first light source laser;
for the demodulated optical signal, extracting the phase noise of the optical signal as
Figure FDA0003650345930000013
Figure FDA0003650345930000014
The phases of the first and second light source lasers due to line width, respectively.
2. The key agreement method based on phase noise extraction as claimed in claim 1, wherein the receiving end and the transmitting end perform key generation and agreement according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two, including:
Figure FDA0003650345930000015
Figure FDA0003650345930000016
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
3. A key agreement system based on phase noise extraction is characterized by comprising a sending end and a receiving end, wherein an upper link and a lower link which adopt coherent detection form an annular loop, the sending end is provided with a first light source laser, a first IQ modulator, a first phase noise extraction module and a first key agreement module, the receiving end is provided with a second light source laser, a second IQ modulator, a second phase noise extraction module and a second key agreement module, the two light source lasers are both used as local oscillator lasers of the coherent receiving module, the first light source laser emits light waves, and the first IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on a carrier and transmits the light waves to the receiving end; the second light source laser emits light waves, and the second IQ modulator modulates light wave signals on a carrier and transmits the light wave signals to the transmitting end;
the first phase noise extraction module extracts the first phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser, and the second phase noise extraction module extracts the second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser;
the first key negotiation module and the second key negotiation module carry out key negotiation according to the phase noise I and the phase noise II;
the first phase noise extraction module extracts a first phase noise from the optical signal demodulated by the first light source laser as follows:
Figure FDA0003650345930000021
the phases of the first light source laser and the second light source laser generated by the line width respectively;
the second phase noise extraction module extracts a second phase noise of the optical signal demodulated by the second light source laser as follows:
Figure FDA0003650345930000022
respectively, the phases of the first and second source lasers due to line width.
4. The phase noise extraction-based key agreement system according to claim 3, wherein the first key agreement module and the second key agreement module perform key agreement according to the phase noise one and the phase noise two specifically:
Figure FDA0003650345930000023
Figure FDA0003650345930000024
wherein, K 12 Indicating the secret key generated by the sender, K 21 Denotes a key generated by the receiving end, and f denotes an operation performed on the phase noise.
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WO2016187432A1 (en) * 2015-05-19 2016-11-24 Michael Fiske Hiding a public key exchange in noise
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JP2007116521A (en) * 2005-10-21 2007-05-10 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> Quantum private key delivery system and method
JP2008306474A (en) * 2007-06-07 2008-12-18 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> Quantum cryptographic communication equipment and quantum cryptographic communication method
CN113067700A (en) * 2021-03-05 2021-07-02 北京邮电大学 Key generation method based on phase noise of large-linewidth laser and related equipment

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