CN113618665B - Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench - Google Patents

Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113618665B
CN113618665B CN202010376269.5A CN202010376269A CN113618665B CN 113618665 B CN113618665 B CN 113618665B CN 202010376269 A CN202010376269 A CN 202010376269A CN 113618665 B CN113618665 B CN 113618665B
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China
Prior art keywords
tooth
cambered surface
cambered
equiangular
angle
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CN202010376269.5A
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CN113618665A (en
Inventor
施能嘉
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Zhejiang Maxtop Tools Manufacture Co ltd
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Zhejiang Maxtop Tools Manufacture Co ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25BTOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B13/00Spanners; Wrenches
    • B25B13/46Spanners; Wrenches of the ratchet type, for providing a free return stroke of the handle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25BTOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B23/00Details of, or accessories for, spanners, wrenches, screwdrivers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Spanners, Wrenches, And Screw Drivers And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a unidirectional ratchet wrench structure, which comprises: the wrench comprises a wrench body, a tooth making piece and a ratchet wheel, wherein the wrench body is provided with an accommodating space and an accommodating groove, the ratchet wheel is arranged in the accommodating space, the tooth making piece is arranged in the accommodating groove, the tooth segment of the tooth making piece is provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth and an abnormal angle tooth, and the angle of the abnormal angle tooth is different from the angle of each equiangular tooth and is sunk to be lower than the height of each equiangular tooth, so that when the wrench body is twisted anticlockwise, the abnormal angle tooth can be quickly separated from the equiangular tooth of the ratchet wheel, the cambered surface segment of the tooth making piece and the tooth segment are cambered surfaces with different circle centers, and are not abutted against the periphery of the ratchet wheel at the same time, and the tooth making piece can generate deflection action similar to a seesaw through the abutting of the fulcrum of the tooth making piece and the gravity deflection when the wrench is twisted, so that the tooth segment and the periphery of the ratchet wheel are quickly meshed and are indeed slipped.

Description

Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a wrench tool, and more particularly to a one-way ratchet wrench structure.
Background
The known ratchet wrench structure, such as U.S. patent No. 7444903B1, taiwan patent publication No. M327769, is composed of a wrench body, a ratchet block, a ratchet and a limiting ring, wherein one end of the wrench body is provided with a through ratchet hole slot, one side periphery of the ratchet hole slot is provided with a circle of limiting ring rib, the other side periphery is provided with a circle of ratchet ring slot, and a buried arc-shaped accommodating slot chamber is arranged at the position from the ratchet hole slot to the handle; the clamping ratchet block is in an arc-bent banana shape, one side section of the inner arc concave part is provided with full ratchets, the other side section of the inner arc concave part is provided with a lower and flat sliding surface, the edge of the outer arc end of one side provided with the ratchets is additionally provided with a stop surface, and the arc convex part outside the clamping ratchet block is provided with a spring which pops up towards the ratchets towards the sliding surface; the outer periphery of the ratchet wheel is provided with a ratchet, a braking hole groove is arranged in the ratchet wheel, and both end edges are provided with limiting ring grooves; the outer periphery of the limiting ring is provided with a circle of clamping grooves; by means of the structure, the spring is arranged at the outer arc convex part, the clamping ratchet block is accommodated in the accommodating groove chamber of the wrench body together with the spring, the ratchet wheel is accommodated in the ratchet hole groove of the wrench body, the lower part of the ratchet wheel is matched and limited with the limiting ring rib of the wrench body through the limiting ring groove, the other side of the ratchet hole groove of the wrench body is sealed and fixed through the limiting ring matched and clamped ring groove, and the upper part of the ratchet wheel is matched and limited through the limiting ring.
The above known structure is not difficult to find and has some defects, and the main reasons are as follows: the known clamping ratchet block is provided with full ratchets at one side section of an inner arc concave part, and a lower and flat sliding surface is arranged at the other side section of the inner arc concave part, because the angles of the ratchets are equal and meshed with the ratchets at the periphery of the ratchet wheel, when the clamping ratchet block is to be separated from the ratchet wheel to form idle running, the stroke of the clamping ratchet block required to be pushed is longer, the pushing friction time between ratchet teeth is increased, the quick separation is not realized, and the abrasion of the ratchet wheel is further damaged; in addition, the ratchet teeth and the sliding surface of the clamping ratchet block are meshed and attached to the ratchet teeth on the periphery of the ratchet wheel at the same time, and the spring is arranged at the central position of the central bottom of the clamping ratchet block facing the accommodating groove chamber, so that the clamping ratchet block is separated from or meshed with the ratchet wheel in a straight up and down mode when the structure is used, the meshing efficiency of the clamping ratchet block and the ratchet wheel is greatly reduced, and meanwhile, the ratchet teeth are easy to collide and damage, and the practicability is poor.
In view of the above, the present inventors have conducted many years of manufacturing development and design experience of related products, and have made detailed design and careful evaluation with respect to the above-mentioned objects, to obtain the practical present invention.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a one-way ratchet wrench structure aiming at the defects existing in the prior art. The one-way ratchet wrench structure comprises: the wrench comprises a wrench body, a tooth-making piece and a ratchet wheel, wherein the wrench body is provided with a head and a handle, the head is provided with a containing space, the containing space penetrates through the upper end part and the lower end part of the head, the head is provided with a containing groove from the containing space to the handle, the containing groove is communicated with the containing space, and the containing groove is in an arc shape; the tooth making piece is accommodated in the accommodating groove, the tooth making piece is concave arc-shaped towards the upper end face of the accommodating space, the upper end face is provided with a cambered tooth section and a cambered surface section, the tooth section is sequentially provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth and a different angle tooth adjacent to the cambered tooth section, the tooth top angle of the different angle tooth is larger than the tooth top angle of the equiangular teeth, the tooth top height of the different angle tooth is lower than the tooth top height of the equiangular tooth, the different angle tooth is sunk to form a slip space, the circle center of the radian of the cambered tooth section is different from the circle center of the radian of the cambered tooth section, the cambered surface section is lower than the tooth section, the lower end face of the tooth making piece forms an abutting cambered surface and an accommodating notch, the abutting cambered surface is provided with at least a first cambered part and a second cambered part, a fulcrum is defined between the first cambered part and the second cambered part, one end of the abutting cambered surface adjacent to the accommodating notch forms a hook part towards the accommodating notch, the tooth top is lower than the tooth top height of the equiangular tooth, the cambered surface is further enabled to sink the different angle tooth to form a slip space, the circle center of the radian of the cambered surface is different from the circle center of the radian of the cambered surface, the cambered surface is lower than the cambered surface of the tooth section, the cambered surface is lower than the cambered surface, the cambered surface is formed by the cambered surface, the cambered surface is enabled to form a bending plane, and the end of the cambered surface is extended to extend to form a bending plane, and the end plane, and is extended to form a bending plane; the ratchet wheel is provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth on the outer periphery, the inner diameter edge is provided with a braking hole groove, one end of the ratchet wheel is provided with a clamping ring groove, the clamping ring groove is matched with a C-shaped fastener to fix the ratchet wheel in the accommodating space, and the equiangular teeth on the outer periphery of the ratchet wheel are meshed and interlocked with the tooth sections of the tooth manufacturing piece.
Preferably, the top angle of the special angle tooth has an angle difference of 10 to 20 degrees from the top angle of the equiangular tooth.
Preferably, the first and second arc portions of the abutting arc surface form different radians for different circle centers, and the arc length of the first arc portion is shorter than that of the second arc portion.
Preferably, the original length of the spring is equal to the length of the abutment curved surface.
Preferably, a retaining wall is arranged at one side of the accommodating notch of the tooth making piece from the abutting cambered surface downwards.
Efficacy against prior art: the tooth section of the tooth making piece is provided with an abnormal angle tooth adjacent to the cambered surface section, and because the angle of the abnormal angle tooth is different from the angle of each equiangular tooth and sinks to be lower than the height of each equiangular tooth, when the wrench body is twisted anticlockwise, the abnormal angle tooth can be quickly separated from the equiangular tooth of the ratchet wheel, the cambered surface section and the tooth section are cambered surfaces with different circle centers and are not abutted against the periphery of the ratchet wheel at the same time, and the tooth making piece can generate deflection action similar to a seesaw through the abutment of a fulcrum and the gravity center offset during the twisting of a wrench, so that the effects of quick engagement and definite slipping are achieved, and the practicality of the ratchet wrench is promoted.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is an exploded view of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing a combination of a tooth forming member and a spring according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an enlarged schematic view of the tooth forming member according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a clockwise twist in a combined cross-sectional view of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion of the clockwise torque action of the wrench body according to the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of the wrench body according to the present invention twisted counterclockwise.
Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion of the counter-clockwise torque action of the wrench body according to the present invention.
Fig. 9 is an enlarged partial view of the wrench body of the present invention in a counter-clockwise twisted disengaged state.
Fig. 10 is an enlarged view of a portion of the wrench body according to the present invention, which is turned clockwise again.
Fig. 11 is an enlarged view of a portion of the wrench body of the present invention in a state of engagement with the wrench body in a clockwise twisting operation.
Symbol description in the drawings:
10, a wrench body; 11, a head part; 12, a handle part; 13, accommodating space; 14, a containing groove; 20, tooth making parts; 21, tooth sections; 211, equiangular teeth; 212, abnormal angle teeth; 213, slipping space; 22, arc surface section; 221, deflection gap; 23, abutting against the cambered surface; 231, a first arc part; 232 a second arc portion; 233, a fulcrum; 24, accommodating the notch; 241, abutting against the cambered surface; 242 a stop wall; 243, an extension plane; 244, limit concave part; 25, a hook part; 26, a spring; 27, expanding an inclined plane; 30, ratchet wheel; 31, equiangular teeth; 32, braking hole groove; 33, clamping the annular groove; 34:c-shaped fastener.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding and appreciation of the objects, features, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
first, please refer to fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4, a one-way ratchet wrench structure comprises: the wrench comprises a wrench body 10, a tooth-making piece 20 and a ratchet 30, wherein the wrench body 10 is provided with a head 11 and a handle 12, the head 11 is provided with a containing space 13, the containing space 13 penetrates through the upper end part and the lower end part of the head 11, the head 11 is provided with a containing groove 14 from the containing space 13 to the handle 12, the containing groove 14 is communicated with the containing space 13, and the containing groove 14 is in an arc shape; the tooth-making member 20 is accommodated in the accommodating groove 14, the tooth-making member 20 is concave arc-shaped towards the upper end surface of the accommodating space 13, the upper end surface is provided with a cambered tooth section 21 and a cambered surface section 22, the tooth section 21 is sequentially provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth 211 and a different angle tooth 212 adjacent to the cambered surface section 22, the top angle of the different angle tooth 212 is larger than the top angle of the equiangular teeth 211 and has an angle difference of 10 to 20 degrees, the top height of the different angle tooth 212 is lower than the top height of the equiangular teeth 211, the different angle tooth 212 is sunk to form a slipping space 213, the center of the radian of the cambered surface section 22 is different from the center of the radian of the tooth section 21, the cambered surface section 22 is lower than the tooth section 21, the lower end surface of the tooth-making member 20 forms an abutting cambered surface 23 and an accommodating notch 24, the abutting cambered surface 23 is provided with at least a first arc part 231 and a second arc part 232, the first and second arc parts 231, 232 are different arcs with different centers, a supporting point 233 is defined between the first and second arc parts 231, 232, the arc length of the first arc part 231 is shorter than the arc length of the second arc part 232, one end of the abutting arc surface 23 adjacent to the accommodating notch 24 forms a hook 25 towards the accommodating notch 24, one end of a spring 26 is fixed by the hook 25, the spring 26 is limited in the accommodating notch 24, the upper surface of the accommodating notch 24 forms an abutting arc surface 241, a blocking wall 242 is arranged downwards from the abutting arc surface 241, an extending plane 243 is formed by slightly and horizontally turning the end of the abutting arc surface 241, a limiting concave part 244 is formed between the adjacent extending plane 243 and the abutting arc surface 241 for limiting the other end of the spring 26, the original length of the spring 26 is equal to the length of the abutting arc surface 241, the end of the extension plane 243 is shorter than the end of the cambered surface section 22, and the end of the extension plane 243 is connected with the end of the cambered surface section 22 to form an outward expanding inclined plane 27; the ratchet 30 has a plurality of equiangular teeth 31 at its outer periphery, a braking slot 32 at its inner diameter, a locking ring 33 at one end of the ratchet 30, and a C-shaped fastener 34 for locking the ratchet 30 in the accommodating space 13, and engaging the equiangular teeth 31 at the outer periphery of the ratchet 30 with the teeth sections 21 of the tooth-making member 20.
With reference to fig. 1 to 4, the accommodating groove 14 of the wrench body 10 accommodates the tooth-forming element 20, the accommodating space 13 is provided with the ratchet 30, the ratchet 30 is limited in the accommodating space 13 by the C-shaped fastener 34, wherein the tooth-forming element 20 faces the bottom of the accommodating groove 14 downwards with the abutting cambered surface 23, and abuts against the bottom of the accommodating groove 14 with the supporting point 233 between the first and second cambered parts 231 and 232, the spring 26 arranged on the tooth-forming element 20 at the accommodating notch 24 abuts against the other end of the accommodating groove 14, and the spring 26 is limited between the hook 25 and the limiting recess 244, meanwhile, the spring 26 generates an elastic force to push the tooth segment 21 of the tooth-making member 20 toward the accommodating space 13, so that the tooth segment 21 is meshed and interlocked with the equiangular teeth 31 on the periphery of the ratchet 30, and since the end tooth of the tooth segment 21 is provided with an abnormal angle tooth 212 and the abnormal angle tooth 212 is lower than other equiangular teeth 211, the abnormal angle tooth 212 is incompletely meshed with the equal angle teeth 31, a sliding space 213 is formed between the abnormal angle tooth 212 and the equal angle teeth 31, the cambered surface segment 22 of the tooth-making member 20 is lower than the tooth segment 21, and when the tooth segment 21 is meshed with the equiangular teeth 31 of the ratchet 30, the cambered surface segment 22 is far away from the equiangular teeth 31 to form a deflection gap 221, thereby completing the unidirectional ratchet wrench structure.
In the actual use state of the structure, as shown in fig. 5 and 6, the ratchet 30 of the head 11 is engaged with and nested on the workpiece nut, and the ratchet 30 is rotated counterclockwise when the ratchet 30 is rotated counterclockwise relative to the tooth forming member 20, the tooth forming member 20 is pushed upward by the spring 26 and engages with the equiangular teeth 31 on the periphery of the ratchet 30 by the tooth segment 21, and the supporting point 233 of the supporting arc 23 abuts against the inner side wall of the accommodating groove 14, so that the ratchet 30 is engaged with and blocked with the tooth forming member 20 to form a fixed state, and the ratchet 30 rotates clockwise along with the wrench body 10 to achieve the locking operation of the workpiece nut.
On the contrary, when the wrench body 10 is turned counterclockwise, as shown in fig. 7, 8 and 9, since the ratchet 30 is sleeved on the workpiece nut and has a limited state, a counter force of clockwise rotation is generated and the tooth-making member 20 is linked to rotate clockwise and compress the spring 26, at this time, the tooth-making member 20 is quickly separated from the equiangular teeth 31 of the ratchet 30 through the slip space 213 preset by the different angular teeth 212, and is abutted and submerged by the equiangular teeth 31, so that the center of gravity of the tooth-making member 20 is offset to make the cambered surface section 22 abut against the equiangular teeth 31 of the ratchet 30, and further make the tooth section 21 completely separate from the equiangular teeth 31 of the ratchet 30, so as to achieve a non-engaged state of the tooth-making member 20 and the ratchet 30, and make the ratchet 30 form an idle state in the accommodating space 13, thereby the handle of the wrench body 10 can be turned and reset relative to the head 11, and then the handle 12 of the wrench body 10 is locked by the clockwise turning and applying force.
When the wrench body 10 is turned back and then turned clockwise to apply a force, as shown in fig. 10 and 11, the ratchet 30 generates a counter-acting force for counter-clockwise rotation, so that the tooth-making member 20 loses the clockwise rotation force and the spring 26 is rebound and restored, and the tooth-making member 20 is pushed to counter-clockwise direction and abuts against the bottom surface of the accommodating groove 14 by the supporting point 233, and the cambered surface section 22 is moved upwards by the supporting point 233 as the center of gravity to abut against the equiangular tooth 31 of the ratchet 30, so that the counter-acting force generated by the ratchet 30 is preferentially abutted against the abnormal angular tooth 212 and pushes the tooth-making member 20 to counter-clockwise deflect, so that the cambered surface section 22 of the tooth-making member 20 is separated from the equiangular tooth 31, and the tooth section 21 can fully engage with the equiangular tooth 31 of the ratchet 30, so as to re-link the ratchet 30 with the clockwise rotation of the wrench body 10 to achieve the locking operation of the workpiece nut.
In addition, when the tooth forming member 20 compresses the spring 26 clockwise due to the counterclockwise twisting of the wrench body 10, the cambered surface section 22 of the tooth forming member 20 will be abutted against the teeth 31, so as to reduce the space between the outwardly expanding inclined surface 27 of the tooth forming member 20 and the inner wall of the accommodating groove 14, and the spacing concave portion 244 will be abutted against the end of the spring 26, so that the spring 26 can be limited in the accommodating notch 24, and the spring 26 can be prevented from slipping and popping out.
With the structure of the above embodiment, the following benefits can be obtained: the tooth segment 21 of the tooth-making member 20 is adjacent to the cambered surface segment 22, and the angle of the abnormal angle tooth 212 is different from the angle of each equiangular tooth 211 and is lower than the height of each equiangular tooth 211, so that when the wrench body 10 is twisted anticlockwise, the abnormal angle tooth 212 can be quickly separated from the equiangular teeth 31 of the ratchet wheel 30, and the cambered surface segment 22 and the tooth segment 21 are cambered surfaces with different centers, not simultaneously propped against the periphery of the ratchet wheel 30, and the tooth-making member 20 can generate a seesaw-like deflection motion through the propping of the supporting point 233 and the gravity center deviation when the wrench is twisted, thereby achieving the effects of quick engagement and exact slipping and being beneficial to improving the practicability of the ratchet wrench.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto; all such equivalent changes and modifications as defined by the claims should be considered as falling within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A one-way ratchet wrench structure comprising:
the wrench body is provided with a head part and a handle part, the head part is provided with a containing space, the containing space penetrates through the upper end part and the lower end part of the head part, the head part is provided with a containing groove from the containing space to the handle part, the containing groove is communicated with the containing space, and the containing groove is in an arc shape;
the tooth manufacturing piece is accommodated in the accommodating groove, the tooth manufacturing piece is in a concave arc shape towards the upper end face of the accommodating space, a cambered tooth section and a cambered surface section are arranged on the upper end face, the tooth section is sequentially provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth and a different angle tooth adjacent to the cambered tooth section, the tooth top angle of the different angle tooth is larger than the tooth top angle of the equiangular teeth, the tooth top height of the different angle tooth is lower than the tooth top height of the equiangular tooth, the different angle tooth is sunk to form a slip space, the circle center of the radian of the cambered tooth section is not the same as the circle center of the radian of the cambered tooth section, the cambered surface section is lower than the tooth section, the lower end face of the tooth manufacturing piece is provided with an abutting cambered surface and an accommodating notch, the abutting cambered surface is provided with at least a first cambered part and a second cambered part, a fulcrum is defined between the first cambered part and the second cambered part, one end of the abutting cambered surface adjacent to the accommodating notch faces the accommodating notch to form a hook part, the end of the different angle tooth is lower than the tooth top height of the equiangular tooth, the cambered surface is lower than the tooth top height of the cambered surface, the different angle tooth is further made to sink to form a slip space, the circle center of the cambered surface is different from the circle center of the radian of the cambered surface and the circle center of the cambered surface is not the circle center of the cambered surface, the cambered surface is lower than the cambered surface, the cambered surface is formed by the cambered surface, and the cambered surface is adjacent to form a plane extension plane, and extends to form a plane stop plane, and is adjacent to extend, and the end plane;
the outer periphery of the ratchet wheel is provided with a plurality of equiangular teeth, the inner diameter edge of the ratchet wheel is provided with a braking hole groove, one end of the ratchet wheel is provided with a clamping ring groove, the clamping ring groove is matched with a C-shaped fastener to fix the ratchet wheel in the accommodating space in a fastening way, and the equiangular teeth on the outer periphery of the ratchet wheel are meshed and interlocked with the tooth sections of the tooth manufacturing piece.
2. The one-way ratchet wrench structure of claim 1, wherein the tip angle of the special-angle tooth has an angle difference of 10 to 20 degrees from the tip angle of the equiangular tooth.
3. The one-way ratchet wrench structure of claim 1, wherein the first and second arc portions of the abutting arc surface form different arcs for different centers of circles, and the arc length of the first arc portion is shorter than the arc length of the second arc portion.
4. A one-way ratchet wrench structure according to claim 1, wherein the original length of the spring is equal to the length of the abutment cambered surface.
5. The structure of claim 1, wherein a retaining wall is disposed at a side of the accommodating notch of the tooth-making member from the abutting cambered surface to the lower side.
CN202010376269.5A 2020-05-07 2020-05-07 Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench Active CN113618665B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010376269.5A CN113618665B (en) 2020-05-07 2020-05-07 Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010376269.5A CN113618665B (en) 2020-05-07 2020-05-07 Structure of unidirectional ratchet wrench

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CN113618665A CN113618665A (en) 2021-11-09
CN113618665B true CN113618665B (en) 2024-03-22

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10148544A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2003-04-17 Albert Reiling Spanner has head of separate round component held detachable and turnable in spanner arm
TWM327769U (en) * 2007-09-20 2008-03-01 Shu-Su Zhan Improved structure for ratchet wrench
CN203936839U (en) * 2014-06-05 2014-11-12 杨承蒲 Ratchet spanner
DE202015105718U1 (en) * 2015-10-27 2015-11-06 Yang Chun-Wei ratchet wrench

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10148544A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2003-04-17 Albert Reiling Spanner has head of separate round component held detachable and turnable in spanner arm
TWM327769U (en) * 2007-09-20 2008-03-01 Shu-Su Zhan Improved structure for ratchet wrench
CN203936839U (en) * 2014-06-05 2014-11-12 杨承蒲 Ratchet spanner
DE202015105718U1 (en) * 2015-10-27 2015-11-06 Yang Chun-Wei ratchet wrench

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
外齿棘轮片形棘爪型棘轮扳手设计计算;王树人, 路俊秀, 林孟霞;机械设计;20021027(第10期);48-51 *

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