CN113530478A - Apparatus and method for handling drill rods - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for handling drill rods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN113530478A CN113530478A CN202110892728.XA CN202110892728A CN113530478A CN 113530478 A CN113530478 A CN 113530478A CN 202110892728 A CN202110892728 A CN 202110892728A CN 113530478 A CN113530478 A CN 113530478A
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- Prior art keywords
- drill rod
- drill
- flitch
- rod
- roller
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/16—Connecting or disconnecting pipe couplings or joints
- E21B19/161—Connecting or disconnecting pipe couplings or joints using a wrench or a spinner adapted to engage a circular section of pipe
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/14—Racks, ramps, troughs or bins, for holding the lengths of rod singly or connected; Handling between storage place and borehole
Abstract
The application provides a device and a method for assembling and disassembling a drill rod, wherein the device for assembling and disassembling the drill rod comprises a connecting plate, and the connecting plate is used for connecting a tail platform of a drilling machine; a longitudinally extending flitch disposed at a first longitudinal end of the connecting plate; set up spin chuck assembly on the connecting plate, spin chuck assembly includes: with chuck support, setting that the connecting plate is fixed chuck support and with rotary disk that chuck support rotation type is connected, with the fixed chuck of rotary disk fixed connection's tube-shape, and with the jack catch of fixed chuck movable setting, the jack catch is used for adjusting the size of fixed chuck's inner chamber, this device of loading and unloading drilling rod compact structure can realize mechanized unloading drilling rod to improve the handling efficiency of drilling rod, reduce workman's intensity of labour.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of drilling equipment, and particularly relates to a device and a method for assembling and disassembling a drill rod.
Background
In modern mines, it is often necessary to drill boreholes for different functions, such as gas drainage, core extraction, etc., to provide services for safe recovery of the working face.
At present, a full hydraulic power drilling machine is generally adopted for underground drilling operation, and has the advantages of wide rotating speed range, large torque, convenience in moving and the like. For example, ZDY3200S drill.
Generally, in the borehole drilling operation, for convenient transportation and installation, the length of a drill rod is 1m, and the drill rod is connected with the drill rod through threads. During drilling operation, the drill rods need to be manually connected one by one. After drilling, the drill rods are manually disassembled one by one. The process of assembling and disassembling the drill rod is one of the most time-consuming links in the whole drilling process, and the continuous operation can cause the fatigue of personnel and influence the drilling efficiency. It is therefore highly desirable to develop an apparatus and method for handling drill pipe that is particularly well suited for use with ZDY3200S drilling rigs.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for handling drill rods that addresses some or all of the above-mentioned problems associated with the prior art. The device for assembling and disassembling the drill rod can realize mechanical assembling and disassembling of the drill rod, thereby improving the assembling and disassembling efficiency of the drill rod and reducing the labor intensity of workers.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for handling drill rods, comprising:
a connecting plate for connecting a tail platform of a drilling machine,
a longitudinally extending flitch disposed at a first longitudinal end of the connecting plate,
set up spin chuck assembly on the connecting plate, spin chuck assembly includes:
a chuck support fixed with the connecting plate,
a rotating disk arranged on the chuck support and rotationally connected with the chuck support,
a cylindrical fixed chuck fixedly connected with the rotating disc, wherein the inner cavity of the fixed chuck is communicated with the material plate,
and the clamping jaw is movably arranged on the fixed chuck and used for adjusting the size of the inner cavity of the fixed chuck.
In one embodiment, a drill rod accommodating box is arranged on a first lateral side of the flitch, and a drill rod inlet and outlet facing the flitch is arranged on a second side of the drill rod accommodating box.
In one embodiment, a support plate in the shape of an inclined plane is arranged on a first side of the flitch, a second side of the drill rod accommodating box is hinged with the flitch, and a drill rod accommodating box lifting hydraulic cylinder for adjusting the positions of the drill rod inlet and outlet relative to the flitch is arranged between the support plate and the drill rod accommodating box.
In one embodiment, an arc-shaped baffle hinged to the rod containing box is arranged at the rod inlet and outlet and used for rotating relative to the rod inlet and outlet.
In one embodiment, a longitudinally extending opening is provided at the first end of the flitch, and a push plate is provided at the opening for movement along the opening under actuation of a push rod hydraulic cylinder.
In one embodiment, a rod driving device is provided at the second end of the flitch, the rod driving device is provided with a horizontally placed first roller and two vertically placed second rollers, the first roller is used for rotating around a transverse extending axial direction, the two second rollers are oppositely arranged in the transverse direction and are positioned at the second end of the first roller, and the second rollers are used for rotating around a vertical extending axial direction.
In one embodiment, the distance of the second roller in the transverse direction is adjustable.
In one embodiment, the upper surface of the flitch is provided with a longitudinally extending inner groove with an arc-shaped transverse cross section, and the second side of the inner groove is higher relative to the first side.
In one embodiment, a through hole is formed in a groove bottom plate of the inner groove, a slider for moving vertically relative to the through hole is arranged at the through hole, an upper end surface of the slider is an inclined surface with a first side lower than a second side, and the slider is driven by a lifting slider hydraulic cylinder arranged on a lower surface of the flitch.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of handling drill rods using the apparatus described above, comprising:
when the drill rod is installed, the drill rod to be installed comes out of the drill rod accommodating box and falls onto the material plate, the drill rod is sent to the first roller through the push plate, the drill rod is inserted into the inner cavity of the fixed chuck under the action of the first roller and the second roller in sequence, the rotary disk drives the fixed chuck to rotate under the clamping action of the clamping jaws, and therefore the drill rod to be installed is connected to the previous drill rod,
when the drill rod is disassembled, the drill rod to be disassembled is inserted into the inner cavity of the fixed chuck, the rotary disk drives the fixed chuck to rotate under the clamping action of the clamping jaws, so that the drill rod to be disassembled is disassembled from the previous drill rod, the disassembled drill rod is conveyed to the flitch under the action of the second roller and the first roller, and the disassembled drill rod transversely rolls and returns to the drill rod accommodating box under the action of the jacking and extending of the sliding block.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: the device for assembling and disassembling the drill rod has a compact structure, and can realize mechanical assembling and disassembling of the drill rod, thereby improving the assembling and disassembling efficiency of the drill rod and reducing the labor intensity of workers.
Drawings
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an apparatus for handling drill rods and a schematic illustration of the connection to a drilling rig according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a spin chuck assembly and a flitch, etc., according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a spin chuck assembly and a flitch, etc., according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a drill rod containment box according to one embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 shows a first roller and a second roller, etc., according to one embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings, like parts are provided with like reference numerals. The figures are not drawn to scale.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is clear that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the invention, and not an exhaustive list of all embodiments. And the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
The embodiment of the invention provides a device for loading and unloading a drill rod. As shown in fig. 1, the apparatus for handling drill rods comprises a connecting plate 1, a flitch plate 2 and a rotary chuck assembly. The connecting plate 1 is plate-shaped and is used for connecting a tail platform 6 of a drilling machine. The flitch 2 sets up in the first end of connecting plate 1, and is itself the longitudinal extension plate for depositing drilling rod 10. The spin chuck assembly is disposed on the connecting plate 1. Referring again to fig. 2, the spin chuck assembly includes a chuck support 7 fixed with the connection plate 1, a spin disk 18, a fixed chuck 17, and jaws 19. The chuck support 7 is fixedly connected with the connecting plate 1 and mainly plays a supporting role. The rotary disk 18 is provided on the chuck holder 7 and can rotate relative to the chuck holder 7. At the same time, the axis of the rotating disc 18 extends longitudinally. The fixed chuck 17 is fixedly connected with the rotating disk 18 and is used for rotating under the driving of the rotating disk 18. The holding chuck 17 is itself cylindrical for the drill rod 10 to pass through its inner cavity. The jaws 19 are provided on the fixed jaw 17 and are movable in a radial direction of the fixed jaw 17 for adjusting the size of the inner cavity of the fixed jaw 17 to tighten or loosen the drill rod. For example, the jaws 19 are plural, for example three, and are evenly distributed in the circumferential direction.
During operation, the web 1 is lapped on the tail platform 6. Meanwhile, a threaded hole 5 is provided on the connection plate 1 for fixing the connection plate 1 on the tail platform 6. It can be understood that the upper planes of the connecting plate 1 and the flitch 2 are not on the same plane, so as to facilitate the unloading of the drill rods of the flitch 2 and the inner cavity of the fixed chuck 17. For example, the connecting plate 1 and the flitch 2 are connected by a vertical plate 4.
On a first lateral side of the flitch 2, a rod receiving box 16 is arranged. For example, the rod receiver box 16 itself is a square box structure for receiving and storing rod, and providing rod to the drill rig or retrieving rod from the drill rig. As shown in fig. 4, the second side of the rod magazine 16 is provided with a rod port 23 facing the flitch 2 for feeding rod to the flitch 2 or receiving rod from the flitch 2. Meanwhile, a drill rod taking and placing opening 24 can be formed in the wall of the drill rod accommodating box 16 and used for taking and placing drill rods.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, a support plate 14 having a slope shape is provided on the first side of the flitch 2. The second side of the rod accommodating box 16 is hinged with the flitch 2, and is used for enabling the rod accommodating box 16 to move relative to the flitch 2, so that the orientation position of the rod inlet/outlet 23 relative to the flitch 2 is adjusted. A lifting rod-receiving box hydraulic cylinder 28 is provided between the support plate 14 and the rod-receiving box 16. The hydraulic cylinder 28 of the lifting drill rod accommodating box can be arranged through the upper and lower through holes 15 arranged on the support plate 14 and used for actuating the drill rod accommodating box 16 to be lifted or lowered relative to the support plate 14, so that the angle of the drill rod accommodating box 16 relative to the support plate 14 is adjusted, the orientation of the drill rod inlet and outlet 23 relative to the flitch 2 is further adjusted, and the drill rods in the drill rod accommodating box 16 can enter and exit the drill rod accommodating box 16 under the influence of gravity under different angle conditions.
More specifically, a casing support 31 is provided on the side of the rod casing hydraulic cylinder 28 adjacent to the rod casing 16 for easily fixing the rod casing 16. A slide groove 25 is provided on the lower end face of the drill rod receiving box 16. The lower end of the container support 31 may be hinged to the drop rod container hydraulic cylinder 28 during attachment. Meanwhile, the upper end of the accommodating box support 31 is flat and is relatively slidably engaged with the slide groove 25. The rod receiver 16 is conveniently connected to the lifting rod receiver hydraulic cylinder 28 by the provision of the receiver support 31. Meanwhile, since the accommodating box support 31 and the slide groove 25 can be slidably connected, the position between the drill rod accommodating box 16 and the accommodating box support 31 can be conveniently adjusted, and the connection is convenient.
As shown in fig. 4, an arc-shaped baffle 36 is provided at the drill rod port 23. The arc-shaped baffle 36 is hinged to the rod accommodating box 16. Meanwhile, a hydraulic pump 37 is provided on the drill rod accommodating box 16. The hydraulic pump 37 is connected to the arcuate stop plate 36 for driving the arcuate stop plate 36 to rotate at the drill rod port 23. The pipe is swept by the movement of the arcuate stop 36, thereby moving the pipe into and out of the pipe receiving box 16. For example, the arc-shaped baffle 36 is driven to rotate forwards and backwards through the hydraulic pump 37, and then the drill rod is driven to enter or be discharged.
At the second end of the flitch 2 a drill rod drive 8 is arranged. Specifically, as shown in fig. 5, the drill rod driving means 8 includes a first roller 20 disposed horizontally and two second rollers disposed vertically. The first roller 20 is adapted to rotate about a transversely extending axial direction. Two second rollers 22 are provided at the second end of the first roller 20, which are vertically disposed. The second rollers 22 are arranged laterally opposite each other, and the second rollers 22 are adapted to rotate about a vertically extending axial direction. The drill rod is controlled to enter the fixed chuck 17 by means of a first roller 20 and a second roller 22. For example, the rods on the flitch 2 are brought between the second rollers 22 by the rolling of the first roller 20, and then the second rollers 22 grip the rods and transfer the rods to the fixing chucks 17 by the rolling of the second rollers 22. It will be appreciated that the direction of rotation of the first roller 20 and the second roller 22 in the direction from the fixing chucks 17 to the flitch 2 is reversed, so that the drill rods first pass the second roller 22 and are transferred to the first roller 20 by the second roller 22 and are transferred to the flitch 2 by the rotation of the first roller 20.
Preferably, the distance between the two second rollers 22 in the transverse direction is adjustable for accommodating drill rods of different diameters. And the driving device 21 is used for driving the first roller 20 and the second roller 22 to move, wherein the driving device 21 may be a motor. For example, the drive means may be enclosed in a square box for convenient docking.
The upper surface of the flitch 2 is provided with an inner groove 9. The transverse cross section of the inner groove 9 is an arc surface, and the inner groove 9 extends along the longitudinal direction to be used for being matched with a drill rod to place the drill rod roller material plate 2. Preferably, the second side of the recess 9 is higher than the first side, which prevents the rod from rolling off after exiting the rod receiving box 16, further ensuring the stability of the rod on the flitch 2.
At a first end of the flitch 2, an opening 11 extending in the longitudinal direction is provided. A push plate 34 is provided at the opening 11. Push plate 34 is connected to push rod hydraulic cylinder 30. In operation, the push plate 34 is moved at the opening 11 by advancing the rod hydraulic cylinder 30, thereby pushing the rod within the inner groove 9 towards the second end.
Preferably, a through-hole 13 is provided in the channel floor of the inner recess 9. A slider 33 is provided at the through-hole 13 for vertical movement relative thereto. A lifting slide hydraulic cylinder 29 is provided on the lower surface of the flitch 2 for actuating the slide 33 to move vertically. Preferably, the upper end surface of the slider 33 is an inclined surface having a lower first side relative to a second side. It is further preferred that at least two through-holes 13 are provided in the groove bottom plate of the inner groove 9, and the two through-holes 13 are distributed at intervals in the longitudinal direction. The through holes 13 are provided with sliders 33, respectively. The different sliders 33 are connected by means of connecting beams 32. Thus, the plurality of sliders 33 can be driven to move together by the lifter-slider hydraulic cylinder 29. In the process of recovering the drill rod, after the drill rod is placed on the material plate 2, the lifting slide block hydraulic cylinder 29 is started, and then the drill rod is jacked. Since the upper surface of the sliding block 33 is an inclined surface, the drill rod rolls toward the drill rod accommodating box 16 and enters the drill rod accommodating box 16 through the drill rod inlet/outlet 23.
The device for loading and unloading the drill rod further comprises a control system for acquiring data information of the drilling state of the drilling machine and controlling the device to complete automatic loading and unloading of the drill rod 10.
The method of handling drill rods using the apparatus for handling drill rods is described in detail below with reference to figures 1 to 5.
First, the device for handling drill rods is placed on the frame 39 and located at the first end of the drilling rig, for example, ZDY 3200S. Specifically, the connecting plate 1 of the device for assembling and disassembling the drill rod is placed on a tail platform 6 of the drilling machine and is fixed through screws. The hydraulic line is connected and the drill rod with the drill bit is loaded into the drilling machine and the other drill rods are loaded into the drill rod receiving box 16. The rod magazine hydraulic cylinder 28 is actuated to raise and lower the hydraulic prop to push the rod magazine 16 to the proper angle so that the drill rod can roll out of the drill rod port 23 under the influence of gravity. The control component acquires the data information of the state of the drilling machine, and the drilling operation is started after the preparation work before drilling is ready.
The drill rod is rotated out of the drill rod receiving box 16 by controlling the hydraulic pump 37 and thus the arc-shaped baffle 36. The drill rod enters the inner groove 9 of the flitch 2. The drill rod pushing hydraulic cylinder 30 retracts to drive the push plate 34 to move to push the drill rods 10 on the flitch 2, so that the drill rods 10 enter the first roller 20, the first roller 20 rolls to bring the drill rods between two vertical second rollers 22, and the second rollers 22 clamp and rotate the drill rods so as to drive the drill rods to enter the inner cavities of the fixed chucks 17.
When a drill rod enters the rotary chuck assembly and contacts the tail of the drill rod with the drill bit, the jaws 19 move radially inward relative to the fixed chuck 17 to grip the drill rod. The rotary disc 18 is activated and the fixed chuck 17 is brought into rotation, which in turn rotates the drill rod relative to the drill rod with the drill bit, thereby screwing the two drill rods together. The rotary disc 18 stops rotating and the jaws 19 move radially outwards relative to the fixed chuck 17 to release the drill pipe, and the drilling rig begins drilling work with the drill pipe progressively drilled into the formation. When the tail of the drill rod leaves the spin chuck assembly at a distance from the fixed chuck 17, the drill's gyrator 35 stops rotating, the gripper 40 grips the drill rod, and the gyrator 35 releases the drill rod and retracts along the slide of the feeder 38. At this point the device for handling drill rods has prepared the next drill rod 10. The drill pipe is installed in the same manner as described above, and drilling is continued until the set drilling depth is reached.
After drilling is finished, the hydraulic cylinder 28 of the drill rod accommodating box is started to lift and lower the drill rod accommodating box 16, the hydraulic prop is retracted to enable the drill rod accommodating box 16 to reach a proper angle, and drill rods can roll into the drill rod accommodating box 16 from the drill rod inlet and outlet 23. The drill rig begins to withdraw drill pipe 10, the first drill pipe withdrawn entering the spin chuck assembly 7.
When the interface between the drill rods is between the gyrator 35 and the fixed chuck 17, the gyrator 35 of the drilling machine is stopped in the current position, the jaws 19 grip the drill rods, and the rotating disc 18 rotates in the opposite direction to unscrew the two connected drill rods. The rotary disc 18 stops rotating and the jaws 19 release the drill rods, the second roller 22 and the first roller 20 rotate in opposite directions to bring the drill rods into the inner grooves 9 of the flitch 2.
The lifting slide block hydraulic cylinder 29 is started, the two slide blocks 33 respectively extend out from the through holes 13, and the drill rod rolls to the drill rod inlet and outlet 23 from the inclined surfaces of the slide blocks 33 under the action of gravity. And controlling the hydraulic pump 37 to reversely rotate the arc-shaped baffle 36 to load the drill rods into the drill rod accommodating box 16, and circularly disassembling the drill rods.
It is to be understood that the above description is not intended to limit the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and those skilled in the art may make modifications, alterations, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be construed to include preferred embodiments and all such changes and/or modifications as fall within the scope of the invention, and all such changes and/or modifications as are made to the embodiments of the present invention are intended to be covered by the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. An apparatus for handling drill rods, comprising:
a connecting plate for connecting a tail platform of a drilling machine,
a longitudinally extending flitch disposed at a first longitudinal end of the connecting plate,
set up spin chuck assembly on the connecting plate, spin chuck assembly includes:
a chuck support fixed with the connecting plate,
a rotating disk arranged on the chuck support and rotationally connected with the chuck support,
a cylindrical fixed chuck fixedly connected with the rotating disc, wherein the inner cavity of the fixed chuck is communicated with the material plate,
and the clamping jaw is movably arranged on the fixed chuck and used for adjusting the size of the inner cavity of the fixed chuck.
2. The device for handling drill rods according to claim 1, wherein a drill rod accommodating box is arranged on a first lateral side of the flitch, and a drill rod inlet and outlet facing the flitch is arranged on a second lateral side of the drill rod accommodating box.
3. The device for handling drill rods according to claim 2, wherein a support plate having a slope shape is provided on a first side of the material plate, a second side of the drill rod accommodating box is hinged to the material plate, and a hydraulic cylinder for lifting the drill rod accommodating box is provided between the support plate and the drill rod accommodating box to adjust the position of the drill rod inlet/outlet relative to the material plate.
4. The device for handling drill rods according to claim 2 or 3, wherein an arc-shaped baffle hinged to the rod accommodating box is provided at the rod access opening, the arc-shaped baffle being adapted to rotate relative to the rod access opening.
5. The apparatus for handling drill rods according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a longitudinally extending opening is provided at the first end of the flitch, and a push plate is provided at the opening for movement along the opening under the actuation of a drill rod advancing hydraulic cylinder.
6. The device for handling drill rods according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a drill rod driving device is provided at the second end of the flitch, the drill rod driving device is provided with a horizontally placed first roller and two vertically placed second rollers, the first roller is used for rotating around a transverse extending axial direction, the two second rollers are oppositely arranged in the transverse direction and are positioned at the second end of the first roller, and the second rollers are used for rotating around a vertical extending axial direction.
7. The device for handling drill rods according to claim 6, wherein the distance of the second roller in the transverse direction is adjustable.
8. The apparatus for handling drill rods according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the upper surface of the flitch is provided with a longitudinally extending inner groove having an arc-shaped transverse cross section, and the second side of the inner groove is higher than the first side.
9. The device for handling drill rods according to claim 8, wherein a through hole is provided in the bottom plate of the inner groove, a slider for moving vertically relative to the through hole is provided at the through hole, an upper end surface of the slider is an inclined surface having a first side lower than a second side, and the slider is driven by a lifting slider hydraulic cylinder provided on a lower surface of the flitch plate.
10. A method for loading and unloading drill rods by using the device for loading and unloading drill rods as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that when the drill rods are installed, the drill rods to be installed come out of the drill rod accommodating box and fall onto the flitch plate, the drill rods are fed to the first roller by actuating the push plate, the drill rods are inserted into the inner cavities of the fixed chucks under the action of the first roller and the second roller in sequence, and under the clamping action of the clamping jaws, the rotating disc drives the fixed chucks to rotate so as to connect the drill rods to be installed to the previous drill rods,
when the drill rod is disassembled, the drill rod to be disassembled is inserted into the inner cavity of the fixed chuck, the rotary disk drives the fixed chuck to rotate under the clamping action of the clamping jaws, so that the drill rod to be disassembled is disassembled from the previous drill rod, the disassembled drill rod is conveyed to the flitch under the action of the second roller and the first roller, and the disassembled drill rod transversely rolls and returns to the drill rod accommodating box under the action of the jacking and extending of the sliding block.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110892728.XA CN113530478B (en) | 2021-08-04 | 2021-08-04 | Device and method for loading and unloading drill rod |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110892728.XA CN113530478B (en) | 2021-08-04 | 2021-08-04 | Device and method for loading and unloading drill rod |
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| CN113530478A true CN113530478A (en) | 2021-10-22 |
| CN113530478B CN113530478B (en) | 2023-09-15 |
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