CN113618488B - B-axis rotation center and blade arc center centering method - Google Patents

B-axis rotation center and blade arc center centering method Download PDF

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CN113618488B
CN113618488B CN202110965569.1A CN202110965569A CN113618488B CN 113618488 B CN113618488 B CN 113618488B CN 202110965569 A CN202110965569 A CN 202110965569A CN 113618488 B CN113618488 B CN 113618488B
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CN113618488A (en
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周天丰
王添星
周佳
阮本帅
赵斌
颜培
梁志强
刘志兵
赵文祥
王西彬
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Beijing Institute of Technology BIT
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q15/00—Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work
    • B23Q15/20—Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work before or after the tool acts upon the workpiece
    • B23Q15/22—Control or regulation of position of tool or workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
    • B23Q17/24—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools using optics or electromagnetic waves
    • B23Q17/2428—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools using optics or electromagnetic waves for measuring existing positions of tools or workpieces

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center, which is used for laterally clamping a cutter and comprises the following steps: carrying out rough tool setting, namely carrying out online tool setting by using a CCD camera to carry out preliminary centering; fine tool setting, namely cutting a complete structural unit on the surface of a workpiece by using a tool swing machining method to obtain a two-dimensional contour curve of the structural unit, and calculating a B-axis rotation center according to the two-dimensional contour curve; moving the cutter according to the calculated B-axis rotation center, finishing fine tool setting if the X and Z position deviations after moving are within an acceptable range, otherwise, repeating the fine tool setting process until the X and Z position deviations of the B-axis rotation center and the arc center of the cutting edge are within the acceptable range; according to the invention, the CCD camera is used for online tool setting, primary centering is carried out, then trial cutting is carried out for fine tool setting, tool setting in a tool side clamping mode can be realized, and in addition, the fine tool setting process can be used for quantifying errors through calculation and repeatedly adjusting to achieve the expected precision.

Description

B-axis rotation center and blade arc center centering method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ultra-precision machining, in particular to a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center.
Background
At present, methods for centering the tool tip of the tool and the rotating center of a B-axis workbench comprise on-line tool setting of a CCD camera and tool setting by a trial cutting method. The online tool setting of the CCD camera is realized by positioning an arc diamond tool in the visual field of the CCD camera, rotating a B shaft to enable the tool to be positioned at three different positions, moving the tool to enable the same point to be superposed with the center of the visual field of the CCD at the three positions, automatically calculating the rotation center of the B shaft by using a three-point method, and enabling the arc radius of the tool to be known, so that the position of the tool is adjusted to enable the arc center of a cutting edge to be superposed with the rotation center of the B shaft; the trial cutting method is to make the arc diamond cutter swing along the B axis and move along the X direction to cut a groove, because the arc radius is fixed, if the cutter center is overlapped with the B axis rotation center, the cut groove theoretically has the same depth, but because of deviation, the cut groove depth is not uniform, and the deviation value of the center can be calculated through the groove depth, and then the adjustment is carried out.
The existing tool setting method is only suitable for a tool clamping mode with an upward rake face and is not suitable for tool setting of the arc center and the B-axis rotation center of the cutting edge of the tool side device. Specifically, the CCD online tool setting is influenced by the placing angle deviation of a CCD camera, the lens magnification and the focusing definition, certain errors exist due to insufficient accuracy of the calculated B-axis rotation center, the tool swing machining method for machining the micro spherical lens needs to clamp the tool in a side position, the most front point of the cutting edge is more difficult to accurately focus by CCD observation after the tool is clamped in the side position, and the generated errors are larger.
Chinese patent application publication No. CN 106001641A discloses a laser-based tool setting device and method using a virtual trial cutting method of a numerically controlled lathe, which includes establishing a workpiece coordinate system by using a reference tool, then determining the diameter and length of a virtual workpiece by using an adjustable laser device and a projection plate, and performing "trial cutting" tool setting by using the virtual workpiece as a "cutting" object.
The adopted ultra-precise turning device comprises an X-axis motion guide rail, a Z-axis motion guide rail, a main shaft and a rotary platform, and the rotary platform rotation center and the cutter center are completely aligned in consideration of the requirement, a virtual shaft is introduced, namely the rotary platform rotation center and the cutter center are not required to be completely aligned, only the position relation between the two is required to be obtained, the compensation is carried out through the motion of the X-axis motion guide rail and the Z-axis motion guide rail, the complete alignment is achieved, the scheme does not forcibly pursue the alignment of the cutter center and the B-axis rotation center, but measures the relative position relation in a trial cutting mode, the device can well realize the target function under the condition of misalignment through a series of mathematical calculation, namely, the scheme only determines the relative position through cutting during initial use, and does not carry out practical centering.
Therefore, how to realize the centering of the B-axis rotation center and the blade arc center of the side-mounted cutter is a technical problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme:
the invention provides a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center, which is used for laterally clamping a cutter and comprises the following steps:
roughly aligning the tool, and performing preliminary alignment by using a CCD camera to perform online tool alignment under the view field of the CCD camera;
fine tool setting, namely cutting a complete structural unit on the surface of a workpiece by using a tool swing machining method to obtain a two-dimensional contour curve of the structural unit, and calculating a B-axis rotation center according to the two-dimensional contour curve;
and moving the cutter according to the calculated B-axis rotation center, finishing fine cutter setting if the deviation of the X and Z positions after moving is within an acceptable range, and otherwise, repeating the fine cutter setting process until the deviation of the X and Z positions of the B-axis rotation center and the arc center of the cutting edge is within the acceptable range.
Preferably, during rough tool setting, the B shaft is rotated to enable the tool to be located at three different positions, the tool nose at each position is superposed with the center of a view field of a CCD camera, the position of the rotation center of the B shaft is calculated according to a three-point principle, and the tool is moved to realize the preliminary centering of the rotation center of the B shaft and the arc center of the cutting edge.
Preferably, the three positions of the cutter are 90 ° apart.
Preferably, during fine tool setting, the tool needs to retract to the position of the coarse tool setting after cutting a workpiece, and then the tool is moved and adjusted.
Preferably, the structural unit is a concave ellipsoid.
Preferably, when cutting out the structural unit, the tool is advanced in the Z direction by a certain cutting depth, and the cutting is completed by removing the workpiece material with the rotation of the B axis.
Preferably, the two-dimensional profile curve is a profile curve formed by the trajectory of the blade tip.
Preferably, according to the two-dimensional contour curve, the B-axis rotation center is calculated by three points of a given cutting depth position point, a given cutter cutting-in point and a given cutter cutting-out point.
Preferably, the acceptable range is less than 1 μm.
Preferably, a 3D laser scanning microscope of kirschner is used to scan layer by layer in the vertical direction to obtain a three-dimensional stereo image of the structural unit, and then the two-dimensional contour curve is obtained from the three-dimensional stereo image.
Compared with the prior art, the invention achieves the following technical effects:
(1) According to the invention, online tool setting is carried out by using a CCD camera, preliminary centering is carried out, then trial cutting is carried out, fine tool setting is carried out, tool setting in a tool side clamping mode can be realized, a complete structural unit is cut in the fine tool setting process by a tool swing machining method, then a two-dimensional profile curve of the structural unit is obtained, a B-axis rotation center is calculated according to the two-dimensional profile curve, errors can be quantified through calculation, trial cutting is repeatedly carried out, and the expected precision can be reached through repeated calculation and adjustment;
(2) When the coarse tool setting is carried out, three positions of the tool are designated as intervals of 90 degrees, the center position of the B axis can be calculated only by measuring the Z coordinate of the tool tip, so that the measurement error caused by more parameters can be avoided being larger, the influence of the measurement error is reduced, the accuracy of the calculation result is improved, and the more accurate coarse tool setting effect can be obtained;
(3) According to the invention, the CCD camera is used for carrying out online tool setting to carry out coarse tool setting and the trial cutting method is used for carrying out fine tool setting to carry out fine tool setting, and the tool setting method combining the two tool setting modes is adopted, so that the requirement on the tool setting precision of the CCD camera can be reduced, meanwhile, the complicated steps of only adopting the trial cutting method for tool setting are reduced, and the tool setting precision is high and the operation steps of tool setting are reduced;
(4) According to the invention, the two-dimensional profile curve of the structural unit obtained by trial cutting is obtained, the B-axis rotation center is calculated on the two-dimensional profile curve through three points of the given cutting depth position point, the cutter cutting-in point and the cutter cutting-out point, accurate calculation can be carried out by utilizing a mature algorithm, the calculation result of the accurate B-axis rotation center is further obtained, the position of the cutter is adjusted according to the calculation result, and accurate adjustment can be realized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a tool holder and a machine tool axis of motion;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic view at I in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a blade structure;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of coarse tool setting of a CCD camera;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of trial cutting process fine tool setting;
wherein, 1, a blade; 11. a nose; 12. the arc center of the blade; 2. and (5) a workpiece.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the present invention provides a method for centering a B-axis rotation center and a blade arc center 12, which is used for a tool side mounting, that is, a mode of side mounting of a rake face, and for the present invention, a blade 1 of a tool is arc-shaped, and has a blade tip 11 (the foremost point of the blade 1 arc) and a blade arc center 12. The B axis can be provided with an X B 、Y B 、Z B A cutter position adjusting device consisting of a manual displacement table and a cutter rest and used for adjusting the cutter, ensuring that the height of the cutter point 11 is consistent with that of the center of a shaft C and the arc center 12 of the cutter is positioned at the rotating center of a shaft B, and ensuring that the X is positioned at the rotating center of the shaft B B 、Y B 、Z B The manual displacement table can realize the upward travel of 20mm in three directionsThe resolution is adjusted with high precision of 1 mu m, and the tool rest is used for side clamping of a swinging turning tool. The centering method comprises the following steps:
roughly aligning the tool, aligning the tool by using a CCD camera on line under the vision of the CCD camera, wherein the tool aligning mode can adopt the mode related to the online tool aligning of the CCD camera in the prior art, specifically, a three-point method can be adopted to determine a B-axis rotation center through calculation, and preliminary alignment is carried out after the tool is moved; it should be noted that, because the CCD camera is located above the cutter, and the cutter adopts a side-mounted clamping manner, the circular arc of the cutting edge 1 cannot be directly seen under the CCD camera after the side-mounted clamping of the cutter, and at this time, the centering of the cutter tip 11 can be realized first, and then the centering of the circular arc center 12 of the cutting edge can be realized by moving the length of the radius of the circular arc of the cutting edge 1.
Fine tool setting, because of the limitation of the inclination deviation and the resolution when the CCD camera is placed, after the preliminary adjustment of the arc center 12 of the blade and the rotation center of the B axis is finished, a trial cutting method is needed to carry out more accurate quantitative adjustment; specifically, a complete structural unit is cut on the surface of the workpiece 2 by using a tool swing machining method, wherein the tool swing machining method refers to that a tool rotates and swings along a B axis, when the tool reaches the workpiece 2 from one side of the workpiece 2 in the process of moving from one side of the workpiece 2 to the other side, a cutting edge 1 contacts with the workpiece 2 and cuts the workpiece 2 along with the swing of the tool, and the swing cutting of the workpiece 2 is finished after the cutting edge 1 swings to the other side of the workpiece 2; since the contact position of the cutting edge 1 and the workpiece 2 starts to be a circular arc cutting process, a complete structural unit is a complete concave spherical surface (actually a concave ellipsoid surface due to the deviation of the relative positions of the circular arc center 12 of the cutting edge and the rotation center of the B axis); the method comprises the steps of obtaining a three-dimensional image of a structural unit by means of 3D scanning or laser scanning and the like, measuring to obtain a two-dimensional profile curve of the structural unit, and calculating (for example, adopting an algorithm of determining the circle center by three points) the two-dimensional profile curve to obtain the B-axis rotation center.
And moving the cutter according to the calculated B-axis rotation center, finishing fine cutter setting if the deviation of the X and Z positions after moving is within an acceptable range, ending the cutter setting process, and repeating the fine cutter setting process until the deviation of the X and Z positions of the B-axis rotation center and the arc center 12 of the cutting edge is within the acceptable range. The acceptable range referred to herein refers to a requirement relating to the accuracy of processing of the workpiece 2. According to the invention, the CCD camera is used for carrying out online coarse tool setting on the tool, the trial cutting method is used for carrying out fine tool setting on the tool, and the tool setting method combining two tool setting modes is adopted, so that the requirement on the tool setting precision of the CCD camera can be reduced, meanwhile, the complicated steps of only adopting the trial cutting method for setting the tool are reduced, and the tool setting precision is higher and the operation steps of tool setting are reduced.
During rough tool setting, the tool setting process of the tool and the B shaft is based on the principle that the circle center is determined by three points, the B shaft is rotated to enable the tool to be located at three different positions in a CCD camera view field, the tool nose 11 at the three positions is overlapped with a cross mark at the center of the CCD camera view field, so that coordinates of the three positions are obtained by the CCD camera, the position of the rotation center of the B shaft is calculated according to the three-point principle, namely the actual rotation center (the rotation center of the B shaft) of the tool is calculated according to X and Z coordinates of the three different positions, and then the tool is moved, and the primary centering of the rotation center of the B shaft and the arc center 12 of the tool edge is realized.
If the X and Z coordinates of the three positions are measured, the parameters are more, the introduced measurement error is larger, and in order to reduce the influence of the measurement error, the three positions of the cutter are specified to be at intervals of 90 degrees, and at the moment, the position of the B-axis rotation center can be calculated by only measuring the Z coordinate of the cutter point 11.
As shown in FIG. 4, to simplify the analysis process, the initial position of the blade 1 perpendicular to the spindle is set as zero A (0, 0), and the tool is rotated 90 degrees clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively, to obtain B (x) 1 ,z 1 )、C(x 2 ,z 2 ) And the revolution center coordinates of the B axis are O (a, B).
A. The mathematical relationship between the three points B and C and the coordinates of the center O is as follows:
a 2 +b 2 ＝R 2
(x 1 -a) 2 +(z 1 -b) 2 ＝R 2
(a-x 2 ) 2 +(b-z 2 ) 2 ＝R 2
from the geometric relationship in the figure, x 1 And x 2 And can be written as:
Figure BDA0003223718180000061
Figure BDA0003223718180000062
x is to be 1 And x 2 Substituting the formula into the formula, solving to obtain a and b in the circle center coordinate O, wherein the a and the b are respectively:
Figure BDA0003223718180000063
Figure BDA0003223718180000064
namely, the coordinates of the revolution center of the B axis are as follows:
Figure BDA0003223718180000071
calculating the B-axis rotation center and then using X B 、Z B The displacement table adjusts the cutter to move in the X direction relative to the A (0, 0) point position
Figure BDA0003223718180000072
Movement in the Z direction
Figure BDA0003223718180000073
After adjustment, when the B axis is rotated again, the tool nose 11 is always positioned at the center of the cross mark under the CCD view field, and then the length of the radius of the circular arc of the cutting edge 1 is moved, at the moment, the rough adjustment of the position of the tool is completed, and the method is simple to operateAnd the influence of measurement errors on the tool setting result is reduced.
In the coarse tool setting process, since the surface of the workpiece 2 does not need to be cut, the tool is far away from the surface of the workpiece 2, the surface of the workpiece 2 needs to be cut for fine tool setting (trial cutting tool setting), and the X direction and the Z direction both need to be moved by certain distances X 'and Z', so that during fine tool setting, a more accurate value calculated by a two-dimensional contour curve of trial cutting machining cannot be directly adjusted, the X axis and the Z axis of a machine tool need to be retracted by the distances X 'and Z', the positions of the coarse tool setting are returned, and then the fine tool setting process can be completed by adjusting according to the calculated values by using a displacement table.
The structural unit obtained by trial cutting in the fine tool cutting process is a concave spherical surface, the size of the obtained concave spherical surface is different according to different cutting depths, and it should be noted that the structural unit obtained by trial cutting is actually a concave ellipsoidal surface because the relative position of the arc center 12 of the cutting edge and the rotation center of the B axis has deviation and cannot be guaranteed to be an absolute concave spherical surface.
When the structural unit is cut, a swinging cutting method is adopted, the cutter is required to feed a determined cutting depth in the Z direction, then the cutter rotates along the B axis, and the cutting edge 1 is contacted with the workpiece 2 to remove the material of the workpiece 2 to finish cutting.
The two-dimensional contour curve obtained in the fine tool setting process is a contour curve formed by the trajectory of the tool nose 11, namely a contour curve obtained by cutting the workpiece 2 by rotating the tool nose 11 around the B-axis rotation center.
As shown in fig. 5, according to the two-dimensional profile curve, the B-axis rotation center can be calculated by a three-point method from three points, which are a given depth point, a tool entry point, and a tool exit point. The surface of the workpiece 2 is taken as a Z-direction 0 point, and the depth cutting position (x) is set from the Z direction 0 ,z 0 ) The cutting-in position (x) at which the blade 1 rotates 1 0) and (x) 2 0) three points are calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003223718180000074
Figure BDA0003223718180000081
Figure BDA0003223718180000082
Figure BDA0003223718180000083
Figure BDA0003223718180000084
Figure BDA0003223718180000085
i.e. the B-axis rotation center coordinate O (a) obtained after trial cutting 1 ,b 1 ) Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0003223718180000086
u, v, k in the above formulas 1 、k 2 Is an intermediate parameter of the calculation, and the alternative symbol used for simplifying the formula is irrelevant to the calculation result.
And then finely adjusting the position of the arc center 12 of the cutting edge, repeating the trial cutting and calculation and adjustment processes until the X-direction and Z-direction centering deviation obtained by calculation is within an acceptable range, wherein the structural unit obtained by trial cutting is a concave spherical surface which is approximately regular, and the centering of the arc center 12 of the cutting edge and the rotation center of the B axis is completed.
After the fine tool setting, the acceptable range can be less than 1 μm, that is, after the fine tool setting, the precise tool setting is stopped after the relative position of the arc center 12 of the cutting edge and the rotation center of the B shaft is less than 1 μm.
When obtaining the two-dimensional profile curve of the structural unit, a three-dimensional stereo image of the structural unit can be obtained by scanning layer by layer in the vertical direction by using a kirschner 3D laser scanning microscope (VK-X100), for example, the scanning pitch in the z direction is 5nm, and then the two-dimensional profile curve can be obtained from the three-dimensional stereo image.
The principle and the implementation mode of the invention are explained by applying a specific example, and the description of the embodiment is only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, the specific embodiments and the application range may be changed. In view of the above, the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting the invention.

Claims (8)

1. A B-axis rotation center and blade arc center centering method is characterized in that the method is used for side clamping of a cutter and comprises the following steps:
roughly aligning the tool, and performing preliminary alignment by using a CCD camera to perform online tool alignment under the view field of the CCD camera;
fine tool setting, namely cutting a complete structural unit on the surface of a workpiece by using a tool swing machining method, wherein the structural unit is a concave ellipsoid, obtaining a two-dimensional contour curve of the structural unit, the two-dimensional contour curve is a contour curve formed by a tool nose track, and calculating a B-axis rotation center according to the two-dimensional contour curve;
and moving the cutter according to the calculated B-axis rotation center, finishing fine cutter setting if the deviation of the X and Z positions after moving is within an acceptable range, and otherwise, repeating the fine cutter setting process until the deviation of the X and Z positions of the B-axis rotation center and the arc center of the cutting edge is within the acceptable range.
2. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of the knife edge according to claim 1, wherein: and during rough tool setting, rotating the B shaft to enable the tool to be in three different positions, enabling the tool tip to coincide with the center of the view field of the CCD camera at each position, calculating the position of the rotation center of the B shaft according to a three-point principle, and moving the tool to realize the preliminary centering of the rotation center of the B shaft and the arc center of the cutting edge.
3. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of a blade according to claim 2, wherein: the three positions of the cutter are spaced 90 apart.
4. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of the blade according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: when the tool is precisely set, the tool needs to return to the position of the rough tool after cutting a workpiece, and then the tool is moved and adjusted.
5. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of a blade according to claim 1, wherein: when the structural unit is cut, the cutter is fed to a determined cutting depth in the Z direction, and the workpiece material is removed along with the rotation of the B axis to finish cutting.
6. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of a blade according to claim 1, wherein: and calculating the B-axis rotation center by a given cutting depth position point, a cutter cutting point and a cutter cutting point according to the two-dimensional profile curve.
7. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of a blade according to claim 4, wherein: the acceptable range is less than 1 μm.
8. The method for centering the center of rotation of the B-axis and the arc center of the knife edge according to claim 4, wherein: and scanning layer by layer in the vertical direction by using a Keynes 3D laser scanning microscope to obtain a three-dimensional image of the structural unit, and then obtaining the two-dimensional contour curve from the three-dimensional image.
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