CN113608037A - Pulse electric field sensor based on asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer - Google Patents
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- CN113608037A CN113608037A CN202110906626.9A CN202110906626A CN113608037A CN 113608037 A CN113608037 A CN 113608037A CN 202110906626 A CN202110906626 A CN 202110906626A CN 113608037 A CN113608037 A CN 113608037A
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pulse electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer, LiNbO3An asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is arranged on the crystal substrate and comprises a linear first waveguide arm and a linear second waveguide arm which are arranged in parallel, a plurality of paired antennas and electrodes are arranged on two sides of the first waveguide arm, the antennas are conical dipole antennas, LiNbO3The optical axis of the crystal substrate is parallel to the x direction, the arm lengths of the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm are equal, the width of the z-direction waveguide is different from the depth of the x-direction waveguide, the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are Y-shaped and are connected with the two waveguide arms by adopting the adiabatic tapered waveguide, the width and the depth of the input optical waveguide and the depth of the output optical waveguide are the same, and the other ends of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are respectively connected with the polarization maintaining optical fiber and the standard single mode optical fiber.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical waveguide and pulse electric field detection, in particular to a pulse electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer.
Background
The electromagnetic pulse is a transient electromagnetic phenomenon and has the characteristics of fast rising edge (ns magnitude), short duration, high peak field strength (hundreds of V/m to hundreds of kV/m), wide frequency spectrum range (hundreds of MHz to dozens of GHz) and the like. Electromagnetic pulses are generated in the high-altitude nuclear explosion process, high-power microwave pulse weapons and high-intensity radar work. The electromagnetic pulses can excite strong transient electromagnetic interference in the surrounding environment, and cause transient failures or even permanent damages to various electronic devices and systems such as radars, communication, navigation, computers, weapon control and the like. In order to accurately describe and quantitatively evaluate the damage effect of the electromagnetic pulse, a pulsed electric field sensor is required to accurately measure the intensity of the radiated electromagnetic pulse. Meanwhile, the electromagnetic pulse sensor is also the basis for accurately evaluating the anti-interference and electromagnetic protection capabilities of various electronic devices in China.
The electromagnetic pulse sensors with mature technologies at present mainly comprise the following components: the device comprises a D-dot pulse electric field sensor, a pulse electric field sensor based on the bulk crystal electro-optic effect and an integrated optical waveguide type pulse electric field sensor. Among them, the integrated optical waveguide type pulsed electric field sensor is the most studied and widely used optical pulsed electric field sensor at present. Conventional integrated optical waveguide type electric field sensors are mainly composed of LiNbO3The Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprises a crystal substrate, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a metal electrode and an antenna. The pulse electric field to be measured is fed to the electrodes on two sides of the optical waveguide through the metal antenna to form an induction electric field. And the detected electric field is obtained by detecting the change of the output light intensity of the output light waveguide. The conventional antenna has a limited frequency range, and the frequency components of the pulse signals are rich, so that the bandwidth is wide, and the time domain waveform restoring fidelity of the signals is limited. Further, LiNbO3Besides the electro-optical effect, the crystal substrate also has the piezoelectric effect, the acousto-optic effect, the thermo-optic effect and the like, which can cause that the working point of the sensor is sensitive to an electric field and external environment factors at the same time, and the temperature stability and the measurement accuracy are poor. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop aThe technical problem is solved by a pulse electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer.
In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a pulse electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer, which has the advantages of wide measurement range and frequency response range, high extinction ratio, low transmission loss, high stability, strong anti-interference performance, high measurement accuracy, wide application prospect and contribution to popularization and application.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a pulse electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer, which comprises LiNbO3A crystal substrate, said LiNbO3The asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is arranged on a crystal substrate and comprises a linear first waveguide arm and a linear second waveguide arm which are arranged in parallel, a plurality of paired antennas and electrodes are arranged on two sides of the first waveguide arm and are made of metal materials, the antennas are conical dipole antennas, impedance of the antennas is gradually increased from the low end to the top end, and LiNbO is arranged on the crystal substrate3The optical axis of the crystal substrate is parallel to the x direction, the arm lengths of the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm are equal and are 14mm, the widths of the z-direction waveguide and the depths of the x-direction waveguide are different, the widths of the z-direction waveguide are 4 micrometers and 9 micrometers respectively, the depths of the x-direction waveguide are 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers respectively, the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are Y-shaped and are connected with the two waveguide arms by adopting adiabatic tapered waveguides, the widths and the depths of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are the same and are 6 micrometers and 4 micrometers respectively, the taper angle of the adiabatic tapered waveguides is smaller than 0.2 degrees, and the other ends of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are connected with a polarization maintaining optical fiber and a standard single mode optical fiber respectively.
Preferably, the asymmetric mach zehnder interferometer is fabricated using a proton exchange method.
Preferably, the material of the antenna and the electrode is gold, and the thickness is 1 μm.
Preferably, the height and the bottom width of the antenna are 1000 μm and 700 μm, respectively.
Preferably, the width and length of the electrodes are 10 μm and 1000 μm, respectively, and the electrode spacing is 10 μm.
Preferably, the number of pairs of the antenna and the electrodes is four, and the distance between the electrodes in a pair is 100 μm.
The pulse electric field sensor based on the asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer has the following beneficial effects.
1. The invention has the advantages of wide measurement range and frequency response range, high extinction ratio, low transmission loss, high stability, strong anti-interference performance, high measurement accuracy, wide application prospect and contribution to popularization and application.
2. The waveguide arm is a linear waveguide, the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is realized by designing the waveguide arms with different widths, and compared with a conventional sensor based on an S-shaped bent waveguide interferometer, the sensor with the interferometer structure has the advantages that the transmission loss (about 6dB) is lower by one order of magnitude, the extinction ratio (about 70dB) of a transmission spectrum is higher by 5 orders of magnitude, and the dynamic measurement range (which can reach 34dB) is higher by two orders of magnitude.
3. The invention optimally designs the structural parameters of the antenna, the impedance of the conical dipole electrode is gradually increased from the lower end to the top end, and the impedance gradual change structure can reduce the resonance phenomenon of the antenna, thereby ensuring the bandwidth of the sensor.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the dimensions of an antenna and an electrode of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an application of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer in a measurement system.
In the figure:
1.LiNbO3 crystal substrate 2, antenna 3, electrode 4, first waveguide arm 5, second waveguide arm 6, input optical waveguide 7, output optical waveguide 8, adiabatic tapered waveguide 9, polarization maintaining optical fiber 10, single mode optical fiber 11, tunable laser 12 and polarization controlThe device 13, the sensor 14, the optical splitter 15, the first high-speed photoelectric detector 16, the second high-speed photoelectric detector 17, the oscilloscope 18 and the phase feedback control system.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific embodiments and accompanying drawings to assist in understanding the contents of the invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer according to the present invention. The pulse electric field sensor based on the asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer comprises LiNbO3Crystal substrate 1, said LiNbO3The asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is arranged on the crystal substrate 1 and comprises a linear first waveguide arm 4 and a linear second waveguide arm 5 which are arranged in parallel, and a plurality of paired antennas 2 and electrodes 3 are arranged on two sides of the first waveguide arm 4.
Fig. 2 shows a size diagram of an antenna and an electrode of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer according to the present invention. The antenna 2 and the electrode 3 are both made of metal materials, and preferably, the antenna 2 and the electrode 3 are made of gold and have a thickness of 1 μm. The antenna 2 is a tapered dipole antenna having an impedance that increases from the lower end to the upper end, and has a height and a bottom width of 1000 μm and 700 μm, respectively. The width and length of the electrodes 3 are 10 μm and 1000 μm, respectively, and the pitch of the electrodes 3 is 10 μm. The number of pairs of the antenna 2 and the electrodes 3 is four, and the distance between the paired electrodes 3 is 100 μm. The LiNbO3The optical axis of the crystal substrate 1 is parallel to the x direction, the arm lengths of the first waveguide arm 4 and the second waveguide arm 5 are equal and are both 14mm, the width of the z-direction waveguide is different from the depth of the x-direction waveguide, the width of the z-direction waveguide is 4 micrometers and 9 micrometers respectively, the depth of the x-direction waveguide is 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers respectively, the input optical waveguide 6 and the output optical waveguide 7 are Y-shaped and are connected with the two waveguide arms by adopting an adiabatic tapered waveguide 8, the width and the depth of the input optical waveguide 6 and the output optical waveguide 7 are the same and are 6 micrometers and 4 micrometers respectively, the taper angle of the adiabatic tapered waveguide 8 is less than 0.2 degrees, and the other ends of the input optical waveguide 6 and the output optical waveguide 7 are connected with a polarization maintaining fiber 9 and a standard single mode fiber 10 respectively. The above-mentionedThe asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is prepared by adopting a proton exchange method.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an application of a pulsed electric field sensor based on an asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer in a measurement system according to the present invention. The measuring system consists of a tunable laser 11 with a C wave band, a polarization controller 12, a sensor 13, an optical splitter 14, a first high-speed photoelectric detector 15, a second high-speed photoelectric detector 16, a phase feedback control system 18 and an oscilloscope 17. The tunable laser 11 input light enters the sensors 13 and 1 in sequence through the polarization controller 12: the optical splitter 14 of the optical splitter 9 splits the light. 10% of the detected light enters the high-speed photodetector one 15 for photoelectric conversion and then enters the phase feedback control system 18. The phase feedback control system 18 can control the operating point of the sensor 13 in real time to eliminate the influence of the external environment (temperature, vibration, pressure, etc.) on the stability of the sensor 13. 90% of the light enters a second high-speed photoelectric detector 16 for photoelectric conversion and then enters an oscilloscope 17. The oscilloscope 17 can display the time domain waveform of the pulse signal to be measured in real time.
The invention has the advantages of wide measurement range and frequency response range, high extinction ratio, low transmission loss, high stability, strong anti-interference performance, high measurement accuracy, wide application prospect and contribution to popularization and application. The waveguide arm is a linear waveguide, the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is realized by designing the waveguide arms with different widths, and compared with a conventional sensor based on an S-shaped bent waveguide interferometer, the sensor with the interferometer structure has the advantages that the transmission loss (about 6dB) is lower by one order of magnitude, the extinction ratio (about 70dB) of a transmission spectrum is higher by 5 orders of magnitude, and the dynamic measurement range (which can reach 34dB) is higher by two orders of magnitude. The invention optimally designs the structural parameters of the antenna 2, the impedance of the conical dipole electrode 3 is gradually increased from the low end to the top end, and the impedance gradual change structure can reduce the resonance phenomenon of the antenna 2, thereby ensuring the bandwidth of the sensor.
The inventive concept is explained in detail herein using specific examples, which are given only to aid in understanding the core concepts of the invention. It should be understood that any obvious modifications, equivalents and other improvements made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A pulse electric field sensor based on asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer is characterized by comprising LiNbO3A crystal substrate, said LiNbO3The asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer is arranged on a crystal substrate and comprises a linear first waveguide arm and a linear second waveguide arm which are arranged in parallel, a plurality of paired antennas and electrodes are arranged on two sides of the first waveguide arm and are made of metal materials, the antennas are conical dipole antennas, impedance of the antennas is gradually increased from the low end to the top end, and LiNbO is arranged on the crystal substrate3The optical axis of the crystal substrate is parallel to the x direction, the arm lengths of the first waveguide arm and the second waveguide arm are equal and are 14mm, the widths of the z-direction waveguide and the depths of the x-direction waveguide are different, the widths of the z-direction waveguide are 4 micrometers and 9 micrometers respectively, the depths of the x-direction waveguide are 3 micrometers and 5 micrometers respectively, the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are Y-shaped and are connected with the two waveguide arms by adopting adiabatic tapered waveguides, the widths and the depths of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are the same and are 6 micrometers and 4 micrometers respectively, the taper angle of the adiabatic tapered waveguides is smaller than 0.2 degrees, and the other ends of the input optical waveguide and the output optical waveguide are connected with a polarization maintaining optical fiber and a standard single mode optical fiber respectively.
2. The asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer-based pulsed electric field sensor of claim 1, wherein the asymmetric mach-zehnder interferometer is fabricated using proton exchange.
3. The asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer-based pulsed electric field sensor as claimed in claim 2, wherein the antenna and electrodes are made of gold and have a thickness of 1 μm.
4. The asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer-based pulsed electric field sensor of claim 3, wherein the height and bottom width of the antenna are 1000 μm and 700 μm, respectively.
5. The asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer-based pulsed electric field sensor of claim 4, wherein the width and length of the electrodes are 10 μm and 1000 μm respectively, and the electrode spacing is 10 μm.
6. The asymmetric straight waveguide interferometer-based pulsed electric field sensor of claim 5, wherein the number of pairs of antennas and electrodes is four, and the distance between the electrodes in a pair is 100 μm.
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