CN113632669B - 一种防治毛豆根腐病的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于防治毛豆根腐病的方法,包括以下步骤:(1)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,所述种衣剂由多菌灵、精甲霜灵、恶霉灵、咯菌腈和代森锰锌制得;(2)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥,加填新土垄高;(3)养护管理:选用防治药剂进行喷洒,所述防治药剂原料包括15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂、50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂、25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂、50%安克可湿性粉剂、60%灭克可湿性粉剂和58%金雷多米尔可湿性粉剂中至少两种;(4)合理轮作。采用本发明的防治毛豆根腐病的方法,有效提高毛豆的产量和减少毛豆根腐病的发病率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及防治根腐病领域,特别涉及一种防治毛豆根腐病的方法。
背景技术
毛豆根腐病是一种分布广、危害重、病原菌种类繁多和防治困难的世界性病害。在毛豆整个生育期间都可发生的一种重要根部病害,由多种土壤传播病原菌单独或复合侵染引起,主要包括镰刀菌根腐病、腐霉根腐病和疫霉根腐病三种,近年来,随着毛豆栽培面积的扩大,根腐病的发生蔓延逐渐加重,我国各毛豆栽培地区都发生为害严重,植株一旦感病,如治理措施不及时,将会导致病害迅速蔓延。一般可导致毛豆减产30-50%,严重时达70%以上,甚至绝收,严重影响毛豆产量。
病原菌在土壤中和病株体内越冬,并可在土壤中腐生,成为病害的初侵染来源。环境适宜时越冬病菌直接侵害幼苗,引起幼苗根腐。病菌也可通过雨水、灌溉水及人、畜或农机具的携带传播。主要发生在毛豆根部,幼苗或成株均染病。发病初期茎基部或胚根表皮出现淡红褐色不规则的小斑,后变红褐色凹陷坏死斑,绕根茎扩展致根皮枯死,受害株根系不发达,根瘤少、地上部矮小瘦弱,叶色淡绿,分枝、结荚明显减少。由于近年来种植面积一直呈上升趋势,重茬、迎茬比例不断增加,导致毛豆根部病害日趋严重。
目前,毛豆根腐病的防治仍以化学药剂为主,例如,CN200810072433.2以烯酰吗啉福美双、恶霉灵、成膜剂、增稠剂、警戒色、消泡剂和水为原料制备种衣剂,防治效果在80.2%-85.7%,CN200910010876.3以假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌复配,制得一种防治毛豆根腐病的菌剂,利用抗性微生物来控制根腐病的病原真菌。毛豆根腐病的病原物种类多及其侵染规律不尽相同,制定出适用于毛豆根腐病安全有效的防治方法,对于有效解决毛豆生产障碍、促进可持续发展具有重要的意义。
发明内容
鉴以此,本发明提出一种防治毛豆根腐病的方法,降低毛豆根腐病发病率,提高毛豆产量。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
(1)种衣剂拌种处理:使用毛豆种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,所述种衣剂由多菌灵、精甲霜灵、恶霉灵、咯菌腈和代森锰锌制得;
(2)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥,加填新土垄高为30~50cm;
(3)养护管理:选用防治药剂进行喷洒,所述防治药剂原料包括15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1000~1500倍液、50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂4000~6000倍液、25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、50%安克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、60%灭克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液和58%金雷多米尔可湿性粉剂500~800倍液中至少两种;上述稀释倍液为使用相应重量倍的水稀释得到;上述药剂百分比为有效成分的质量百分比。
(4)合理轮作:轮作方式包括采用毛豆与水稻的水旱轮作、毛豆与马铃薯轮作、毛豆与玉米轮作、毛豆与蔬菜轮作。
进一步的,所述种衣剂由以下重量份数的原料:5~8份多菌灵、11~13份精甲霜灵、1~3份恶霉灵、4~6份咯菌腈和2~3份代森锰锌制得。
进一步的,所述基底肥包括以下重量份数的原料:50~60份牛粪、30~45份羊粪、50~60份稻谷杆、5~7份生姜、1~3份蛇床子、1~5份白头翁、2~3份蒲公英、10~15份过磷酸钙和5~12份尿素。
进一步的,所述基底肥的制备方法包括以下步骤:按上述重量份原料,取姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮60~90min,料液重量比为1:60~70,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4~5h,使用浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为3~4,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵15~20天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵7~10天,制得基底肥。
进一步的,所述基底肥使用量为50~100g/㎡。
进一步的,所述防治药剂使用方法为喷雾施洒,施洒频率为每隔6~8天喷一次,施洒次数为2~4次。
进一步的,所述防治药剂包括以下重量份数的原料:1~2份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1000~1500倍液、3~4份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂4000~6000倍液、0.5~1.5份25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、1~2份50%安克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、2~3份60%灭克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液和1~2份58%金雷多米尔可湿性粉剂500~800倍液。
进一步的,所述抗病品种种子为毛豆3号、毛豆5号、毛豆604、毛豆2808和五叶黑豆中一种。
进一步的,所述种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.005~0.02:1。
进一步的,所述盐酸浓度为3mol/L。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明的特点是针对毛豆根腐病的病原种类、发病原因和病原菌侵染规律,从采用种衣剂拌种处理、选用抗病品种、合理轮作、加强栽培管理和选用高效低毒药剂防控等5个技术对毛豆根腐病进行综合防治。本发明通过施加基底肥改善土壤环境、种衣剂拌种处理和采用抗病品种进行栽培毛豆,可以达到同时防治真菌性根腐病和卵菌性根腐病的作用,从而有效防治毛豆根腐病,防治效果显著,对感染根腐病的毛豆苗选用防治药剂进行养护管理,实验结果表明本发明防治毛豆根腐病的方法对毛豆根腐病的综合防效大于90%,并且能促进毛豆植株生长,提高毛豆产量。
本发明基底肥中先将中药发酵液与牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆进行15~20天的发酵,再加入无机肥,不仅提高基底肥的营养成分,而且还缩短有机肥的腐熟时间。本发明制得的基底肥不仅加快土壤中抑菌物质的生长,而且调节土壤结构和提高土壤肥力减少毛豆土传病虫害的发生并促进作物稳健生长。
具体实施方式
为了更好理解本发明技术内容,下面提供具体实施例,对本发明做进一步的说明。
本发明实施例所用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
本发明实施例所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。实施例1:毛豆根腐病的防治方法
(1)选用的抗根腐病的毛豆种子品种毛豆3号。
(2)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,所述种衣剂由6份多菌灵、11份精甲霜灵、3份恶霉灵、4份咯菌腈和3份代森锰锌制得,种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.015:1。
(3)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥后垄高为30cm,基底肥的使用量为70g/㎡。为所述基底肥的制备方法为:按重量份准备原料,姜黄6份、蛇床子3份、白头翁3份、蒲公英2.5份、牛粪55份、羊粪38份、稻谷杆55份、13份过磷酸钙和8份尿素,将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮75min,料液重量比为1:65,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4.5h,使用质量浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为3.0,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵18天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵8天,制得基底肥。
(4)养护管理:毛豆苗感染根腐病后使用防治药剂进行喷洒,所述防治药剂由2份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1300倍液、1份25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂700倍液和1.5份58%安克可湿性粉剂500倍液制得,每隔7天喷一次,共3次。
(5)采用毛豆与水稻的水旱轮作。
实施例2:毛豆根腐病的防治方法
(1)选用的抗根腐病的毛豆种子品种毛豆3号。
(2)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,所述种衣剂由5份多菌灵、12份精甲霜灵、1份恶霉灵、5份咯菌腈和2份代森锰锌制得,种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.01:1。
(3)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥后垄高为30cm,基底肥的使用量为50g/㎡。所述基底肥的制备方法为:按重量份准备原料,姜黄5份、蛇床子3份、白头翁5份、蒲公英2份、牛粪50份、羊粪30份、稻谷杆60份、过磷酸钙10份和尿素5份,将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮75min,料液重量比为1:60,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4h,使用质量浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为4.0,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵18天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵8天,制得基底肥。
(4)药剂防控:毛豆苗感染根腐病后使用防治药剂进行喷洒,按重量份计,所述防治药剂由3份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂5000倍液和1份25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂700倍液制得,每隔7天喷一次,共3次。
(5)采用毛豆与马铃薯轮作方式。
实施例3:毛豆根腐病的防治方法
(1)选用抗病毛豆品种:选用的抗根腐病的毛豆种子品种毛豆3号。
(2)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,按重量份计,所述种衣剂由7份多菌灵、12份精甲霜灵、3份恶霉灵、4份咯菌腈和2份代森锰锌制得,种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.02:1。
(3)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥后垄高为40cm,基底肥的使用量为100g/㎡。所述基底肥的制备方法为:按重量份准备原料,姜黄5份、蛇床子3份、白头翁5份、蒲公英2份、牛粪50份、羊粪30份、稻谷杆60份、过磷酸钙15份和尿素12份,将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮75min,料液重量比为1:60,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4h,使用质量浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为3.0,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵18天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵8天,制得基底肥。
(4)药剂防控:毛豆苗感染根腐病后使用防治药剂进行喷洒,按重量份计,所述防治药剂由2份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1300倍液、4份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂5000倍液和2份60%灭克可湿性粉剂650倍液制得,每隔6天喷洒一次,共3次。
(5)采用毛豆与玉米轮作方式。
实施例4:毛豆根腐病的防治方法
(1)选用的抗根腐病的毛豆种子品种毛豆3号。
(2)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,按重量份计,所述种衣剂由8份多菌灵、13份精甲霜灵、3份恶霉灵、6份咯菌腈和3份代森锰锌制得,种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.01:1。
(3)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥后垄高为50cm,基底肥的使用量为80g/㎡.所述基底肥的制备方法为:按重量份准备原料,姜黄5份、蛇床子3份、白头翁3份、蒲公英2份、牛粪50份、羊粪45份、稻谷杆60份、过磷酸钙15份和尿素12份,将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮75min,料液重量比为1:60,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4h,使用质量浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为3.0,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵18天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵8天,制得基底肥。
(4)药剂防控:毛豆苗感染根腐病后使用防治药剂进行喷洒,按重量份计,所述防治药剂由1.5份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液、2份50%安克可湿性粉剂800倍液和2份58%金雷多米尔可湿性粉剂500倍液制得,每隔7天喷洒一次,共3次。
(5)采用毛豆与玉米轮作及毛豆与蔬菜轮作方式。
实施例5:毛豆根腐病的防治方法
(1)选用的抗根腐病的毛豆种子品种毛豆3号。
(2)种衣剂拌种处理:使用种衣剂对毛豆种子进行拌种处理,按重量份计,所述种衣剂由5份多菌灵、11份精甲霜灵、1份恶霉灵、4份咯菌腈和2份代森锰锌制得,种衣剂和毛豆种子质量比为0.005:1。
(3)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥后垄高为40cm,基底肥的使用量为75g/㎡。所述基底肥的制备方法为:按重量份准备原料,姜黄7份、蛇床子3份、白头翁5份、蒲公英3份、牛粪60份、羊粪45份、稻谷杆60份、过磷酸钙15份和尿素12份,将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮75min,料液重量比为1:60,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4h,使用质量浓度为3mol/L的盐酸调节pH值为3.0,制得中药发酵液;将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,发酵20天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,盖上塑料薄膜继续发酵10天,制得基底肥。
(4)养护管理:毛豆苗感染根腐病后使用防治药剂进行喷洒,按重量份计,所述防治药剂由1份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1300倍液、4份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂6000倍液、1.5份25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂500倍液制得,每隔7天喷一次,共3次。
(5)采用毛豆与水稻的水旱轮作、毛豆与马铃薯轮作方式。
对比例1
在实施例3的基础上,区别在于,基底肥的使用量,具体为:基底肥的使用量为150g/㎡。
对比例2
在实施例3的基础上,区别在于,基底肥的制备方法,具体为:将姜黄5份、蛇床子3份、白头翁5份、蒲公英2份、牛粪50份、羊粪30份、稻谷杆60份、过磷酸钙15份和尿素12份直接进行发酵30天。
对比例3
在实施例3的基础上,区别在于,防治药剂等量使用,具体为:防治药剂由2份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1300倍液、2份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂5000倍液和2份60%灭克可湿性粉剂650倍液制得。
对比例4
与实施例4的区别在于种衣剂采用参照CN200810072433.2一种防治毛豆根腐病的种衣剂及其制备方法实施例1进行制备种衣剂。
1、按重量比计,成膜剂由重量比为:5∶1∶3聚乙烯醇1788、苯甲酸钠和水制得。
2、按重量百分比计,种衣剂由8%烯酰吗啉、18%福美双、5%恶霉灵、6%成膜剂、1%膨润土(增稠剂)、0.5%碱性玫瑰精(警戒色料)、0.2%磷酸三丁酯和其余为水制得。
3、种衣剂的制备方法:
(1)将烯酰吗啉,福美双,恶霉灵和水充分混合,搅拌均匀;
(2)将步骤(1)均匀的混合液送入卧式砂磨机,进行研磨1-2小时,获得研磨后混合液;
(3)将步骤(2)混合液放入混合器内,依次加入增稠剂、成膜剂、警戒色料,充分混合2-3小时;
(4)最后将步骤(3)的混合液中加入消泡剂,待泡消完之后出料,制得种衣剂。
试验例
2020年5月下旬在海南省海口市东山镇进行毛豆3号种植试验,试验田规模为100㎡/块,将实施例1~5和对比例1~4的防治毛豆根腐病方法分别进行试验,毛豆栽培间距为:行距为20cm,间距为40cm,1250株/100㎡。35天后计算毛豆根腐病发病率,并对感染根腐病的毛豆苗喷洒防治药剂,65天后统计感染根腐病的毛豆苗治愈率,100天后统计毛豆产量。
名称 | 发病率(%) | 治愈率(%) | 产量(kg) |
实施例1 | 7.6 | 93.7 | 134.15 |
实施例2 | 8.4 | 95.2 | 140.19 |
实施例3 | 8.0 | 98.0 | 130.85 |
实施例4 | 8.8 | 96.4 | 137.61 |
实施例5 | 7.2 | 96.7 | 145.94 |
对比例1 | 11.6 | 95.2 | 121.61 |
对比例2 | 20.4 | 94.5 | 119.91 |
对比例3 | 8.8 | 87.3 | 105.68 |
对比例4 | 17.2 | 96.3 | 110.34 |
实施例实验结果表明,本发明的防治毛豆根腐病的方法具有很好的防治效果,毛豆根腐病发病率均小于12%,感染根腐病的毛豆苗治愈率均高于95%。
对比例1基底肥使用量为150g/㎡,发病率有明显上升,使用过量的有机肥,不仅没有改善土壤肥力,而且还加重土传病害的发生;对比例2中药未先制成中药发酵液,导致毛豆根腐病发病率上升。本发明中中药发酵液具有促进有机肥中微生物快速生长的作用,同时抑制根腐病病菌和土壤中病菌的生长,本发明的基底肥不仅加快抑菌物质的生长,而且调节土壤结构和提高土壤肥力减少毛豆土传病虫害的发生并促进作物稳健生长。对比例3本发明中防治药剂选用市面上常见的防治药剂,通过合理的配比及稀释倍数,提高对毛豆根腐病的治疗效果,因此将药剂等量使用并不能得到本发明的治疗效果;本发明的种衣剂拌种防治效果优于对比例4。
另外,将本发明防治方法应用于种植毛豆5号、毛豆604、毛豆2808和五叶黑豆等毛豆种子,得到基本一致的防治效果。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于防治毛豆根腐病的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)种衣剂拌种处理:毛豆种子使用种衣剂进行拌种处理,所述种衣剂由多菌灵、精甲霜灵、恶霉灵、咯菌腈和代森锰锌制得;按重量份计,所述种衣剂由5~8份多菌灵、11~13份精甲霜灵、1~3份恶霉灵、4~6份咯菌腈和2~3份代森锰锌制得;
(2)栽培管理:采用高垄种植,投放基底肥,按重量份计,所述基底肥由50~60份牛粪、30~45份羊粪、50~60份稻谷杆、5~7份姜黄、1~3份蛇床子、1~5份白头翁、2~3份蒲公英、10~15份过磷酸钙和5~12份尿素制得,所述基底肥使用量为50~100g/㎡,加填新土垄高为30~50cm,所述基底肥制备方法包括以下步骤;
S1、将姜黄和蛇床子粉碎,加入水中熬煮60~90min,料液重量比为1:60~70,加入白头翁和蒲公英浸泡4~5h,使用盐酸调节pH值为3~4,制得中药发酵液;
S2、将牛粪、羊粪、稻谷杆和中药发酵液混合,盖上塑料薄膜,进行发酵,发酵15~20天后加入过磷酸钙和尿素,继续发酵7~10天,制得基底肥;
(3)养护管理:选用防治药剂进行喷洒,按重量份计,所述防治药剂包括1~2份15%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂1000~1500倍液、3~4份50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂4000~6000倍液、0.5~1.5份25%精甲霜灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、1~2份50%安克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液、2~3份60%灭克可湿性粉剂500~800倍液和1~2份58%金雷多米尔可湿性粉剂500~800倍液;
(4)合理轮作:轮作方式包括毛豆与水稻的水旱轮作、毛豆与马铃薯轮作和毛豆与玉米轮作。
2.如权利要求1所述防治毛豆根腐病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,防治药剂使用方法为喷雾施洒,施洒频率为每隔6~8天喷一次,施洒次数为2~4次。
3.如权利要求1所述防治毛豆根腐病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,按质量比计,所述种衣剂和毛豆种子的质量比为0.005~0.02:1。
4.如权利要求1所述防治毛豆根腐病的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述盐酸浓度为3mol/L。
5.如权利要求1所述防治毛豆根腐病的方法,其特征在于,所述毛豆为毛豆3号、毛豆5号、毛豆604、毛豆2808和五叶黑豆中一种。
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