CN113585998A - Rotary vibration wax control device - Google Patents
Rotary vibration wax control device Download PDFInfo
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- CN113585998A CN113585998A CN202110998636.XA CN202110998636A CN113585998A CN 113585998 A CN113585998 A CN 113585998A CN 202110998636 A CN202110998636 A CN 202110998636A CN 113585998 A CN113585998 A CN 113585998A
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- sucker rod
- wax
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- oil
- fan blade
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- 241000883990 Flabellum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 47
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 63
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011158 quantitative evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000346 nonvolatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B28/00—Vibration generating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for stimulating production
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B37/00—Methods or apparatus for cleaning boreholes or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a rotary vibration wax-proof device, which comprises a sucker rod, wherein the sucker rod is positioned in an oil pipe, the lower end of the sucker rod is connected with a sieve pipe, a plurality of fan blade discs are arranged on the sucker rod at intervals along the axial direction of the sucker rod, and the fan blade discs can rotate along the circumferential direction of the sucker rod. The fan blade disc rotates under the impact of oil flow to drive the oil flow to rotate to form vortex to be transmitted in the oil pipe, wax is prevented from being coalesced on the pipe wall, the wax prevention effect is achieved, and meanwhile, the rotation of the fan blade can also generate a shearing effect so as to reduce the viscosity of crude oil; flabellum connecting bearing cassette is on the sucker rod, along with the up-down stroke reciprocating motion of sucker rod, also plays stirring crude oil and falls glutinous effect, and the flabellum drives the oil stream vibration along with the sucker rod vibration in the down-stroke simultaneously, has prevented that the gathering of wax from appearing. Indoor tests show that the rotary vibration device can reduce the viscosity of crude oil by more than 20%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oil exploitation, in particular to a rotary vibration paraffin control device.
Background
Oil field technicians have studied wax removal and prevention technologies for many years, and various wax removal and prevention process methods are formed, mainly comprising chemical wax removal and prevention and physical wax removal and prevention. The chemical wax inhibitor can dissolve or disperse the deposited wax, so that the wax is in a dissolved or small particle suspension state in crude oil of the oil well and flows out along with the oil well. The chemical wax control has simple use and relatively good effect, but has higher cost.
Chinese patent CN108559675A, published as 2018, 9, 21, discloses a soluble chemical paraffin removal ball, a preparation method and a use method thereof, which is a new developed chemical paraffin inhibitor, but the chemical paraffin inhibitor has relatively high cost.
Physical wax control, including wax control with a downhole sonic device. The article number is 1000-one-year 3754 (2003)03-0061-02, a matching technology of sound wave viscosity reduction and wax prevention is published in journal of Daqing petroleum geology and development, the method introduces a device which is installed underground and uses sound waves to prevent wax deposition, but the device can only be connected under a pump and is not easy to be used in series in multiple stages, and the wax prevention and viscosity reduction have certain limit; the nozzle of the infrasonic wave paraffin inhibitor is small in size, and underground falling objects are easy to block a flow passage sometimes. Finally, due to the structural limitation of the acoustic wave wax-proof device, the device can only be connected below a pump when applied to a pumping well and is not easy to be used in series in multiple stages, so that the device cannot fundamentally solve the problem of wax precipitation of an oil well with large gradient change of well temperature and only plays a role in moving a wax precipitation point upwards and prolonging the well washing period.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of high cost and limitation of acoustic wave wax prevention in the conventional wax prevention and viscosity reduction technology, and provides a rotary vibration wax prevention device which achieves the effects of wax prevention and viscosity reduction in the oil extraction process, prolongs the pump detection period and reduces the workload in the oil extraction process by virtue of the design of a rotating and vibrating structure.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a rotatory vibration wax control device, includes the sucker rod, and the sucker rod is arranged in oil pipe, and the screen pipe is connected to the lower extreme of sucker rod, sets up a plurality of flabellum dishes along its axial interval on the sucker rod, and the circumferential direction of sucker rod can be followed to the flabellum dish.
Preferably, a rotating bearing is embedded in the center of the fan blade disc, and the fan blade disc is sleeved on the sucker rod through the rotating bearing.
Preferably, a plurality of fan blades are arranged on the fan blade disc, a brush is arranged at the edge of the end part of each fan blade, and the end part of the brush is abutted to the pipe wall of the oil pumping pipe.
Preferably, the inner ring of the rotary bearing is sleeved on the sucker rod and fixedly connected with the sucker rod.
Preferably, a detection device is arranged in the oil pumping pipe, and the detection device determines the precipitation amount of the wax according to the voltage variation of the variable medium type capacitor.
Preferably, the detection device comprises a variable dielectric type capacitor C2Constant capacitance C1The signal amplifier U1, the resistor R1, the resistor R2 and the resistor R3;
constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2In series, the inverting input end and the output end of the signal amplifier U1 are respectively connected with a variable dielectric type capacitor C2At the inverting input terminal and in the constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2The non-inverting input end of the signal amplifier U1 is grounded, the resistor R1, the resistor R3 and the resistor R2 are connected in series, the resistor R2 is connected with the output end of the signal amplifier U1, the resistor R1 and the constant capacitor C1The anode of the power supply V1 is connected, and the cathode of the power supply V1 is grounded.
Preferably, the variable dielectric type capacitor C2The capacitance value determination method of (2) is as follows:
wherein epsilon is the dielectric coefficient of the variable dielectric capacitor, the mutual coverage area between S capacitor plates and the distance between d capacitor plates.
Preferably, the variable dielectric type capacitor C2The voltage calculation method of (2) is as follows:
wherein, the mutual coverage area between S capacitor plates; d, distance between capacitor plates; c1Constant capacitance, epsilon is the dielectric coefficient of variable dielectric type capacitance,V1Is a constant voltage power supply.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
according to the rotary vibration wax-proofing device provided by the invention, the fan blade disc rotates under the impact of oil flow to drive the oil flow to rotate to form vortex to be transmitted in the oil pipe, so that wax is prevented from being agglomerated on the pipe wall, a wax-proofing effect is achieved, and meanwhile, the rotation of the fan blade can also generate a shearing effect so as to reduce the viscosity of crude oil; the fan blade is connected with the bearing clamp on the sucker rod and moves back and forth along with the up-down stroke of the sucker rod, so that the effect of stirring crude oil and reducing viscosity is also achieved, and meanwhile, the fan blade vibrates along with the sucker rod in the down stroke to drive oil flow to vibrate, so that wax is prevented from being accumulated and separated out; the device wax control is fallen to glue and is compared magnetism wax control, thermal cycle and chemical wax control, and the cost is low, and the device has overcome the sound wave wax control simultaneously and can only install in the oil-well pump below, the limited drawback of wax control effect.
Further, wax analysis degree quantitative evaluation can be carried out, dielectric coefficients are different along with the gathering of wax with different thicknesses, changes are recorded by capacitance, the changes are detected by a ground voltmeter after the electric signals are converted and amplified, and the equivalent thickness of the deposited wax on a capacitance plate is deduced according to the voltage change.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a rotational vibration wax-proofing apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a fan blade according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a rotary bearing according to the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the warning device of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a fan blade disc; 2. a rotating bearing; 3. a sucker rod; 4. an oil pipe; 5. a screen pipe; 6. and (3) an oil layer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings, which are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-4, a rotational vibration wax-proofing device comprises a sucker rod 3 and a plurality of fan-blade discs 1 arranged on the sucker rod, wherein the fan-blade discs 1 are arranged at intervals along the axial direction of the sucker rod and can rotate along the circumferential direction of the sucker rod.
Rotating bearing 2 is embedded in the center of flabellum dish 1, and the flabellum dish 1 overlaps through rotating bearing 2 and establishes on the oil pumping pole, is provided with a plurality of flabellums on the flabellum dish 1, and a plurality of flabellums are all distributed along rotating bearing 2's central circumference.
The end edge of the fan blade is provided with a brush, and the end of the brush is contacted with the pipe wall of the oil pumping pipe so as to increase the effects of wax prevention, wax removal and scale removal.
Preferably, each blade disc is provided with 3 blades, and the 3 blades are rotationally symmetrical and adjacent to each other by 120 degrees.
The inner ring of the rotary bearing is sleeved on the sucker rod and fixed, the fixing mode is welding or bearing clamping, and the axial positioning of the rotary bearing is realized.
Referring to fig. 1 again, the sucker rod is located in the oil pipe 4, the lower end of the sucker rod is connected with the sieve pipe 5, the sieve pipe 5 is located in the oil layer 6, crude oil in the oil layer 6 enters the oil pipe through the sieve pipe 5, during an up stroke, oil flows through the fan blade disc 1, because the fan blade disc 1 occupies a part of a flow passage, the oil flows through the fan blade disc 1 and can flow with high speed, under the impact of the oil flow, the fan blade disc 1 is rotated by the rotating bearing 2 to drive the oil flow to rotate to form vortex flow and transmit the vortex flow to the adjacent oil flow, meanwhile, during a down stroke, the oil flow load is transferred to the oil pipe 4 through the sucker rod 3 to cause the vibration of the sucker rod 3, and the vibration of the fan blade 1 is driven by the vibration of the sucker rod 3 to cause the vibration of the oil flow, thereby achieving the effect of wax prevention and viscosity reduction.
The kinetic energy carried by the oil flow mainly acts on the flow-facing surface of the fan blade. A flow of oil having a mass m and a velocity v, having an energy ofThe oil flow per unit volume then has an energy ofThe torque caused by the impact of the resulting oil flow on the fan blades can be expressed as follows:
wherein ρ is the oil flow density; v is the relative fan blade velocity of the oil flow; s is the surface area of one side of the blade; l is the width of the whole leaf blade; and n is the number of blades.
v increases with the increase of the number of strokes in unit time, assuming that the effective stroke is 4m, the number of strokes per minute is 6, and the average speed is 0.4 m/s; the number of strokes per minute was 10 and the average speed was 0.67 m/s.
In order to increase the effects of wax prevention, wax removal and scale removal, the outermost end of the fan blade is connected with a brush which can contact the well wall, and the adhesive on the well wall is cleaned in the rotating process of the fan blade, so that the wax is particularly prevented from being accumulated on the well wall, and the cleanness of the well wall is ensured. The friction of brush and the wall of a well will be overcome in rotatory process, rotatory moment of torsion, and the brush can produce the frictional force of equidimension not with the difference of the degree of hugging closely of the wall of a well and brush texture. The power torque is reduced to c times, and the formula is as follows:
referring to fig. 4, in addition, in order to monitor the state (whether the wax is precipitated or not and the precipitation degree) of the wax in the well, measure and evaluate the precipitation degree of the wax, and give an early warning to the wax control work on site in time, so as to adjust the working state of the wax control tool, a detection device is arranged in the oil pumping pipe, and the precipitation degree of the wax is determined according to the variation of the voltage.
The detection device comprises a variable dielectric type capacitor C2Constant capacitance C1The signal amplifier U1, resistance R1, resistance R2 and resistance R3.
Constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2In series, the inverting input end and the output end of the signal amplifier U1 are respectively connected with a variable dielectric type capacitor C2At the inverting input terminal and in the constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2The non-inverting input end of the signal amplifier U1 is grounded, and the resistor R1, the resistor R3 and the resistor are connected with each otherR2 is connected in series, a resistor R2 is connected with the output end of the signal amplifier U1, a resistor R1 and a constant capacitor C1The anode of the power supply V1 is connected, and the cathode of the power supply V1 is grounded.
Variable dielectric capacitor C2The capacitance value of (2) is determined as follows:
variable dielectric capacitor C2The voltage calculation method of (2) is as follows:
variable dielectric capacitor C2The dielectric coefficient determination method of (2) is as follows:
ε=εlεy
wherein epsilonlIs the dielectric coefficient of the wax,. epsilonyIs the dielectric constant of the oil stream; s the mutual coverage area between the capacitor plates; d, distance between capacitor plates; c2A variable dielectric capacitor; c1Is a constant capacitance.
The detection principle is that when wax and scale are not separated out, the medium is single fixed oil flow, and the dielectric coefficient of the variable medium type capacitor is constant; when wax is separated out and coalesced on the variable dielectric capacitor, the dielectric coefficient of the variable dielectric capacitor begins to change, and in addition, the dielectric coefficient is different along with the aggregation of the wax with different thicknesses, the changes are recorded by the capacitor, the changes can be detected by a ground voltmeter through the amplification of a converted electric signal, and the equivalent thickness of the deposited wax on the variable dielectric capacitor is determined according to the voltage change.
During detection, the detection device is sealed in the detection box, the variable medium type capacitor is positioned outside the detection box, the detection box is fixed on the sucker rod and positioned on the upper portion of the uppermost fan disc, the voltage value of the variable medium type capacitor is detected through the voltmeter, the deposition thickness of wax on the variable medium type capacitor is determined, and the precipitation amount of the wax is determined according to the deposition thickness.
According to the rotary vibration wax-proofing device provided by the invention, the fan blade disc rotates under the impact of oil flow to drive the oil flow to rotate to form vortex to be transmitted in the oil pipe, so that wax is prevented from being agglomerated on the pipe wall, a wax-proofing effect is achieved, and meanwhile, the rotation of the fan blade can also generate a shearing effect so as to reduce the viscosity of crude oil; flabellum connecting bearing cassette is on the sucker rod, along with the up-down stroke reciprocating motion of sucker rod, also plays stirring crude oil and falls glutinous effect, and the flabellum drives the oil stream vibration along with the sucker rod vibration in the down-stroke simultaneously, has prevented that the gathering of wax from appearing. Indoor tests show that the rotary vibration device can reduce the viscosity of crude oil by more than 20%.
Compared with wax control measures such as thermal cycle and magnetic wax control, the wax control of the design utilizes the vibration of the sucker rod and the oil pipe to achieve the effect of wax control and viscosity reduction, no extra energy is supplied, and the corresponding workload is less.
Compare chemical wax control, the wax control of this design utilizes the flabellum to rotate the stirring and drive the oil stream and rotate and carry out the wax control viscosity reduction, does not add extra medicament to the oil stream, need not consider adverse effect such as the pollution to crude oil.
Secondly, wax analysis degree quantitative evaluation can be carried out, dielectric coefficients are different along with the gathering of wax with different thicknesses, changes are recorded by capacitance, the changes are detected by a ground voltage meter after the amplification through converting electric signals, and the equivalent thickness of deposited wax on a capacitance plate is deduced according to the magnitude of voltage changes.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical solution according to the technical idea proposed by the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The utility model provides a rotatory vibration wax control device, its characterized in that includes sucker rod (3), and the sucker rod is arranged in oil pipe, and screen pipe (5) are connected to the lower extreme of sucker rod, sets up a plurality of flabellum dishes (1) along its axial interval on the sucker rod, and the circumferential direction of sucker rod can be followed to the flabellum dish.
2. The rotational vibration wax-proofing device according to claim 1, wherein a rotating bearing (2) is embedded in the center of the fan blade disc (1), and the fan blade disc (1) is sleeved on the sucker rod through the rotating bearing (2).
3. The rotary vibration wax-proofing device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of fan blades are arranged on the fan blade disc, the end edge of the fan blade is provided with a brush, and the end of the brush is abutted against the pipe wall of the oil pumping pipe.
4. The rotational vibration wax-proofing device according to claim 1, wherein the inner ring of said rotational bearing is sleeved on and fixed to the sucker rod.
5. The rotational vibration wax control device according to claim 1, wherein a detection device is provided in the oil pumping pipe, and the detection device determines the precipitation amount of the wax according to the voltage variation amount of the variable medium type capacitor.
6. A rotary vibration wax control device according to claim 5, wherein the detecting means comprises a variable dielectric type capacitor C2Constant capacitance C1The signal amplifier U1, the resistor R1, the resistor R2 and the resistor R3;
constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2In series connection, the inverting input end and the output end of the signal amplifier U1 are respectively connected with a variable dielectric type capacitor C2At the inverting input terminal and in the constant capacitance C1And medium-variable capacitor C2The non-inverting input end of the signal amplifier U1 is grounded, the resistor R1, the resistor R3 and the resistor R2 are connected in series, the resistor R2 is connected with the output end of the signal amplifier U1, the resistor R1 and the constant capacitor C1The power supply V1 anode and the power supply V1 cathode are grounded.
7. A rotary vibration wax control device according to claim 6, wherein the variable dielectric type capacitor C2The capacitance value determination method of (2) is as follows:
wherein epsilon is the dielectric coefficient of the variable dielectric capacitor, the mutual coverage area between S capacitor plates and the distance between d capacitor plates.
8. A rotary vibration wax control device according to claim 6, wherein the variable dielectric type capacitor C2The voltage calculation method of (2) is as follows:
wherein, the mutual coverage area between S capacitor plates; d, distance between capacitor plates; c1In order to make the constant capacitance, epsilon is the dielectric coefficient of the variable dielectric type capacitance, V1Is a constant voltage power supply.
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Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020088617A1 (en) * | 2001-01-08 | 2002-07-11 | Xiaoyan Liu | Automatic paraffin removal unit |
CN202131989U (en) * | 2011-06-27 | 2012-02-01 | 赵爱华 | Novel oil pumping rod |
CN104196493A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-10 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Vibration paraffin control viscosity reduction trembler, device and sucker rod |
CN107605433A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2018-01-19 | 延安大学 | Paraffin Removal device under a kind of smart well |
CN210164459U (en) * | 2019-06-22 | 2020-03-20 | 李磊 | Paraffin removal device for pumping well |
US20210102442A1 (en) * | 2019-10-06 | 2021-04-08 | Wei Xie | Heating and anti-waxing apparatus and device for reducing viscosity under the oil well pump |
CN112780228A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-05-11 | 西南石油大学 | Simple oil well wax removing device |
-
2021
- 2021-08-27 CN CN202110998636.XA patent/CN113585998A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020088617A1 (en) * | 2001-01-08 | 2002-07-11 | Xiaoyan Liu | Automatic paraffin removal unit |
CN202131989U (en) * | 2011-06-27 | 2012-02-01 | 赵爱华 | Novel oil pumping rod |
CN104196493A (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-10 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Vibration paraffin control viscosity reduction trembler, device and sucker rod |
CN107605433A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2018-01-19 | 延安大学 | Paraffin Removal device under a kind of smart well |
CN210164459U (en) * | 2019-06-22 | 2020-03-20 | 李磊 | Paraffin removal device for pumping well |
US20210102442A1 (en) * | 2019-10-06 | 2021-04-08 | Wei Xie | Heating and anti-waxing apparatus and device for reducing viscosity under the oil well pump |
CN112780228A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-05-11 | 西南石油大学 | Simple oil well wax removing device |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
周征 等: "《传感器与检测技术》", 30 September 2017, 西安电子科技大学出版社 * |
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Application publication date: 20211102 |