CN113510240A - Additive manufacturing method of pipe fitting - Google Patents

Additive manufacturing method of pipe fitting Download PDF

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CN113510240A
CN113510240A CN202010274091.3A CN202010274091A CN113510240A CN 113510240 A CN113510240 A CN 113510240A CN 202010274091 A CN202010274091 A CN 202010274091A CN 113510240 A CN113510240 A CN 113510240A
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forming
additive manufacturing
thickness
area
lower skin
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CN113510240B (en
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雷力明
侯慧鹏
常斐
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AECC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co Ltd
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AECC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of additive manufacturing of a pipe fitting which enables the roughness of the lower skin of the pipeline to be optimised. To achieve the foregoing object, a method for additive manufacturing of a pipe comprises the steps of: setting a lower skin region of the pipe, the lower skin region having a lower skin thickness in a forming direction of the additive manufacturing; in the same forming plane, dividing the lower skin area into a plurality of forming areas, wherein the area of each forming area has a corresponding lower skin thickness interval in the forming direction, and setting one or more forming areas in the same lower skin thickness interval as an associated forming area group; setting related forming parameters corresponding to each related forming area group; setting a forming path of the associated forming area group; and printing the pipe fittings layer by layer, wherein the lower surface skin area in the same forming plane is sequentially formed into the associated forming areas by adopting the associated forming parameters according to the forming path.

Description

Additive manufacturing method of pipe fitting
Technical Field
The invention relates to a pipe additive manufacturing method.
Background
Additive Manufacturing (Additive Manufacturing) technology is predicted to be one of key technologies which can possibly cause the third industrial revolution, and compared with the traditional processing technology, the Additive Manufacturing technology has the advantages of high material utilization rate, high design freedom, high forming precision, good surface quality and the like. Additive manufacturing can be classified into two forms based on powder bed and material synchronous feeding according to feeding forms of raw materials, wherein one of typical representatives of powder bed type additive manufacturing is selective laser melting (selective laser melting) technology. The main technical principle is as follows: segmenting a three-dimensional digital model of a part to be processed layer by layer, and inputting the segmented model into forming equipment; fixing a substrate on a forming platform, leveling, carrying out single-layer powder laying by using a powder laying mechanism (usually a scraper or a powder roller), and carrying out selective melting on the laid single-layer powder by using one or more laser/electron beams to realize a forming process from point to line and from line to surface; after one layer is formed, the forming platform descends to a certain height, the next layer is laid with powder and is melted and formed in a selective area, and finally the forming process from surface to body is realized, so that the final part is obtained, and the forming platform is particularly suitable for high-added-value industries such as aerospace and the like.
In the prior art, when a complex-structure part is melted and formed in a selective laser area, areas such as a core (core), a contour (contour), a skin (skin), an upper skin (upper skin), a lower skin (down skin) and the like are distinguished according to a certain principle and according to the difference of local structural characteristics of the part, wherein the lower skin area is an area which is at an acute angle between the normal direction of the surface in the part and the negative direction of a forming Z axis and has a certain thickness from the outer surface. Different scanning parameters can be set for different areas to achieve the best forming effect. For example, for the lower skin, lower laser power is typically used, reducing heat input, optimizing surface quality. For the core, larger layer thicknesses and laser powers are generally used to ensure higher forming efficiency while optimizing the internal quality.
The inventor finds that although the prior art adopts a method for optimizing the process parameters of the surface roughness for the lower surface skin, for the pipeline structure, when the lower surface skin exists in the pipeline, the roughness of the lower surface skin is obviously larger than that of other areas, so that the overall roughness is greatly increased, and the process consistency and the overall performance of the part are possibly reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of additive manufacturing of a pipe fitting which enables the roughness of the lower skin of the pipeline to be optimised.
To achieve the foregoing object, a method for additive manufacturing of a pipe comprises the steps of:
setting an under-skin region of the pipe, the under-skin region having an under-skin thickness in a forming direction of the additive manufacturing;
dividing the lower skin area into a plurality of forming areas in the same forming plane, wherein the area of each forming area has a corresponding lower skin thickness interval in the forming direction, and setting one or more forming areas in the same lower skin thickness interval as associated forming area groups, wherein the number of the associated forming area groups is at least two;
setting related forming parameters corresponding to each related forming area group;
setting a forming path of the associated forming group; and the number of the first and second groups,
printing the pipe fitting layer by layer, wherein the related forming areas are formed in sequence by adopting the related forming parameters for the lower surface skin areas in the same forming plane according to the forming path;
wherein the forming direction is the thickness direction of powder laying in the forming process.
In one or more embodiments, setting the lower skin region of the tubular comprises:
setting the powder laying thickness of additive manufacturing;
setting the upper limit value of the thickness of the lower surface skin of the pipe fitting;
and selecting the area with the lower skin thickness between the powder spreading thickness and the upper limit value of the thickness as the lower skin area.
In one or more embodiments, the associated shaping parameters include: laser spot size, laser power size, scanning speed, and scanning pitch.
In one or more embodiments, the laser spot size is proportional to the magnitude of the lower skin thickness interval.
In one or more embodiments, the associated forming parameters for each associated forming group are set according to the value of the lower skin thickness interval.
In one or more embodiments, the associated group of forming zones is symmetric along a centerline of the pipe.
In one or more embodiments, setting the forming path of the associated forming group comprises:
the forming path is set in the order of the interval of the lower skin thickness from large to small.
In one or more embodiments, setting the forming path of the associated forming group comprises:
and in the same related forming area, sequentially setting the forming paths according to the sequence of the thickness of the lower skin at the corresponding position from large to small.
In one or more embodiments, the forming path having the same under-skin thickness is symmetrical along a centerline of the pipe.
In one or more embodiments, the additive manufacturing method is suitable for a laser selective melt forming process.
The gain effect of the invention is that: the surface quality is optimized by the region identification and gradient parameters, as well as the optimized scan path. When the thickness of the surface skin of the part is inconsistent, different scanning parameters are suitable, and more accurate and reasonable control of the depth and the form of the molten pool is facilitated, so that the surface quality is optimized. Meanwhile, appropriate parameters are set aiming at areas with different lower skin thicknesses, so that the collapse of the lower skin area of the pipeline structure is reduced, the precision of the circular hole is improved, the accurate control of the depth of a molten pool of the lower skin area is realized, the phenomena of poor roundness and poor form and position precision caused by the collapse of the pipeline due to the overlarge depth of the molten pool of the lower skin area are avoided, the stability of the technological process is further improved, and the consistency of products is improved.
Drawings
The above and other features, properties and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of the embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1A to 1C schematically illustrate a prior art forming process;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the final effect of forming a pipe by selective laser melting in the prior art;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a forming path schematic in the prior art;
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow diagram of the present additive manufacturing method;
fig. 5 schematically shows a schematic view under an embodiment of the present additive manufacturing method;
fig. 6A to 6C schematically show a forming process in one embodiment of the present additive manufacturing method.
Detailed Description
The following discloses many different embodiments or examples for implementing the subject technology described. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure, but these are merely examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. For example, if a first feature is formed over or on a second feature described later in the specification, this may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features are formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Additionally, reference numerals and/or letters may be repeated among the various examples throughout this disclosure. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. Further, when a first element is described as being coupled or coupled to a second element, the description includes embodiments in which the first and second elements are directly coupled or coupled to each other, as well as embodiments in which one or more additional intervening elements are added to indirectly couple or couple the first and second elements to each other.
It should be noted that, where used, the following description of upper, lower, left, right, front, rear, top, bottom, positive, negative, clockwise, and counterclockwise are used for convenience only and do not imply any particular fixed orientation. In fact, they are used to reflect the relative position and/or orientation between the various parts of the object.
It is noted that these and other figures which follow are merely exemplary and not drawn to scale and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention as it is actually claimed. Further, the conversion methods in the different embodiments may be appropriately combined.
The lower skin region referred to herein is the region of the part where the normal to the surface is at an acute angle to the negative Z-axis of the part and is at some thickness from the outer surface.
Referring first to fig. 1A to 1C, which schematically illustrate a forming process of the prior art, fig. 2 shows a final effect of forming a pipe by selective laser melting in the prior art. Wherein fig. 1A shows the last layer of the scanning path of the pipeline cross-section, wherein the scanning path is schematically indicated by arrow 90. Fig. 1B shows the scanning path of the first layer of the lower skin after the formation of the pipeline section, wherein the scanning path of the lower skin portion is schematically shown by an arrow 91a, and the scanning path of the area outside the lower skin is schematically shown by an arrow 91B. Fig. 1C shows the scan path of the second layer of the hypodermis, wherein the scan path of the hypodermis portion is schematically shown by arrow 92a and the scan path of the region outside the hypodermis is schematically shown by arrow 92 b. The rotation angle of the scanning direction is 67 degrees, and the lower skin area gradually shrinks and finally completely disappears. The lower skin area in the figure sets different scan parameters, including scan path and scan pitch, compared to other areas.
As shown in fig. 2, the formed pipe formed through the scanning path shown in fig. 1A to 1C has a collapse and slag adhering phenomenon at the top of the pipe in an actual contour line 94, as compared with a theoretical contour line 93.
Because the interlayer scanning has a corner, an included angle between the scanning direction and the thickness gradient change direction is constantly changed during scanning of each layer, and when the scanning direction is close to the thickness gradient direction, the negative effect of the technical effect in the prior art is more prominent. As schematically illustrated in fig. 3, the scan path observed in the X-Z plane at the top of the forming tunnel when the scan direction coincides with the thickness gradient direction in the prior art, as indicated by the arrow 95 in fig. 3, is shown where the laser scan path crosses the top of the tunnel during scanning of the lower skin, where the top region of the lower skin has different thicknesses b1, b2, b3, b4, meaning different heat dissipation conditions, which results in different weld pool depths and morphologies. Problems can arise with the same energy input for different skin thickness regions. When the input energy is greater than the thickness of the lower skin, the depth of the molten pool is greater, the energy penetrates the lower skin, and the penetration phenomenon occurs, so that the molten pool in the molten pool is suspended, and the suspended area is shown in figure 2. And the area below the lower surface skin is metal powder, which may cause slag adhering of the metal powder, increase the sintered and semi-sintered metal powder and further deteriorate the surface quality.
In order to solve the foregoing problems in the prior art, the present invention provides an additive manufacturing method for a pipe, for example, fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart of the additive manufacturing method, and fig. 5 schematically illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the additive manufacturing method.
First, S101 is executed: setting a pipe sub-skin region, wherein the pipe sub-skin region has a sub-skin thickness in a forming direction of the additive manufacturing, it is understood that in the present additive manufacturing method, the forming direction of the additive manufacturing is a thickness direction in which the powder is laid during the forming of the additive manufacturing. Specifically, in one embodiment, the additive manufactured product is formed by stacking on a substrate, and if the substrate is disposed parallel to the horizontal direction, the forming direction is perpendicular to the horizontal direction.
Subsequently, execution of S102: and dividing the lower skin area in the same forming plane. In particular, it is possible to divide the lower skin region 1 into a plurality of shaped zones within the same shaping plane, see fig. 5, as in the embodiment shown in fig. 5, the lower skin region 1 is divided into 5 shaped zones: forming zones 1a to 1 f.
Wherein each forming zone is located in an area having a corresponding lower skin thickness interval in the forming direction, as can be understood in particular from the embodiment shown in fig. 5: the forming zone 1a has a first under-skin thickness interval in the forming direction, the forming zone 1b has a second under-skin thickness interval in the forming direction, the forming zone 1c has a third under-skin thickness interval in the forming direction, the forming zone 1d has a fourth under-skin thickness interval in the forming direction, and the forming zone 1f has a fifth under-skin thickness interval in the forming direction.
One or more forming zones within the same underlying skin thickness interval are then set as associated forming zone groups, specifically, in the embodiment shown in fig. 5, forming zone 1a and forming zone 1f are set as a first associated forming zone group 11 if forming zone 1a and forming zone 1f have the same thickness interval. Such as forming zone 1b and forming zone 1d, are set as a second associated forming zone group 12.
In the additive manufacturing method of the pipe fitting, the number of the associated forming area groups is at least two.
Subsequently, S103 is executed: in the present method for additive manufacturing of a pipe, the forming parameters are set, and specifically, the associated forming parameters are set for each associated forming block group.
Subsequently, S104 is executed: the forming route is set, specifically, the forming order between each related forming group and the forming route in each related forming group are set.
Finally, executing S105: and printing the pipe fittings layer by layer, wherein the related forming areas are formed in sequence by adopting the related forming parameters according to the forming path in the lower surface skin area in the same forming plane.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, setting the lower skin region of the pipe comprises: setting the powder spreading thickness of additive manufacturing, setting the upper limit value of the thickness of the lower surface skin of the pipe fitting, and selecting the area of the lower surface skin from the powder spreading thickness to the upper limit value of the thickness as the lower surface skin area. In one embodiment, the coating thickness d is selected according to the material and layer thicknessnThe upper limit value of the thickness is d, and the lower skin area at the moment is that the thickness of the lower skin is dnTo the region between d. With this arrangement, one embodiment of the forming zone division is as follows, such as in the same forming plane, the identifiable lower skin region is divided into n (n > 1) forming zones in the order of the lower skin thickness from greater to lesser:
forming region n: (n-1) × dnThe thickness of the lower skin is less than or equal to n x dn
Forming region n-1: (n-2) × dnThe thickness of the lower skin is less than or equal to (n-1) × dn
……
Forming area 1: the lower skin thickness is more than 0 and less than or equal to 1 x dn
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, correlating the forming parameters comprises: laser spot size, laser power size, scan speed, and scan pitch, wherein, in one embodiment, different scan parameters may be accomplished using a single laser beam or multiple laser beams.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, when the width of a forming area is less than 5 times of the spot diameter, the forming area and an adjacent forming area are combined and combined, the combination of the subareas can be uniformly combined or non-uniformly combined according to the thickness, and the overlapping area of the areas should be increased among the areas obtained after combination, wherein the spot size or the scanning interval is selected to be 0.1-1 times. On the one hand, the combination can realize that each forming area can obtain sufficient sintering forming, and on the other hand, the complexity of sintering parameters can be reduced through the combination of the areas. In one embodiment, when the number of forming zones is too large, adjacent forming zones may also be combined. It should be emphasized that, although the forming areas are merged to obtain the scanning area, for the forming areas with the width larger than 1 times the diameter of the light spot, the scanning path sequence in the scanning area should be preserved, and the identification information of the forming area before merging should not be lost after the completion of merging the scanning areas.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, the laser spot size is directly proportional to the value of the lower skin thickness interval, that is, the larger the value of the lower skin thickness interval is, the larger the selected laser spot size is.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, the associated forming parameters of each associated forming zone group are set correspondingly according to the values of the thickness intervals of the lower skin, i.e. different associated forming parameters are selected for the associated forming zone groups with the thickness intervals of the lower skin having different thicknesses, and the associated forming parameters are selected in relation to the different thicknesses.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, the associated forming block groups are symmetrical along the centre line of the pipe as shown in fig. 5, the arrangement being such that it is ensured that forming blocks having the same interval of skin thickness below are paired up as an associated forming block group, thereby enabling the appropriate forming parameters to be used for each forming block.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, the forming paths for setting the associated forming area groups are sequentially set according to the order of the numerical values of the thickness intervals of the lower skins from large to small, namely, the associated forming area groups with the large numerical values of the thickness intervals of the lower skins are formed firstly, and then the associated forming area groups with the small numerical values of the thickness intervals of the lower skins are formed, so that the setting can ensure the continuity of the adjustment of the forming parameters, and the forming efficiency is ensured.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, setting a forming path of the associated forming group comprises: in the same related forming area, the forming paths are sequentially set according to the order of the thickness of the lower surface skin at the corresponding position from large to small, namely, in the same related forming area, the area with the large thickness of the lower surface skin at the corresponding position is formed firstly, and then the area with the small thickness of the lower surface skin at the corresponding position is formed. In one embodiment, the forming paths with the same lower skin thickness are symmetrical along the central line of the pipe fitting, so that the forming paths and parameters of the areas with the same lower skin thickness can be ensured to be formed by the same forming paths and parameters, and the defects of powder slag adhering and the like in the prior art can be reduced.
In one embodiment of the additive manufacturing method, the additive manufacturing method is adapted for a laser selective melting process.
The additive manufacturing method optimizes the surface quality through region identification and gradient parameters and an optimized scanning path according to the characteristics of the lower surface of the pipeline. When the thickness of the surface skin of the part is inconsistent, different scanning parameters are suitable, and more accurate and reasonable control of the depth and the form of the molten pool is facilitated, so that the surface quality is optimized. Meanwhile, appropriate parameters are set aiming at areas with different lower skin thicknesses, so that the collapse of the lower skin area of the pipeline structure is reduced, the precision of the circular hole is improved, the accurate control of the depth of a molten pool of the lower skin area is realized, the phenomena of poor roundness and poor form and position precision caused by the collapse of the pipeline due to the overlarge depth of the molten pool of the lower skin area are avoided, the stability of the technological process is further improved, and the consistency of products is improved.
The following describes an implementation of the additive manufacturing method by using specific examples.
Example 1
Example 1 GH4169 pipeline parts are formed by selective laser melting, and the aeroengine GH4169 parts comprise a pipeline structure, wherein the internal diameter of the pipeline is 2mm, the length of the pipeline is 45mm, and other structural characteristics of the parts are not illustrated in the example. Please refer to fig. 6A to 6C.
Firstly, a lower surface skin area of the pipe fitting is set, and the lower surface skin area is divided into areas. The powder is processed by adopting a selective laser melting forming technology, and the thickness of the forming powder layer is 20 mu m. The lower skin thickness zone was set to 0.12mm, the current layer thickness was 20 μm, and the total thickness of the lower skin zone was 6 layers thick. To reduce complexity, the lower skin region was divided into 3 regions according to thickness. Wherein the thickness of the lower skin in the area A is 0-20 μm, the thickness of the lower skin in the area B is 20-60 μm, and the thickness of the area C is 60-120 μm.
The calculation results show that the range of the first layer lower epidermis area is shown in the following table:
Figure BDA0002444162690000091
subsequently, for each associated forming group, a corresponding forming parameter is set. From the partitions, the scan parameters were determined as follows:
Figure BDA0002444162690000092
subsequently, a forming path is set, please refer to fig. 6A to 6C. As shown in fig. 6A, for the first layer lower skin region, the sintering sequence is: region a (wherein the sintering sequence in the small region is (i) → C → (i) → C) → region B → region C. And sintering in each area from the large thickness to the small thickness area in sequence according to the thickness gradient direction of the lower surface skin.
After the first layer lower skin region is sintered, as shown in fig. 6B, the lower skin region gradually shrinks as the thickness increases, and at this time, for the 2 nd layer lower skin region, the sintering sequence is: region D → region E.
Finally, as shown in fig. 6C, the sintering and forming are continued for the remaining region F of the last layer of the lower skin region, thereby obtaining a formed pipe.
Although the present invention has been disclosed in terms of the preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the invention, and variations and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, any modification, equivalent change and modification of the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention, unless the technical essence of the present invention departs from the content of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for additive manufacturing of a pipe, comprising the steps of:
setting an under-skin region of the pipe, the under-skin region having an under-skin thickness in a forming direction of the additive manufacturing;
dividing the lower skin area into a plurality of forming areas in the same forming plane, wherein the area of each forming area has a corresponding lower skin thickness interval in the forming direction, and setting one or more forming areas in the same lower skin thickness interval as associated forming area groups, wherein the number of the associated forming area groups is at least two;
setting related forming parameters corresponding to each related forming area group;
setting a forming path of the associated forming group; and the number of the first and second groups,
printing the pipe fitting layer by layer, wherein the related forming areas are formed in sequence by adopting the related forming parameters for the lower surface skin areas in the same forming plane according to the forming path;
wherein the forming direction is the thickness direction of powder laying in the forming process.
2. The method of additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 1, wherein setting a lower skin region of the pipe element comprises:
setting the powder laying thickness of additive manufacturing;
setting the upper limit value of the thickness of the lower surface skin of the pipe fitting;
and selecting the area with the lower skin thickness between the powder spreading thickness and the upper limit value of the thickness as the lower skin area.
3. The method of additive manufacturing of a tube according to claim 1, wherein the associated forming parameters comprise: laser spot size, laser power size, scanning speed, and scanning pitch.
4. The method of additive manufacturing of a pipe according to claim 3, wherein the laser spot size is proportional to the magnitude of the lower skin thickness interval.
5. Method for the additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 1, wherein the associated forming parameters for each associated forming zone group are set according to the values of the lower skin thickness interval.
6. A method of additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 1, wherein the associated group of forming areas is symmetrical along a centre line of the pipe element.
7. The method of additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 6, wherein setting a forming path of the associated forming block comprises:
the forming path is set in the order of the interval of the lower skin thickness from large to small.
8. The method of additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 7, wherein setting a forming path of the associated forming block comprises:
and in the same related forming area, sequentially setting the forming paths according to the sequence of the thickness of the lower skin at the corresponding position from large to small.
9. The method of additive manufacturing of a pipe element according to claim 8, wherein the forming paths having the same under-skin thickness are symmetrical along a centre line of the pipe element.
10. The method of additive manufacturing of a tube according to claim 1, wherein the method of additive manufacturing is adapted for a selective laser melting process.
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CN106424723A (en) * 2015-08-06 2017-02-22 通快激光与系统工程有限公司 Additive manufacturing of down-skin layers
US20170282246A1 (en) * 2016-04-01 2017-10-05 MTU Aero Engines AG Method and device for the additive manufacture of at least one component region of a component
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