CN113604174B - PVB film and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents

PVB film and preparation method and application thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113604174B
CN113604174B CN202110832856.5A CN202110832856A CN113604174B CN 113604174 B CN113604174 B CN 113604174B CN 202110832856 A CN202110832856 A CN 202110832856A CN 113604174 B CN113604174 B CN 113604174B
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pvb
pvb film
plasticizer
antioxidant
silane coupling
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CN113604174A (en
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林家宝
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Kingboard Fogang Specialty Resins Co ltd
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Kingboard Fogang Specialty Resins Co ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J129/00—Adhesives based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal, or ketal radical; Adhesives based on hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09J129/14—Homopolymers or copolymers of acetals or ketals obtained by polymerisation of unsaturated acetals or ketals or by after-treatment of polymers of unsaturated alcohols
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
    • C03C27/06—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
    • C03C27/10—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing with the aid of adhesive specially adapted for that purpose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J11/00—Features of adhesives not provided for in group C09J9/00, e.g. additives
    • C09J11/02—Non-macromolecular additives
    • C09J11/06—Non-macromolecular additives organic

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The application discloses a PVB film and a preparation method and application thereof. Such PVB film includes the following components: PVB resin, plasticizer, antioxidant, quencher and free radical scavenger. The PVB film prepared by the application has good binding power to glass, high ultraviolet transmittance and high light transmittance, and has strong aging resistance under the condition of not absorbing ultraviolet rays.

Description

PVB film and preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) materials, in particular to a PVB film, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In recent years, with the rapid development of the construction and automotive industries, PVB films are also known as PVB films or PVB interlayers. It is the best material for manufacturing laminated safety glass in the world today. The PVB film is made of PVB resin, and the resin is nontoxic, odorless, noncorrosive, difficult to burn, has good light transmittance, insulativity, weather resistance, wear resistance, water resistance, oil resistance and aging resistance, and has special cohesiveness and light transmittance to inorganic and organic glass. Therefore, the PVB film with high strength and moisture resistance can be widely applied to automobiles, buildings, various bulletproof glasses, aerospace vehicles, military instruments, solar batteries, industrial composite damping steel plates and the like, and has wide market prospect.
Most PVB laminated glass in the market has the function of absorbing and blocking ultraviolet rays so as to prevent the ageing of the laminated glass. However, the ultraviolet rays are very important for plants, and long ultraviolet rays have a stimulation effect on the growth of the plants, so that the crop yield can be increased, and the synthesis of proteins, sugar and acids can be promoted; the seed is irradiated by long ultraviolet rays, so that the germination of the seed can be improved, the short ultraviolet rays have an inhibition effect on the growth of plants, the plant overgrowth can be prevented, the disinfection and sterilization effects are realized, and the plant diseases can be reduced. Therefore, in some cases, such as indoor planting, greenhouse farms, etc., laminated glass that can transmit ultraviolet rays is required, and glass that has high ultraviolet ray blocking properties cannot be used as building glass.
At present, most of PVB film formulations are added with ultraviolet absorbers to prevent the PVB film from aging and yellowing caused by ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet rays are main factors which lead to ageing, decomposition and yellowing of the PVB film, so that an ultraviolet absorber is added in common PVB production to absorb ultraviolet rays transmitted through the PVB film, prevent the PVB film from ageing and prolong the service life of the PVB film. However, the addition of the ultraviolet absorber greatly reduces the transmittance of ultraviolet rays, and cannot achieve the effect of high ultraviolet transmittance, so that the negative influence on the film after the ultraviolet rays penetrate the film must be solved in order to obtain the high Ultraviolet (UV) film.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problem that the ultraviolet light transmission film has ageing in the prior art, one of the purposes of the application is to provide a PVB film with strong ageing resistance under the condition of high transmittance, the other purpose of the application is to provide a preparation method of the PVB film, and the third purpose of the application is to provide the application of the PVB film.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the application is as follows:
a PVB film comprising the following components: PVB resin, plasticizer, antioxidant, quencher and free radical scavenger.
Preferably, the PVB film comprises the following components in parts by mass: 65-72 parts of PVB resin, 28-35 parts of plasticizer, 0.05-0.3 part of antioxidant, 0.01-0.1 part of quencher and 0.05-0.5 part of free radical scavenger.
Preferably, the PVB film further comprises 0.001 to 0.05 parts by mass of a silane coupling agent.
Preferably, in such PVB film, the parameters of the PVB resin are as follows: the hydroxyl content is 17-20wt%; a viscosity of 200-300cp at 20 ℃; the melt index of the PVB resin is 0.8-1.2g/10min under a load of 21.6kg at a test temperature of 140 ℃.
Preferably, in the PVB film, the plasticizer is at least one of triethylene glycol di-isooctanoate (3 GO), triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-isooctanoate, dibutyl sebacate, dihexyl adipate and dipentaerythritol ester; further preferably, the plasticizer is at least one of triethylene glycol di-isooctanoate (3 GO), diethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-isooctanoate; still more preferably, the plasticizer is triethylene glycol di-isooctanoate (3 GO).
Preferably, in the PVB film, the antioxidant is a mixture of hindered phenol antioxidants and phosphite antioxidants; further preferably, in the antioxidant of the PVB film, the mass ratio of the hindered phenol antioxidant to the phosphite antioxidant is 1: (0.5-2); still further preferably, the mass ratio of the hindered phenol antioxidant to the phosphite antioxidant is 1: (0.8-1); the main antioxidant (hindered phenol antioxidant) and the auxiliary antioxidant (phosphite antioxidant) have good synergistic effect, can effectively prevent the thermal degradation of PVB in the extrusion process, and provide additional long-term protection for PVB films.
Preferably, among the antioxidants of the PVB film, the hindered phenol antioxidants are at least one selected from antioxidants 1010, 1024, 1076 and 1098; the phosphite antioxidant is at least one selected from antioxidants 168 and 626.
In some preferred embodiments of the present application, the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of a mixture of antioxidant 1010 (pentaerythritol tetrakis [ beta- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) and antioxidant 168 (tris [2, 4-di-tert-butylphenyl ] phosphite); the mass percentage of the antioxidant 1010 and the antioxidant 168 is preferably 1:1.
Preferably, in such PVB film, the quencher is a metal complex; further preferably, the quencher is at least one of a nickel organic complex, a cobalt organic complex, and an iron organic complex; still further preferred, the quencher is a nickel organic complex; still more preferably, the quencher is at least one of light stabilizer 2002 (bis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl phosphate monoethyl ester) nickel), quencher AM-101 (2, 2 '-thiobis (4-tert-butylphenoxy) nickel), ultraviolet absorber UV-1084 (2, 2' -thiobis (p-tert-octylphenol) nickel).
Preferably, in such PVB film, the radical scavenger is a hindered amine-based organic compound; further preferably, the radical scavenger is at least one of light stabilizers 770, 740, 622, GW-540, GW-944Z, PDS; still further preferred, the radical scavenger is at least one of the light stabilizers 770, 740.
Preferably, in the PVB film, the silane coupling agent is at least one of gamma-glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane (A-187) and beta- (3, 4, epoxycyclohexyl) -ethyltrimethoxysilane (A-186); further preferably, the silane coupling agent is a mixture of gamma-glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane (A-187), beta- (3, 4, epoxycyclohexyl) -ethyltrimethoxysilane (A-186); still more preferably, the silane coupling agent is a mixture of gamma-glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane, beta- (3, 4, epoxycyclohexyl) -ethyl trimethoxysilane in a mass ratio of (1-3).
The application also provides a preparation method of the PVB film, which comprises the following steps:
1) Mixing and heating other components except the silane coupling agent and PVB resin, and adding the silane coupling agent to obtain a plasticizer mixture;
2) And (3) mixing and extruding PVB resin and the plasticizer mixture in the step 1), and performing melt plasticization to obtain PVB films.
Preferably, in step 1) of the preparation method of the PVB film, the heating temperature is 60-80 ℃; further preferably, the temperature of heating is 70 ℃.
Preferably, the PVB film is prepared in step 2) at a temperature of 160-200 ℃.
Preferably, in step 2) of the process for preparing PVB film, melt plasticization is carried out in a twin-screw extruder; further preferably, the twin screw extruder is rotated at 80-100rpm; still more preferably, the twin screw extruder is rotated at 90rpm.
Preferably, in step 2) of the method for producing a PVB film, the PVB film is molded by a mold after melt plasticizing, and more preferably, the opening of the mold is 0.3-0.8mm.
The application also provides application of the PVB film in preparation of laminated glass.
The beneficial effects of the application are as follows:
(1) The PVB film prepared by the application has good binding power to glass, ultraviolet transmittance reaching more than 80%, high light transmittance, small haze and strong aging resistance under the condition of not absorbing ultraviolet rays. The ultraviolet light transmittance is excellent, and the ultraviolet light transmittance meets GB15763.3-2009 in the radiation resistance, radiation yellowing value detection, knocking level and mechanical detection; the preparation method provided by the application is simple, is suitable for industrial popularization and application, can be widely used for indoor planting, indoor cultivation and the like, can effectively improve plant growth by high ultraviolet radiation when being applied to indoor planting, can inhibit bacterial growth when being applied to indoor cultivation, and provides a healthy growth environment for animals in a farm, thereby having remarkable economic and social benefits.
(2) The free radical capturing agent and the quenching agent have good synergistic effect when used together with the antioxidant, the PVB film has high light stability and thermal oxygen stability, can effectively prevent PVB from thermal degradation in the extrusion process, and can provide additional long-term protection for the PVB film, and good aging resistance can be achieved even under the condition without an ultraviolet absorber.
(3) The quencher of the application is different from an ultraviolet absorber, does not absorb ultraviolet strongly, but quickly and effectively quenches excited state molecules into heat energy through intermolecular energy transfer, and returns to a ground state; the free radical scavenger can capture free radicals generated by photooxidation, inhibit the progress of photooxidation chain reaction, and prevent PVB molecules from being damaged by ultraviolet rays. The quenching agent and the free radical capturing agent are combined for use, and the ultraviolet light can be effectively prevented from damaging PVB molecules by synergistic effect, so that the PVB film has good ultraviolet light permeability and can be prevented from aging and decomposing under the irradiation of ultraviolet light.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples. The starting materials, reagents or apparatus used in the examples and comparative examples were either commercially available from conventional sources or may be obtained by prior art methods unless specifically indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, assays or testing methods are routine in the art.
Example 1
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving a radical scavenger, an antioxidant and a quencher in a plasticizer; 20g 770, 10g 1010, 10g168 and 5g of bis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl phosphate monoethyl ester) nickel are dissolved in 2.4kg of triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), the temperature of heating and dissolving is 70 ℃, 3g of silane coupling agent is added after the solution is completely dissolved, and the mixture is stirred uniformly and kept for 60 minutes for standby.
2) PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 71:29, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain the finished product.
Example 2
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving a radical scavenger, an antioxidant and a quencher in a plasticizer; 20g 770, 10g 1010, 10g168 and 5g 2,2' -thiobis (4-tert-butylphenoxy) nickel are dissolved in 2.4kg triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), the temperature of heating and dissolving is 70 ℃, 3g of silane coupling agent is added after the solution is completely dissolved, the mixture is stirred uniformly, and the heat is preserved for 60 minutes for standby.
2) PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 71:29, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain the finished product.
Example 3
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving a radical scavenger, an antioxidant and a quencher in a plasticizer; 20g GW-540, 10g 1010, 10g168, 5g 2,2' -thiobis (4-tert-butyl phenoxy) nickel are dissolved in 2.4kg triethylene glycol diisooctoate (plasticizer), the temperature of heating and dissolving is 70 ℃, 3g silane coupling agent is added after the solution is completely dissolved, stirring is uniform, and the temperature is kept for 60min for standby.
2) PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 71:29, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain the finished product.
Comparative example 1
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: the quenching agent and the antioxidant are dissolved in the plasticizer, 5g of bis (3, 5, di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl monoethyl phosphate) nickel, 10g of 1010 and 10g of 168 are dissolved in 2.4kg of triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), the temperature of heating and dissolving is 70 ℃, 3g of silane coupling agent is added after the quenching agent is completely dissolved, the mixture is stirred uniformly, and the temperature is kept for 60 minutes for standby.
2) The PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 72:28, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain a finished product.
Comparative example 2
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving free radical scavenger and antioxidant in plasticizer, dissolving 20g 770, 10g 1010 and 10g168 in 2.4kg triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), heating to 70deg.C, adding 3g silane coupling agent after completely dissolving, stirring, and maintaining the temperature for 60 min.
2) The PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 72:28, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain a finished product.
Comparative example 3
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving ultraviolet absorbent UV-326 and antioxidant in plasticizer, dissolving 20g UV-326, 10g 1010 and 10g168 in 2.4kg triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), heating to 70deg.C, adding 3g silane coupling agent after completely dissolving, stirring, and maintaining the temperature for 60 min.
2) The PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 72:28, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain a finished product.
Comparative example 4
The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) And (3) mixing a plasticizer: dissolving an antioxidant in a plasticizer, dissolving 10g 1010 and 10g168 in 2.4kg of triethylene glycol diisocaprylate (plasticizer), heating to 70 ℃, adding 3g of silane coupling agent after complete dissolution, stirring uniformly, and preserving heat for 60min for later use.
2) The PVB resin powder and the plasticizer prepared in the step 1) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 72:28, mixing and extruding, processing, melting and plasticizing, preparing PVB film by a die, and cooling and shaping to obtain a finished product.
The samples prepared in examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were subjected to ultraviolet transmittance, light transmittance and irradiation resistance tests.
(1) Ultraviolet transmittance test method
Detection instrument: solar film tester (linshang LS 1802)
The testing method comprises the following steps: and (3) taking a film with average uniformity of 100mm multiplied by 100mm from the finished film, synthesizing laminated glass, and directly measuring the transmittance of the laminated glass to 365nm ultraviolet rays at peak value by using a solar film tester.
(2) Light transmittance testing method
The transmittance of the laminated glass was directly measured by a transmittance/haze meter.
(3) Irradiation resistance test method
Detection instrument: an irradiation resistance tester; transmittance meter.
The detection method comprises the following steps: the visible light transmittance of three test pieces of 76X 300mm was first measured, a part of each sample was protected from irradiation, and then the sample was placed on a device at a position 230mm from the lamp axis and made parallel to the lamp axis in the length direction. The sample temperature was maintained at 45.+ -. 5 ℃ throughout the test. The transmittance ratio of the irradiated area of each sample was measured after irradiation, and the change in appearance of the sample was observed in a white background.
The specific test results are shown in table 1 below.
Table 1 test results of examples and comparative examples
As shown in Table 1, when the quenching agent and the free radical capturing agent are added into the PVB film at the same time, the PVB film has better ageing resistance and higher ultraviolet transmittance, and the transmittance of the PVB film prepared by the method is more than 89% and the ultraviolet transmittance is more than 80%. Examples 1-3 show no significant change in ultraviolet transmittance compared to comparative example 4, indicating that the addition of the quencher and radical scavenger does not have an absorbing shielding effect on ultraviolet light.
The foregoing detailed description is directed to one of the possible embodiments of the present application, which is not intended to limit the scope of the application, but is intended to cover all modifications and variations within the scope of the application.

Claims (4)

1. The PVB film is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass: 65-72 parts of PVB resin, 28-35 parts of plasticizer, 0.05-0.3 part of antioxidant, 0.01-0.1 part of quencher and 0.05-0.5 part of free radical scavenger; 0.001 to 0.05 parts by mass of a silane coupling agent;
the antioxidant is a mixture of hindered phenol antioxidant 1010 and phosphite antioxidant 168; the mass ratio of the hindered phenol antioxidant 1010 to the phosphite antioxidant 168 is 1:1;
the quenching agent is light stabilizer 2002 (bis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl phosphonic acid monoethyl ester) nickel) or quenching agent AM-101;
the free radical scavenger is at least one of light stabilizer 770, 740 and GW-540;
the plasticizer is triethylene glycol di-isooctanoate.
2. The PVB film of claim 1 wherein the silane coupling agent is at least one of gamma glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane, beta- (3, 4-epoxycyclohexyl) -ethyltrimethoxysilane.
3. A method of making a PVB film according to claim 1 or claim 2 comprising the steps of:
1) Mixing other components except the silane coupling agent and PVB resin, heating to 60-80 ℃, and adding the silane coupling agent after the components are completely dissolved to obtain a plasticizer mixture;
2) And (3) adding the PVB resin and the plasticizer mixture in the step (1) into a double-screw extruder for mixing extrusion, melting plasticization, and obtaining the PVB film.
4. Use of the PVB film of claim 1 or 2 for the preparation of laminated glass.
CN202110832856.5A 2021-07-22 2021-07-22 PVB film and preparation method and application thereof Active CN113604174B (en)

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Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5384346A (en) * 1992-05-08 1995-01-24 Hoechst Ag Polyvinyl butyrals having improved thermal stability and light resistance
CN1629250A (en) * 2004-10-20 2005-06-22 南开大学 Organic photochromic composite nano materials and method for preparing same

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5384346A (en) * 1992-05-08 1995-01-24 Hoechst Ag Polyvinyl butyrals having improved thermal stability and light resistance
CN1629250A (en) * 2004-10-20 2005-06-22 南开大学 Organic photochromic composite nano materials and method for preparing same

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
太阳电池封装用PVB胶膜的制备及性能研究;朱晓亮;《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 工程科技Ⅰ辑》;20140115(第01期);B016-127 *
李卫平.光老化的预防.《材料腐蚀原理与防护技术》.2020,第181页. *

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