CN113522695A - 一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113522695A
CN113522695A CN202110759170.8A CN202110759170A CN113522695A CN 113522695 A CN113522695 A CN 113522695A CN 202110759170 A CN202110759170 A CN 202110759170A CN 113522695 A CN113522695 A CN 113522695A
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coating
bottom layer
fastener
corrosion
layer
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刘燕
李文生
郭绕龙
许彦伟
樊金桃
沈超
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Aerospace Precision Products Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法，包括底层及表层，所述底层为金属镀层，金属镀层的有效成分包括锌、镍、镉、铝中的一种或多种的合金，所述表层为润滑涂层，润滑涂层的有效成分包括十六醇、二硫化钼、氟碳、石墨中的一种或多种。本发明所述的复合涂层中底层能够对基体起到物理保护作用的同时，还可以作为牺牲阳极起到阴极保护作用，提高耐蚀性，表层采用干膜润滑涂层，涂覆与底层上，与底层结合力强，使复合涂层兼顾耐蚀与润滑性能，满足了薄涂层耐苛刻腐蚀环境下的防腐润滑性能要求。

Description

一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于复合涂层技术领域，尤其是涉及一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着“深海战略”的实施，许多航空航天装备转移到海上服役。紧固件作为航天航空装备的紧固连接部件，对装备的可靠使用起着重要的作用。海洋环境是腐蚀最为苛刻的环境之一，装备配套紧固件的腐蚀问题日渐突出，许多长期暴露在海洋环境中的螺纹紧固件腐蚀非常严重，腐蚀导致紧固件难以拆卸、连接强度下降甚至失效，给紧固件正常服役和维护保养造成很大的困难。螺纹紧固件在海洋环境下呈现出腐蚀速度快、影响因素多、维护保养困难等特点。
航空航天装备用紧固件同时还需具备一定的润滑性能，以满足安装润滑、以及工况下耐久寿命、承载能力的要求。单一的润滑涂层往往难以兼顾紧固件的润滑和腐蚀防护性能。以二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层为例，该涂层的耐腐蚀性能与重载条件下的润滑性能是一对矛盾体，满足润滑要求所用的涂层腐蚀防护作用较差，在苛刻腐蚀环境下，应用于常规合金钢、碳钢、不锈钢紧固件时出现了比较严重的腐蚀现象，最终影响产品的腐蚀、润滑综合防护效果。同时，紧固件安装过程难免对涂镀层、甚至紧固件基体造成一定的损伤，从而影响产品的润滑与耐腐的综合性能。
航空航天用紧固件多应用于腐蚀速率最快的海洋大气区和浪花飞溅区，且由于螺纹配合的要求，涂镀层厚度一般不超过20μm。以有限的涂层厚度，来满足苛刻腐蚀环境下紧固件的润滑防护性能要求，成为航空航天紧固件亟待解决的问题，许多航空航天装备都提出了苛刻腐蚀环境下紧固件润滑耐蚀复合涂层的需求。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明旨在提出一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法，以解决单一涂镀层无法兼顾碳钢、合金钢、不锈钢紧固件在苛刻腐蚀环境下耐蚀与润滑性能的问题。
为达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层，包括底层及表层，所述底层为锌、镉、铝的纯金属镀层或其合金镀层，包括锌镀层、锌镍合金镀层，镉镀层、铝镀层，所述表层为干膜润滑涂层，包括十六醇干膜润滑涂层、二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层、氟碳润滑涂层、石墨润滑涂层，或者二硫化钼、氟碳、石墨其中两种或三种成分的混合干膜润滑涂层，复合涂层外观均匀，可以是灰黑色、黑色、灰色。
根据紧固件润滑要求不同，二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层、氟碳润滑涂层、石墨润滑涂层，或者二硫化钼、氟碳、石墨其中两种或三种成分的混合干膜润滑涂层可以是高固体分含量的耐重载型涂层，也可以是固体分含量较低的耐蚀型涂层。
根据紧固件耐高温性能要求的不同，二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层、氟碳润滑涂层、石墨润滑涂层，或者二硫化钼、氟碳、石墨其中两种或三种成分的混合干膜润滑涂层可以是有机粘结剂固体润滑涂层，也可以是无机粘结剂固体润滑涂层。
紧固件表面防护技术种类繁杂，且由于螺纹配合要求限制了可用涂镀层厚度，根据材料特性合理设计防护涂层非常关键。电偶腐蚀是海洋环境最主要的腐蚀形式之一。与海洋重防腐涂层不同，紧固件由于螺纹配合的要求，允许的涂镀层厚度与螺距相关，常规镀层一般不超过12μm，部分润滑涂层不超过20μm。电镀、涂覆、真空镀等工艺方法制备的涂镀层在微观上必然存在孔洞、微裂纹等形貌特点。一般认为，涂镀层厚度低于20μm时无法避免贯穿涂镀层的微观缺陷。在采用薄涂镀层的前提下，采取阳极性涂镀层和复合涂镀层技术，尽量满足苛刻腐蚀环境耐蚀要求，延长紧固件使用寿命。底层阳极性涂镀层对基体起到物理保护作用的同时，还可以作为牺牲阳极起到阴极保护作用。涂镀层即使存在微小的缺陷，仍可以对基体起到良好的保护作用。因此，通过选用阳极性防护涂镀层作为底层，外加润滑、封闭等功能层形成复合涂层，满足了薄涂层耐苛刻腐蚀环境下的防腐润滑性能要求。
在碳钢、合金钢、不锈钢紧固件上采用单独的干膜润滑涂层，产品耐蚀性能差，在较快的时间内出现红锈，发生紧固件本体材料的腐蚀。如30CrMnSiA材料的自锁螺母采用二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层时，中性盐雾试验96h出现大量红锈，基体腐蚀严重。单独采用电镀镉层，镀层润滑作用非常有限，在紧固件安装时极易出现镀层磨损，拧入拧出力矩不稳定；在耐腐蚀性能方面，虽然可以达到96h中性盐雾试验无腐蚀，但经2000h试验后出现大量红锈，紧固件腐蚀显著。而采用复合涂层，则可以兼顾耐蚀与润滑性能，复合涂层的底层主要起到腐蚀防护作用，表层主要起到润滑作用，30CrMnSiA材料的自锁螺母采用该复合涂层后可实现2000小时中性盐雾试验后无腐蚀。
进一步地，所述复合涂层的厚度为8-20μm；优选地，复合涂层的厚度为8-15μm，例如可以为8μm、10μm、12μm、13μm、15μm。
进一步地，所述底层的厚度为3-8μm，例如可以为3μm、4μm、5μm、6μm、7μm、8μm，所述表层的厚度为5-12μm，例如可以为5μm、7μm、9μm、11μm、12μm。
进一步地，所述底层为锌镍合金镀层，锌镍合金度层中镍的含量为8％-15％，例如可以为8％、9％、10％、11％、13％、15％。
如上述所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)对紧固件表面预处理以提高紧固件与底层的结合力；
(2)在预处理后的紧固件表面制备底层；
(3)对底层表面进行预处理以提高底层与表层的结合力；
(4)在预处理后的底层表面制备表层。
进一步地，步骤(1)中对紧固件表面预处理的方法包括除油、喷砂、磷化、活化中的至少一种。
进一步地，步骤(2)中底层的制备方法包括电镀、真空度、热渗镀中的一种。
进一步地，步骤(3)中对底层表面预处理的方法包括化学氧化、化学钝化、磷化中的至少一种；优选地，当底层为锌镀层或镉镀层时，化学钝化包括彩色钝化、蓝白钝化、军绿色钝化、黑色钝化中的一种，当底层为铝镀层时，化学氧化为阿罗丁处理或同类化学氧化处理。
进一步地，步骤(4)中表层的制备方法为浸涂或喷涂，喷涂可以为手工盆土或采用自动化设备喷涂，一般来说，螺母类紧固件产品采用浸涂方式，螺栓类紧固件产品则采用喷涂方式。
进一步地，当表层为十六醇干膜润滑涂层时，步骤(4)的具体操作为：将紧固件放入十六醇溶液中浸涂或将十六醇溶液喷涂在紧固件表面，干燥后形成复合涂层，其中，十六醇溶液中十六醇的浓度为1％-12％，例如可以为1％、2％、4％、6％、8％、10％、12％，十六醇溶液的溶剂为有机溶剂或水，所述有机溶剂包括石油醚、三氯乙烯、180#汽油的其中或两种的混合物。
相对于现有技术，本发明所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层及其制备方法具有以下优势：
本发明所述的复合涂层中底层能够对基体起到物理保护作用的同时，还可以作为牺牲阳极起到阴极保护作用，提高耐蚀性，表层采用干膜润滑涂层，涂覆与底层上，与底层结合力强，使复合涂层兼顾耐蚀与润滑性能，满足了薄涂层耐苛刻腐蚀环境下的防腐润滑性能要求。
附图说明
构成本发明的一部分的附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1为本发明实施例所述的复合涂层的外观结构示意图；
图2为本发明实施例所述的复合涂层的剖视结构示意图；
图3为本发明实施例1所述的复合涂层经2000h湿热试验后的外观结构示意图；
图4为本发明实施例1所述的复合涂层经2000h中性盐雾试验后的外观结构示意图；
图5为本发明实施例1所述的复合涂层经240h交替醋酸盐雾试验后的外观结构示意图；
图6为本发明实施例2所述的复合涂层经2000h湿热试验后的外观结构示意图；
图7为本发明实施例2所述的复合涂层经2000h中性盐雾试验后的外观结构示意图；
图8为本发明实施例2所述的复合涂层经240h交替醋酸盐雾试验后的外观结构示意图。
具体实施方式
除有定义外，以下实施例中所用的技术术语具有与本发明所属领域技术人员普遍理解的相同含义。以下实施例中所用的试验试剂，如无特殊说明，均为常规生化试剂；所述实验方法，如无特殊说明，均为常规方法。
下面结合实施例及附图来详细说明本发明。
实施例1
紧固件产品名称为六角自锁螺母，产品标准为GB1337-88，材料为30CrMnSiA，规格M6、M8和M10。采用的复合涂层为电镀锌镍彩色钝化+二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层，底层为电镀锌镍合金，合金镀层中镍含量为8-15％，彩色钝化后处理。表层为二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层，采用手工浸涂制备。制备流程：除油→热水洗→冷水洗→喷砂→活化→冷水洗→中和→冷水洗→电镀锌镍合金→冷水洗→干燥→除氢→出光→冷水洗→彩色钝化→冷水洗→干燥→浸涂二硫化钼→预固化→喷涂二硫化钼→固化→检验。涂层外观为灰黑色，检验涂层厚度为8-20μm，如图1及图2所示。
参照GJB150.9进行了带复合涂层自锁螺母的中性盐雾试验，经2000h后紧固件及涂层无腐蚀痕迹，如图3所示。
参照GJB715.1进行了带复合涂层自锁螺母的中性盐雾试验，经2000h后紧固件及涂层无腐蚀痕迹，如图4所示。
结合GJB150.11和GB/T10125进行了带复合涂层自锁螺母的交替醋酸盐雾试验，经240h后紧固件及涂层无腐蚀痕迹，如图5所示。
实施例2
紧固件产品为六角头螺栓、六角自锁螺母组件，六角头螺栓标准为HB1-201-95，材料为0Cr17Ni3Cu4Nb，规格M8；六角自锁螺母标准为GB1337-88，材料为30CrMnSiA，规格M10。
六角头螺栓采用的复合涂层为离子镀铝+十六醇，底层为采用蒸发离化镀铝方法制备纯铝镀层，阿罗丁氧化后处理，表层为浸涂方法制备的十六醇干膜润滑涂层，十六醇浓度为6-12％。制备流程：除油→热水洗→冷水洗→湿喷砂→冷水洗→酸洗→冷水洗→热纯水洗→干燥→离子蒸发镀铝→滚光→冷水洗→阿罗丁1200S氧化→冷水洗→干燥→涂十六醇(6-12％)→检验。涂层外观为金黄色，涂层厚度8-12μm。
六角自锁螺母采用的复合涂层为电镀镉彩色钝化+二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层，底镀层为电镀镉，彩色钝化后处理。表层镀层为二硫化钼干膜润滑涂层，采用手工浸涂制备。制备流程：除油→热水洗→冷水洗→喷砂→活化→冷水洗→中和→冷水洗→电镀镉→冷水洗→干燥→除氢→出光→冷水洗→彩色钝化→冷水洗→干燥→浸涂二硫化钼→预固化→喷涂二硫化钼→固化→检验。涂层外观为灰黑色，涂层厚度为8-15μm。
按照自锁螺母技术条件进行了5次拧入拧出试验，5次拧入力矩分别为0.585N·m、0.52N·m，0.519N·m，0.543N·m，0.553N·m，5次拧出力矩分比为0.39N·m、0.361N·m、0.358N·m、0.361N·m、0.384N·m，拧入拧出力矩稳定，符合产品标准要求。
参照GJB150.9进行了带复合涂层螺栓螺母组件的湿热试验，经2000h后紧固件及涂层无腐蚀痕迹，如图6所示。
参照GJB715.1进行了带复合涂层螺母组件的中性盐雾试验，经2000h后螺栓涂层出现轻微白锈，螺母涂层无腐蚀，紧固件无腐蚀，腐蚀形貌如图7所示，涂层对紧固件起到良好的保护作用。
结合GJB150.11和GB/T10125进行了带复合涂层螺母组件的交替醋酸盐雾试验，经240h后螺栓涂层出现轻微白锈，螺母涂层无腐蚀，紧固件无腐蚀，腐蚀形貌如图8所示，涂层对紧固件起到良好的保护作用。复合涂层在保证涂层润滑性能的前提下，大幅提升了紧固件的耐腐蚀性能，保证了紧固件的耐蚀润滑综合性能。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层，其特征在于：包括底层及表层，所述底层为金属镀层，金属镀层的有效成分包括锌、镍、镉、铝中的一种或多种的合金，所述表层为润滑涂层，润滑涂层的有效成分包括十六醇、二硫化钼、氟碳、石墨中的一种或多种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层，其特征在于：所述复合涂层的厚度为8-20μm；优选地，复合涂层的厚度为8-15μm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层，其特征在于：所述底层的厚度为3-8μm，所述表层的厚度为5-12μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层，其特征在于：所述底层为锌镍合金镀层，锌镍合金度层中镍的含量为8％-15％。
5.如权利要求1-4任一所述的紧固件耐蚀润滑复合涂层的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
(1)对紧固件表面预处理以提高紧固件与底层的结合力；
(2)在预处理后的紧固件表面制备底层；
(3)对底层表面进行预处理以提高底层与表层的结合力；
(4)在预处理后的底层表面制备表层。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(1)中对紧固件表面预处理的方法包括除油、喷砂、磷化、活化中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(2)中底层的制备方法包括电镀、真空度、热渗镀中的一种。
8.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(3)中对底层表面预处理的方法包括化学氧化、化学钝化、磷化中的至少一种；优选地，当底层为锌镀层或镉镀层时，化学钝化包括彩色钝化、蓝白钝化、军绿色钝化、黑色钝化中的一种，当底层为铝镀层时，化学氧化为阿罗丁处理或同类化学氧化处理。
9.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(4)中表层的制备方法为浸涂或喷涂。
10.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法，其特征在于，当表层为十六醇干膜润滑涂层时，步骤(4)的具体操作为：将紧固件放入十六醇溶液中浸涂或将十六醇溶液喷涂在紧固件表面，干燥后形成复合涂层，其中，十六醇溶液中十六醇的浓度为1％-12％，十六醇溶液的溶剂为有机溶剂或水，所述有机溶剂包括石油醚、三氯乙烯、180#汽油的其中或两种的混合物。
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CN115584156A (zh) * 2022-11-01 2023-01-10 定西高强度紧固件股份有限公司 螺栓连接副表面防腐润滑涂覆材料及制备方法和涂覆方法
CN115584156B (zh) * 2022-11-01 2023-12-22 定西高强度紧固件股份有限公司 螺栓连接副表面防腐润滑涂覆材料及制备方法和涂覆方法

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