CN113573669A - 用于髋关节的髋臼半髋关节置换术的表面重建杯 - Google Patents
用于髋关节的髋臼半髋关节置换术的表面重建杯 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
所公开的本发明通过仅使用髋臼部件解决了保留骨髋关节表面重建手术的主要问题,股骨头关节连接在该髋臼部件中,仅削成球形形状并清除可能撞击髋臼进而限制运动范围的骨赘。表面重建杯的内表面为非球面形状,与股骨头形成环形接触。杯(10)的内部关节连接表面涂覆有ADLC或热解碳涂层,以减少股骨头的摩擦和磨损。通过避免使用股骨表面重建部件,手术方法得到了很好的发展,其中手术时间显著减少。对于非骨水泥固定,该杯优选为双壳型,但也可制成为单壳用于非骨水泥或骨水泥固定。如果由于股骨头磨损而需要进行翻修手术,则可以保留该杯并与双动股骨部件结合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在人体医学和兽医学中应用的用于髋关节的半髋关节置换术的髋臼杯。进一步地,本发明涉及一种髋臼表面重建杯的双动翻修全髋置换和一种用以准备用于在上述髋臼表面重建杯内进行关节连接的股骨头的股骨头削刀。
背景技术
髋关节置换手术被认为是上个世纪最成功的提高生活质量的手术之一。髋关节手术更广泛使用的历史始于40年代后期的Austin-Moore——一种用于股骨头和股骨颈的半假体。股骨柄是非骨水泥的,具有用于骨长入的开窗。
第一个全髋关节假体是50年代推出的金属对金属类型的,诸如由McKee改制出的Thompson半假体。临床结果好坏参半进而接受度有限。
临床接受度的革命和现代全髋关节置换术的开端归功于Charnley,他在60年代中期推出了骨水泥柄和骨水泥聚合物杯。尽管有在股骨与髋臼部件的非骨水泥固定方面取得的所有进步,但该基本概念仍广泛用于临床应用中。
在过去的二十年里,为了减少各部件——主要是聚合物杯——的磨损,全髋关节置换术的大部分发展都集中在关节连接上。当今最先进的技术状态是将股骨侧的陶瓷头与交联的补充维生素E的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)制髋臼杯相结合。髋臼杯要么带有金属背衬以便进行骨整合,要么用骨水泥固定。
髋关节置换术的另一种方法通过所谓的表面重建手术进行,该手术分两波进入临床应用,但最终都以概念失败告终。Wagner和Amstutz在70年代中期的第一次尝试并没有找到成功的追随者。最新的表面重建方法归功于McMinn的伯明翰模型(Birmingham model),该模型是基于金属对金属型关节连接的表面重建全髋关节置换。然而,金属部件的过度磨损会导致严重的临床并发症,进而终结了此第二波保留骨的髋关节置换。
半髋关节置换术仍然普遍使用,但由于各种原因,现今更常见的是所谓的双极模型,其中传统的股骨部件与大直径头相结合,该大直径头与完整髋臼关节连接。显而易见的是,该模型仅限于应用于髋臼软骨退变程度可接受的患者——通常用于老年患者的股骨颈骨折。
总之,所有上述现有髋关节假体都包括要么与完整髋臼配对、要么与髋臼杯配对的某种股骨部件。
在过去几十年的髋关节置换手术中,在年轻和活跃患者中的应用需求不断增加。聚合物髋臼杯的磨损被证明是假体耐用性的一个限制因素。通常在手术后7到9年,磨损颗粒在关节内和关节周围的积聚会导致骨质流失和部件无菌性松动。虽然初次置换时平均70岁的患者术后15年的翻修率低于5%,但在年轻和活跃患者中该翻修率为20%至25%。造成差异的最直接原因是活跃水平——所有实验室测试中聚合物的磨损与循环次数成正比。
更新的耐磨关节连接(诸如在交联UHMWPE杯嵌体上的陶瓷头)改善了临床结果,但年轻和活跃患者的无菌性松动问题仍然很严重,导致了高的翻修负担——在某些国家/地区高达五分之一。二次过程持续时间更短。
使用表面重建全髋关节置换的主要动机是保留股骨骨量,以便通过带柄股骨部件进行的最终翻修将更容易进行。由于金属磨损导致所谓的“肿瘤样”组织反应而致使表面重建假体的金属对金属型设计失败,这种选择基本上已经被放弃,世界上只有少数外科医生进行这种选择,主要是针对参与高要求运动的非常年轻的患者。
半假体目前仅用于髋臼软骨仍处于良好状态的情况。本发明人的专利申请(US2013/0060345A1)公开了一种通过提出半假体非球面配对而对当前实践进行的可能性改进,其中,假体头覆盖有无固定形状类金刚石碳(ADLC)涂层或热解碳。与金属或陶瓷相比,这些碳涂层已被证明可以使对侧骨骼的磨损显著减少。非球面关节连接——诸如Tepic的美国专利8,323,346中描述的——已经在实验室测试中将磨损减少了大约三倍。
根据本发明提出的髋关节置换是一种新类型,其中唯一的假体部件是髋臼杯。髋臼杯半假体与天然股骨头相结合。股骨头几乎保持完整——其可能只被削成大致球形形状并且诸如该头周围的骨赘之类的不规则部被去除以减少撞击的风险。
发明内容
本发明通过仅使用髋臼部件解决了保留骨的髋关节表面重建手术的主要问题,天然股骨头关节连接在髋臼部件中,仅削成球形形状并清除掉可能撞击髋臼进而由此限制运动范围的骨赘。优选地,表面重建杯的内表面在形状上是非球面的,从而与股骨头形成环形接触。杯的内部关节连接表面优选地涂覆有基于碳的材料,诸如ADLC和/或热解碳,以减少股骨头的摩擦和磨损。通过避免使用股骨表面重建部件,该手术方法得到了很好的发展,其中手术时间显著减少。对于非骨水泥固定,该杯优选地为双壳型,但也可制成为单壳用于非骨水泥或骨水泥固定。如果由于股骨头磨损而需要进行翻修手术,可以保留该杯并与使之与双动股骨部件结合。
因此,本发明的第一方面是一种用于髋关节的半髋关节置换术的髋臼表面重建杯。该髋臼表面重建杯适用于天然股骨头,即具有天然骨表面的股骨头。本发明的髋臼杯特别适用于人体医学,但也可以用于兽医学,例如用于狗。
髋臼表面重建杯的内表面面向股骨头。该内表面的形状可以是非球面的并且可以包括球形形状的环形区段。由环形球面区段覆盖的角度优选地在5-30°的范围内,更优选地在10-20°的范围内。从髋臼表面重建杯的对称轴到环形球面区段的角度优选地在25-50°的范围内,更优选地在30-45°范围内。杯的内部形状的对称轴可以从杯的主对称轴偏移优选地在5-30°的范围内、更优选地在15-25°的范围内的角度。
杯的内表面可以涂覆有任何合适的材料、例如诸如ADLC和/或热解碳之类的碳基材料。
本发明的杯可以适用于非骨水泥固定,例如,通过双壳结构或作为单壳。另一方面,杯也可以适用于骨水泥固定。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种由如上所述的髋臼表面重建杯构成的髋关节假体。
本发明的又一方面涉及一种股骨头削刀,用于准备患者的股骨头以进行关节连接,特别是用于进行髋臼表面重建杯内的关节连接,如上所述。股骨头削刀可以包括覆盖大约半球的切削杯,即其内表面在大约180度夹角范围上,其中内表面包括用于对骨进行铰制的切割突起(例如,切槽)以及用于去除骨碎片的开口。切削杯适用于旋转和回转操作,例如通过连接到杆或类似的元件进行。
本发明的又一方面涉及一种如上所述的股骨头削刀与髋臼表面重建杯的组合。
本发明的又一方面涉及一种用于髋关节的半髋关节置换术的方法,包括植入如上所述的髋臼表面重建杯。
本发明的又一方面涉及一种如上所述的髋臼表面重建杯与人造股骨部件的组合,其中人造股骨部件例如为用于双动翻修全髋关节置换的股骨头。
本发明的又一方面涉及一种用于如上所述的髋臼表面重建杯的双动翻修全髋置换的方法。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,关节连接部是非球面的并且具有提供新特征组合的碳基涂层,其中,髋臼且仅髋臼通过假体部件表面重建并且股骨头保持其基本自然状态。
这种组合有数个重要的优点。它需要移除非常少量的骨头即可开始。如果需要进行翻修,则将只在股骨侧使用双动型股骨置换,其中主要假体头由聚合物杯覆盖,然后与表面重建后的髋臼关节连接。因为杯可以只有大约1mm到大约4mm厚、优选地大约1.5mm到大约3mm厚,对髋臼的铰制也是最小的。与已知会导致一些非常严重的并发症(诸如肺栓塞)的股骨腔铰制相比,髋臼铰制的风险通常要低得多。在压入式柄中,骨裂的风险也很高。在伯明翰型表面重建全假体中,股骨头被铰制成特定的形状,然后用带有定心销的骨水泥杯覆盖。骨损失比传统带柄股骨部件小,但剩余股骨头的血液供应受到损害,进而可能导致大量骨坏死。相比之下,在本发明中,股骨头仅被清除主要不规则部并被削成球形形状以适合经表面重建的髋臼。优选地,髋臼杯腔是非球面的并且由碳基材料涂层(例如,ADLC涂层)或热解碳覆盖。手术时间显著减少,且假体的成本也显著减少。该手术方法是众所周知的,并且已被许多外科医生用于伯明翰型表面重建。
附图说明
图1示出了根据现有技术状态的髋关节置换全假体。
图2示出了根据现有技术状态的髋关节置换半假体。
图3示出了根据现有技术状态的表面重建髋关节置换假体。
图4示出了根据本发明的髋关节的半置换假体。
图5示出了根据本发明的双壳髋臼半髋关节置换假体。
图6示出了根据本发明的单壳髋臼半置换假体。
图7示出了根据本发明的股骨头削刀器械。
图8示出了具有双动股骨头部件的翻修手术。
具体实施方式
现有技术状态下的全髋关节置换假体(图1)包括固定到骨盆100的髋臼杯1、固定到股骨200的股骨柄2,其中股骨头3附接到柄2。现今的典型构造具有聚合物杯嵌入物,最常见的是由交联的UHMWPE制成,由金属壳做背衬,具有面向骨骼的多孔涂层。用于非骨水泥固定的柄也可以涂覆有多孔层,或可替选地用例如羟基灰石的薄涂层粗喷。头可以是金属的或陶瓷的。在非骨水泥固定的替代方案中,可以使用所谓的骨水泥(一种双组分聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)将杯和柄二者固定到各自的骨骼中。
现有技术状态下的半髋关节置换假体(图2)仅包括一股骨部件。股骨柄4固定到股骨200。大直径的股骨头5直接地装配到柄4上或经由较小的头部装配到柄4上以形成双极半假体。
伯明翰型表面重建全髋关节假体(图3)包括具有大直径头部的股骨部件6,通常用骨水泥盖住股骨头,向下铰制以容纳假体头和定心销7,其中允许用骨水泥8填充一些空间。髋臼部件9通常是非骨水泥型,锤入到铰制的髋臼100中。
根据本发明的髋关节置换半假体(如图4所示)保留了大部分股骨200并且仅依赖于固定到骨盆100中的髋臼表面重建杯10。杯10的尺寸选择成适合配合在天然股骨头201上,该天然股骨头通过去除尽可能少的软骨和骨来铰制成球形形状、去除倾向于在股骨颈处形成的骨赘形式的所有粗大异形部而铰制成球形。杯优选是非骨水泥型的,但也可以用骨水泥固定在铰制出的髋臼中。
根据本发明的双壳髋臼杯(如图5a所示)包括外壳11和内壳12。用于全髋关节置换的双壳髋臼杯在Tepic和Malcau的美国专利7,776,097中公开。杯可以包括在外壳中的穿孔13以允许骨的快速侵入。外壳11的面向骨的外侧表面可以以诸如钛和羟基灰石14之类的多孔材料涂覆,从而提供额外的微固定。杯在铰制出的髋臼中的压配合稳定性可以通过外壳中靠近杯开口的诸如肋15之类的小的延伸部来增强。内壳12可以在杯开口处装配、例如卡扣压配合到外壳11中,其中在各壳之间留有小间隙16。间隙的大小通常为约0.5mm至约1.5mm。
这种组合产生了用于整合到骨盆骨中的高度顺应的金属结构,当厚的、坚硬的金属背衬用于传统的全髋关节杯时,不会观察到应力遮挡。优选地,杯的内壳由比外壳更硬和/或更坚固的材料制成。在某些实施方式中,形成外壳的金属的拉伸强度为约300MPa至约600MPa,优选地为约350MPa至约550MPa,和/或形成外壳的金属的维氏硬度(Hv)是约100Hv至约250Hv,优选地为约120Hv至约200Hv。在某些实施方式中,形成内壳的金属的拉伸强度为约700Mpa至约1,000MPa,优选地为约800Mpa至约950MPa,更优选地为约900MPa,和/或形成内壳的金属的维氏硬度(Hv)为约280Hv至约450Hv,优选地为约300Hv至约400Hv,更优选地为约350Hv。
用于这些壳的优选金属是钛和钛合金。例如,外壳可以由工业纯(c.p.)钛2级或优选4级制成。可替选地,钛-铝-铌合金可因其更高的强度和极好的生物相容性而被使用。内壳需要比用工业纯级钛的情况更坚固及更坚硬,因此像钛-铝-铌(Ti6Al7Nb)和/或可能的钛-铝-钒(Ti6Al4V)这样的合金是优选的选择。钛工业纯级的拉伸强度在350Mpa至550MPa的范围内;维氏硬度(Hv)的硬度范围为120至200。Ti6Al7Nb和Ti6Al4V合金的对应值为900MPa和350Hv。
内壳为非球面形状,提供了Tepic的美国专利8,323,346中提出的总体优点。在覆盖5度至30度、更优选地10度至20度的角度18的环形带上的内表面17在形状上是球形形状的。其相对于轴线20偏移25度到50度、更优选地30度到45度的角度19。杯在带17与杆之间的的区段成形为相对于环17的球形形状形成间隙21。从区段17向外朝向杯的开口,内壳的形状也偏离球体而形成间隙22。杯的内表面的非球面形状有助于润滑并降低了关节的摩擦和磨损。
为了进一步减少关节连接在置换杯中的股骨头的摩擦和磨损,内壳的内表面以合适的材料涂覆,例如以ADLC或热解碳涂覆。
为了非球面关节连接部的最佳功能性,内表面形状23的对称轴应该相对于整个杯的对称轴20偏移,如图5b所示。5度至30度、更优选地15度至25度的角度24将使轴线23进入步态中关节力范围的中间。当植入到骨盆中时,偏移24应放置在骨盆的上方方向。
图6示出了用于半髋关节置换的髋臼杯的替代构造。具有如图5的杯所公开的内部形状的单壳25或是在外侧涂覆有用于非骨水泥骨向内生长的多孔层26,或是适用于用骨水泥固定到铰制出的髋臼中,在这种情况下,外表面通常仅具有纹理或提供有其他此类措施以改善与骨水泥的接合部。这种类型的杯可以通过传统的机械加工或增材制造来生产。用于非骨水泥固定的优选金属是钛合金。对于水泥粘合型杯,也可以使用钴铬合金,这里的选择也可以扩展到一些适用于ADLC涂层的不锈钢。
将股骨头削成球形形状的器械27如图7所示。其应小心使用,且优选仅手工使用。铰刀27覆盖大约半球,即铰刀的内表面在大约180度夹角上覆盖有切槽28。铰刀中的开口29允许在股骨头铰制期间以及之后去除骨碎片。
如果需要进行翻修手术,则可以保留如上所述的本发明的杯10,并且可以仅插入股骨部件(图8)。位于柄30的股骨颈32上的主头部31与由诸如UHMWPE或聚醚醚酮(PEEK)之类的聚合物制成的副头部33卡扣配合。该副头部现在可以关节连接在杯10内。
Tepic的专利申请US 2013/0060345A中公开的不带杯的部分髋部已经在数百只狗身上使用了8年以上而没有任何头部穿透进骨盆的迹象。在某些情况下,狗会在几周内恢复髋关节的全部功能,尽管比全髋关节置换要慢一些。在另一些情况下,恢复速度较慢,需要几个月的时间才能达到稳定状态。目前尚不清楚什么可能会减慢恢复速度,但可以肯定地说,这与关节周围的骨骼重塑过程有关。由于髋臼铰制总是在不穿透髋臼内壁的情况下进行最大深度,因此暴露于关节的骨骼会有很大差异——从致密的软骨下骨到软松质骨,可能还有一些软骨覆盖区域的残余物。
在本发明公开的手术中,股骨头的铰制将不那么具有侵略性,并且在许多情况下,刚好在关节连接表面下方的骨是致密而硬化的,可能没有任何疼痛感受器。除了缩短手术时间外,这还应缩短恢复时间,从而有助于提高最重要的效益成本比。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于髋关节的半髋关节置换术的髋臼表面重建杯10。
2.如权利要求1所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中,面向股骨头201的内表面的形状为非球面形状。
3.如权利要求2所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中,所述内表面具有呈球面形状的环形区段17。
4.如权利要求3所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中,由环形球面区段17覆盖的角度18在10度到20度的范围内。
5.如权利要求3或4所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中,从对称轴20到球面的所述环形区段17的角度19在30度到45度的范围内。
6.根据权利要求3-5中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中,所述杯的内部形状的对称轴23相对于所述杯的主对称轴20偏移15度到25度范围内的角度24。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,其中面向所述股骨头的所述杯的内表面涂覆有碳基材料,所述碳基材料诸如为ADLC和/或热解碳。
8.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,适用于非骨水泥固定。
9.如权利要求8所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,适用于非骨水泥固定,其为双壳结构11/12。
10.如权利要求8所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,适用于非骨水泥固定,其为单壳结构25。
11.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10,适用于骨水泥固定。
12.一种髋假体,包括根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯。
13.一种股骨头削刀27,用于准备用于关节的股骨头,特别是用于在权利要求1-11中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10内的关节。
14.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的髋臼表面重建杯10与例如股骨头的人造股骨部件的组合,适用于双动翻修全髋关节置换30/31/32。
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US20070032877A1 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2007-02-08 | Whiteside Leo A | Coated ceramic total joint arthroplasty and method of making same |
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US20100063589A1 (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2010-03-11 | Scyon Orthopaedics Ag | Wear-reducing geometry of articulations in total joint replacements |
US20110152868A1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-23 | Lampros Kourtis | Method, device, and system for shaving and shaping of a joint |
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CA2133718A1 (en) * | 1993-10-18 | 1995-04-19 | Gene M. Farling | Non-spherical acetabular cup for total hip replacement |
JPH11318960A (ja) * | 1998-05-12 | 1999-11-24 | Nissin Electric Co Ltd | 人工関節及びその製造方法 |
US20070203583A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-08-30 | Biomet Manufacturing Corp. | Method and apparatus for aligning a taper lock connection |
US9855064B2 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2018-01-02 | Arthrex, Inc. | Drill guide assembly |
-
2019
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Patent Citations (6)
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US4031570A (en) * | 1975-06-18 | 1977-06-28 | Sulzer Brothers Limited | Prosthetic acetabulum |
US20070208428A1 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2007-09-06 | Scyon Orthopaedics Ag | Double Shell Implant for Cementless Anchorage of Joint Prostheses |
US20070032877A1 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2007-02-08 | Whiteside Leo A | Coated ceramic total joint arthroplasty and method of making same |
US20100063589A1 (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2010-03-11 | Scyon Orthopaedics Ag | Wear-reducing geometry of articulations in total joint replacements |
US20130060345A1 (en) * | 2009-12-16 | 2013-03-07 | Slobodan Tepic | Partial hip prosthesis |
US20110152868A1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-23 | Lampros Kourtis | Method, device, and system for shaving and shaping of a joint |
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US20220183847A1 (en) | 2022-06-16 |
JP2022525591A (ja) | 2022-05-18 |
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