CN113475336B - Data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision - Google Patents

Abstract

A data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision comprises the following steps of acquiring data and acquiring environmental indexes; preparing before sampling, wherein the sampling time is consistent, and sterilizing before collecting; sample collection, which is divided into soil sample collection, irrigation water sample collection, petiole collection, crop overground index collection, crop underground index collection and plant diseases and insect pests collection; sterilizing after leaving the mining gathering point; the data collected by the method is arranged, the collection indexes are comprehensive, the sample distribution is scientific and reasonable, the data collected under the same standard have comparability of transverse (between areas) and longitudinal (between historical years), the method has long-term value, and the problems of low field potato planting level and lack of scientific basis for agronomic measures are solved.

Description

Data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of field potato cultivation and planting, and provides a whole set of data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision.

Background

In china, potato is the fourth largest grain crop following corn, rice and wheat. Since 1995, the potato planting area and the total yield of China all reside in position 1 of the world. The perennial planting area exceeds 7500 mu, the yield exceeds 8500 ten thousand tons, and the proportion of the planting area and the yield of the potatoes in the world is 29.7 percent and 24.2 percent respectively. However, the average acre yield and the commodity quality of the potatoes are relatively backward, the average acre yield is less than 1/3 of developed countries, the usage amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide is very high, but the effective utilization rate is less than 30%, and the effective utilization rate in developed countries is more than 65%.

The influence of natural resource endowment is eliminated, and improper agronomic measures are the main reason for lower planting level of Chinese potatoes. The current agricultural guidance is based on manual experience, and when irrigation and irrigation amount, additional application time and additional application amount, preventive application time and the like depend on the personal experience of a planter, an agricultural dealer or regional cultivation plant protection specialist. The stability, adaptability, inheritance and transmissibility of artificial experience are poor. To improve the planting level of potatoes in China, gradual transition to digital scientific farming is required, and the data acquisition and accumulation affecting planting decisions are the essential first step, which is the basic support for scientific planting and sustainable agriculture.

Disclosure of Invention

(one) solving the technical problems

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a scientific and standard data acquisition method for supporting field potato planting decisions.

(II) technical scheme

In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: a data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision comprises the following steps:

step 1, data acquisition, namely acquiring environmental indexes;

step 2, preparing before sampling, wherein the sampling time is consistent, and sterilizing before collecting;

step 3, sample collection, which is divided into soil sample collection, irrigation water sample collection, petiole collection, crop overground index collection, crop underground index collection and plant diseases and insect pests collection;

step 4, sterilizing after leaving the mining gathering point;

and 5, sorting collected data.

The invention improves and includes detection by the Internet of things equipment, laboratory detection and manual field collection.

The invention improves that the Internet of things equipment needs to be deployed before being detected, and comprises the following steps:

the weather stations are deployed, the weather stations are arranged in the same microclimate area with clear periphery, no shielding object, easy observation and weather condition approaching, the coverage radius is not more than 5 km, and if the weather condition difference is obvious, one weather station is deployed in each microclimate area; when the weather station is installed, the solar panel is ensured to be in the south;

the soil instrument is deployed, the soil instrument is deployed in each area with similar characters, terrains and irrigation modes, the sprinkling irrigation ring is deployed between the penultimate span and the penultimate span, the deployment is additionally increased in special positions such as low terrains, top of a slope and the like, the soil instrument is buried at the 10cm scale mark of the body of the soil instrument before sowing, the soil instrument is taken out during sowing, the soil instrument is buried at the 20cm scale mark of the body after sowing, and the upper edge of the probe is basically consistent with the bottom position of the sweet potato.

The invention improves, the soil collection includes:

sampling and sterilizing, and inserting the soil taking device into the non-sampling area for several times of 30cm when each block of soil is entered;

sampling time, performing soil sampling one month before sowing, avoiding rain season, preventing quick-acting nitrogen from washing, performing soil sampling before freezing in autumn, and performing soil sampling when the seedling height is 20cm after seedling emergence;

the sampling method comprises the steps of sampling by diagonal sampling, quincuncial sampling, serpentine sampling, chessboard sampling and multipoint sampling, taking out soil at each point, uniformly mixing into a mixed sample, and removing stones and impurities. Putting the soil sample on plastic cloth, kneading, uniformly mixing, spreading, taking two diagonal lines by a quarter method, discarding the rest part, and if the soil sample is still overweight, continuing to use the quarter method until the left mixed soil sample is 0.5kg in the sample;

sampling depth, namely sampling a cylinder with the depth of 30cm and the cylindrical depth of 0-30cm by using a soil sampler, and sampling the same point position each time;

soil sample treatment, loading the soil into a sample bottle immediately after soil sampling, pasting a sample collecting and inspecting bar code outside the bottle, placing the sample bottle pasted with the bar code on a soil instrument after sampling, clearly shooting the bar code of the sample bottle and the bar code of the soil instrument, and determining that the sample belongs to the land. If the soil sample is collected before sowing, the use condition of the previous crop of the land, the previous herbicide and the like are recorded, and the condition is written in the remark;

the detection times are that soil sample collection and inspection are carried out once before sowing, and the soil sample collection and inspection are carried out for 4 times from the germination period to the tuber expansion period, and the soil sample collection and inspection are carried out once every two weeks.

The invention improves, the irrigation water sample collection includes:

the sampling method comprises the steps of sampling a reservoir and sampling a water well, wherein the reservoir is in a sample bottle 10-30cm below a water source, water slowly flows in, the water well is in a sample bottle to drain accumulated water in a water outlet pipe, flushing is carried out for 1-2 times or water is drained for 3-5 minutes, and then water sample collection is carried out;

sampling volume, 300ml-500ml;

sampling, namely collecting a prescribed amount of irrigation water sample, filling the sample into a sample bottle, and attaching a sample collecting bar code;

the detection times are that the water sample is collected before sowing, and the detection can be carried out at any time according to the water supply condition of a farmer well, and the whole growth period is detected for at least 1 time.

The improvement of the invention is that the collection of the petiole comprises:

sampling time, namely, collecting leaf stalks when the seedling height is 20cm, sampling before topdressing and pesticide spraying and leaf fertilizer spraying every 7 days, or sampling after 3 to 7 days of the agronomic measures, and selecting the same time for the same land block;

the method comprises the steps that a sampling place is provided, a spray irrigation ring is arranged between a penultimate span and a penultimate span, the spray irrigation ring is not parallel to the walking radius of the spray irrigation ring during sampling, an NDVI image is used in a drip irrigation area, whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field is known, and if the growth condition of the selected area cannot represent the 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, sampling positions of other small areas are selected continuously according to the sampling mode of the spray irrigation ring;

at the sampling position, when the fourth blade is completely unfolded, removing the blade, leaving the petioles, and collecting 30 to 40 petioles each time;

sampling, namely randomly selecting 5 points nearby a fixed route, and selecting 6 plants for each point; collecting a fourth leaf which is completely unfolded by each plant, photographing the plant in a selected area before sampling, collecting samples of the selected plant after photographing, putting the leaf handles which are cut off and pulled out into a sample bottle, changing an anti-theft cover, and attaching a sending inspection bar code;

collecting times, after seedling emergence, the seedling height is 20cm, collecting samples after the fourth leaf is completely unfolded, collecting samples once every 7 days, conveying the samples to a laboratory, detecting macroelements, macroelements and microelements at least 6 times and at most 11 times in the whole growth period, and stopping leaf stalk sampling and inspection after 60% seedling return of the local part.

The improvement of the invention is that the crop overground indexes comprise:

sampling time, namely collecting the physical sign data of the aerial plant at the height of 20cm, carrying out the collection of the leaf stalks together every 7 to 10 days, and selecting the same plant with the leaf stalks;

the method comprises the steps that a sampling place is provided, a spray irrigation ring is arranged between a penultimate span and a penultimate span, the spray irrigation ring is not parallel to the walking radius of the spray irrigation ring during sampling, an NDVI image is used in a drip irrigation area, whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field is known, and if the growth condition of the selected area cannot represent the 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, sampling positions of other small areas are selected continuously according to the sampling mode of the spray irrigation ring;

sampling, namely for plant height, if the seedling emergence rate of the field is 50%, collecting plant height without collecting bud length, if the seedling emergence rate is less than 50%, collecting bud length, collecting the longest bud, obliquely digging three plants in a range of 3m to 3m, collecting plant conditions, clearly photographing each plant to be more than or equal to 2, wherein 1 stretching out a tape measure to be placed beside for reference, and measuring from the ridge to the position where the top leaf of the plant does not contain flowers when the plant is low; when the plants are high, measuring from the ridge to the position where the top leaves of the plants do not contain flowers, if the plants fall, measuring and photographing after the plants are pulled up, wherein the values are the same as above, and the collecting time is from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing;

for the leaf number, counting the leaf number of the compound leaves for the plant with the plant height just measured, wherein the acquisition time is from the emergence period to the final period of the emergence period

For the main stems in three meters, selecting one ridge for measurement, pulling a tape measure open for 3m, counting the number of the main stems in the position 3m, then selecting the position separated by one ridge for measurement again, measuring 3 groups in total, wherein the collection time is the maturity period, and the collection is only carried out once;

for canopy coverage, 3 points are taken within 3m x 3m, each point is measured out for 1m, red label cards are respectively bound on plants, the plants stand on ridges, the mobile phone stands vertically, and 3 photos within 1m x 1 are horizontally shot downwards;

for the thickness of the main stem, measuring the thickness of the main stem at the middle part of a potato plant by using a vernier caliper, selecting mm for the unit of the vernier caliper, photographing, and collecting for a period from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing.

The improvement of the invention is that the crop underground indexes comprise:

the sampling time, the data acquisition is started when the seedling height is 20cm, the data acquisition is carried out once every 7 to 10 days, the data acquisition and the petiole acquisition are carried out together, the same plant is selected from the above-ground part acquisition of the petiole, and the sampling time is the same time for the same land block;

sampling, namely digging three potatoes, wherein the length of the stolons starts from the growth point of the stolons to the top end, and if potato blocks are formed, the potato blocks are grown on the surfaces, and the collection time is from the emergence of seedlings to the early stage of potato harvest.

Selecting a plant with normal growth vigor, putting the whole plant on the ground, picking potato blocks and measuring the potato blocks;

root cap fresh weight ratio, after all the single plant tuber forming conditions are collected, the tuber and non-tuber parts are respectively weighed, and the plant cannot lose leaves.

Under the condition of single-plant potato forming, three plants are selected within the range of 3 m-3 m, the three plants are completely dug out without scraping and missing potato blocks, the complete plants and all potato blocks formed on the plants are put into a plastic bag to be brought to the ground, and the three plants and the potato blocks are respectively put on the ground with flat ground. Taking a picture of each complete plant and the distribution condition of the potato blocks, picking off all the potato blocks on the plant, layering beside the plant according to the size and weight of the potato blocks, arranging the maximum potato block on the uppermost layer, arranging the minimum potato block on the lower layer, putting the whole plant beside the potato blocks, and taking a picture; then the electronic scale is put on a rigid plane, the unit is adjusted to g, a tray is put on, the electronic scale is set to zero, and each layer of potato blocks are counted and weighed;

the color of the vascular bundle is used for vertically cutting potato blocks for measuring the potato forming condition of a single plant and photographing;

measuring the yield by three meters, selecting a representative ridge every 100 mu, not selecting ridges in special places such as edges, tops, bottoms, depressions and the like, walking inwards by about 20 meters, randomly selecting a position on the ridge, marking, measuring a distance of 3 meters by a meter ruler along a marking point, and marking on the back of the ridge at a 3 meter end point; digging out potato tubers between two marking points, namely within three meters, counting main stems, dividing the potato tubers into 3 stacks according to weight class, and respectively counting and weighing the number of potato blocks in each stack, wherein the number of potato blocks is less than 2, 2-3 and more than 3;

the bud eye number is selected from 3m potato blocks, wherein each potato block is one in a stack, and the bud eye number is counted after 3 potato blocks are wiped clean;

randomly selecting 3 sugar terminals from potato blocks produced by measuring 3 meters, cutting the position about 1.5cm away from the umbilical part, and observing whether sugar terminals exist;

dry matter content, starch content, reducing sugar content, 5kg were randomly selected from potato pieces produced at 3 meters, and sent to laboratory for detection, where only processing potatoes detected reducing sugar content.

(III) beneficial effects

Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a data acquisition method for supporting field potato planting decision, which has the following beneficial effects:

according to the related research of potatoes at home and abroad and the planting practice of an advanced planting main body, the comprehensive data sampling method integrating sampling indexes, collecting tools, deployment standards, sampling standards and pre-and post-sampling treatment is summarized. The method has comprehensive acquisition indexes, scientific and reasonable sample distribution, and the data acquired under the same specification has comparability of transverse (between areas) and longitudinal (between historical years), has long-term value, and solves the problems of low field potato planting level and lack of scientific basis for agricultural measures.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a soil sampling method of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a soil sample mixing and retaining method of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the collection points of the sprinkler irrigation ring stems of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the daily average soil moisture of example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the content of element nitrogen in the petiole of example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a weight view of a single column potato in example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the daily soil moisture content of example 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a plant height map of example 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a diurnal air temperature difference chart of embodiment 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of the petiole nutrient elements of example 2 of the invention

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the daily soil moisture content of example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a graph of bud length according to example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a graph showing the number of seedlings coming out of example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a plant height map of example 3 of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

The invention provides a data acquisition method supporting field potato planting decision, which comprises the following steps:

step 1, data acquisition, namely acquiring environmental indexes;

step 2, preparing before sampling, wherein the sampling time is consistent, and sterilizing before collecting;

step 3, sample collection, which is divided into soil sample collection, irrigation water sample collection, petiole collection, crop overground index collection, crop underground index collection and plant diseases and insect pests collection;

step 4, sterilizing after leaving the collection;

and 5, sorting collected data.

Specifically, in the first step, the data indexes to be collected need to be sorted, which mainly comprises the following steps:

data index to be collected

1.1 environmental indicators for monitoring Internet of things devices

The environmental indexes monitored by the Internet of things equipment are shown in table 1, the monitoring frequency of the meteorological indexes is not lower than 2 times/hour, and the monitoring frequency of the soil indexes is not lower than 12 times/hour.

Table 1 environmental metrics for internet of things device monitoring

1.2 laboratory test indicators

The index for physicochemical and virus detection in the laboratory is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 laboratory test indicators

1.3 index of Artificial field Collection

The data index required to be manually collected in the field by a professional collector is shown in table 3.

Table 3 index of manual field collection

Second, internet of things equipment deployment

2.1 Meteorological station deployment

The weather station should be selected to be installed in the same microclimate area with clear surroundings, no shielding, easy to take care of and weather conditions close to each other, and the recommended coverage radius is not more than 5 km. If the weather conditions are obviously different, such as mountain top and mountain feet, south and north slopes, regions with great difference in isothermal humidity and rainfall on two sides of a river bank, one weather station should be deployed in each region with different microclimates.

When the weather station is installed, the solar panel is ensured to be in the south, and the east-west inclination angle is adjusted according to the latitude. The upright post of the weather station can be directly buried under the ground by 50cm or is stabilized by a cement base. The local maximum wind potential and the local maximum rain potential need to be comprehensively considered, and a proper stable mode is selected

2.2 soil meter deployment

The soil instrument is deployed in each area with similar characters, topography and irrigation modes. The sprinkling irrigation circle is deployed between the penultimate span and the penultimate span, and the deployment is additionally increased at special positions such as low-lying places, slope tops, slope feet and the like. Before sowing, the soil is buried to the 10cm scale mark of the soil instrument body, the soil is taken out during sowing, the soil is buried to the 20cm scale mark of the body after sowing, and the upper edge of the probe is basically consistent with the bottom position of the sweet potato.

Third, sampling Specification

3.1 preparation before sampling

3.1.1 sampling time requirement

The sampling time of the same block is the same as all the time as far as possible, for example, each sampling time of the A block is 9 am, and the sampling time of the B block is 3 pm.

3.1.2 Disinfection before entering the ground

Wearing disposable gloves and shoes covers before entering the ground, and spraying and sterilizing the gloves, shoes covers and sampling tools by using a properly diluted disinfectant

3.1.3 off sampling Point sterilizing Activity

And spraying the disinfectant with proper dilution on the whole body again for disinfection.

3.2 soil sample sampling Specifications

3.2.1 sampling tool

Tools: soil taking drill, tape measure and sample bottle

Stationery: sample collection and inspection bar code

3.2.2 sample disinfection

When each block of land is entered, the earth taker is inserted 30cm several times in the non-sampling area. If cleaning conditions exist, the cleaning should be carried out, so that cross contamination is avoided.

3.2.3 sampling time

Soil sampling is carried out one month before sowing, so that rainy season is avoided, and quick-acting nitrogen leaching is prevented. Soil sampling is carried out before the freezing in autumn, and after seedling emergence, soil sampling is carried out when the seedling height is 20 cm.

3.2.4 sampling method, refer to fig. 1 and 2;

the sampling point selection should follow the principles of 'random', 'equal quantity' and 'multi-point mixing', so that all subjective factors are avoided, the individual soil composing the whole body has the same opportunity to be selected as the sample, and the same level sample should have similar equal quantity of soil individual composition, so that the same representativeness is ensured.

Soil is prevented from being taken at special terrains such as the edges of fields, roadsides and the like and places where fertilizers are accumulated; the method avoids setting up sampling points in places with subordinate landscape characteristics such as hillsides, depressions and the like, and marks are made for sampling and monitoring in the whole growth period once the sampling points are selected.

The sampling method is determined, and common methods include a diagonal sampling method, a quincuncial sampling method, a serpentine sampling method, a chessboard sampling method and the like. The diagonal sampling method is suitable for taking about 5 points of a flat square land block with small area and the quincuncial sampling method is suitable for taking about 5 points of a square land block with small area, the serpentine sampling method is suitable for taking about 10 to 15 points of a land block with large and long area or complex land, and the checkerboard sampling method is suitable for taking about 15 to 20 points.

After multipoint sampling, the soil at each point is taken out and uniformly mixed into a mixed sample, and stones and impurities are removed. The soil sample is put on plastic cloth to be kneaded, evenly mixed and spread, diagonal lines are taken by a quartering method, the rest part is discarded, if the soil sample is still overweight, the quartering method is continued until the left mixed soil sample is about 0.5 kg.

3.2.5 sampling depth

The depth is 30cm, a cylinder with the depth of 0-30cm is taken by an earth sampler, and the same point is taken each time so as to be continuously compared.

3.2.6 soil sample treatment after soil sampling

Immediately filling the soil into a sample bottle after taking the soil, pasting a sample collection and inspection bar code outside the bottle, placing the sample bottle pasted with the bar code on a soil instrument after sampling, clearly shooting the bar code of the sample bottle and the bar code of the soil instrument, and determining that the sample belongs to the land. If soil sample collection is performed before sowing, the use condition of the previous crop of the land, the previous herbicide and the like should be recorded, and the condition is written in remarks.

3.2.7 times of detection of various growth periods

And (4) carrying out soil sample collection and inspection before sowing, and carrying out 4 times of soil sample collection and inspection from the beginning of the germination period to the tuber expansion period, wherein the soil sample collection and inspection are carried out every two weeks, and the total detection is carried out 5 times.

3.3 irrigation Water sample acquisition Specification

3.3.1 sampling tool

Tools: water sample bottle

Stationery: sample collection and inspection bar code

3.3.2 sampling methods

A reservoir: the bottle mouth is 10-30cm below the water source, so that water can slowly flow in to prevent impurities from entering

Water well: draining accumulated water in the water outlet pipe, flushing for 1-2 times or draining for 3-5 minutes, and then collecting a water sample.

3.3.3 sample size

300ml-500ml

3.3.4 sampling procedure

And (3) collecting a prescribed amount of irrigation water sample according to a sampling method, filling the sample into a sample bottle, attaching a sample collecting bar code, and determining the authenticity of the sample.

3.3.5 times of detection of various growth periods

The water sample collection is carried out in principle before sowing, and can be detected at any time according to the water supply condition of a farmer well, and the whole growth period is detected for at least 1 time

3.4 Standard for petiole harvesting

3.4.1 sampling tool

Tools: pruning shears and sample bottle

Stationery: sample collection and inspection bar code

3.4.2 sample time

The collection of the petioles is started at the height of 20cm, generally once every 7 days, and sampling is performed before topdressing and pesticide spraying and foliar fertilizer spraying, or after 3 to 7 days of the agronomic measures. For the same block, the sampling time is selected as much as possible, for example, the last sampling time of the A block is ten am on a certain day, and the block is still selected as the sampling time at ten am in the later sampling process.

3.4.3 sampling sites, see FIG. 3

And (3) sprinkling irrigation: the plant growth area which can represent more than half of the whole field growth condition can be represented between the penultimate span and the third penultimate span, and the plant growth area is not parallel to the walking radius of the sprinkling irrigation ring during sampling, and a certain angle is needed.

Drip irrigation: and meanwhile, using the NDVI image to know whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, if not, continuously selecting sampling positions of other small areas according to the mode, selecting a sampling area, and marking the current area by using a red label card.

3.4.4 sampling sites

When the fourth sheet is fully extended, the leaves are removed, leaving the petioles behind, as shown in fig. 5, taking care to collect the petioles of the complex leaves. 30 to 40 petioles were harvested at a time.

3.4.5 sampling procedure

Randomly selecting 5 points near the fixed route, wherein each point is 6 plants; a fourth leaf was harvested from each plant, which was fully expanded.

And photographing plants in a selected area before sampling, collecting samples of the selected plants after photographing, putting the leaf handles cut and pulled out of the leaves into a sample bottle, improving an anti-theft cover, pasting a sending and detecting bar code, and finally taking the picked leaves out of the field. Note that: marking the collected plants, and avoiding repeated collection of the plants next time.

3.4.6 number of acquisition of fertility

After seedling emergence, the seedling height is 20cm, the fourth leaf is fully unfolded, then the sample collection is carried out, the sample collection is carried out every 7 days, the sample collection is carried out, the sample collection is sent to a laboratory, major elements, medium elements and trace elements are detected at least 6 times and at most 11 times in the whole growth period, and the leaf stalk sampling and inspection are stopped when 60% of the upper part returns to the seedling.

3.5 crop overground part index

3.5.1 sampling tool

Tools: measuring tape and vernier callipers

3.5.2 sample time

The acquisition of the vital sign data of the aerial plant starts at a seedling height of 20cm, once every 7 to 10 days, in principle together with the petiole acquisition and the same plant as the petiole acquisition is selected.

3.5.3 sampling site

And (3) sprinkling irrigation: the span from the penultimate to the third last can represent more than half of the plant growth area of the whole field.

Drip irrigation: and meanwhile, using the NDVI image to know whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, if not, continuously selecting sampling positions of other small areas according to the mode, selecting a sampling area, and marking the current area by using a red label card.

3.5.4 acquisition process

If the plant height is 50% of the emergence rate of the field, the plant height is not collected, if the plant height is less than 50%, the bud length is collected, the longest buds are collected, three plants are dug at an oblique angle within the range of 3m to 3m, the plant condition is collected, and each plant is clearly photographed to be more than or equal to 2, wherein a measuring tape is pulled out by 1 for reference. When the plants are low, measuring the positions of the tape measures from the ridges to the top leaves (without flowers) of the plants; when the plants are high, the measuring tape measures from the ridge to the position of the top leaves (without flowers) of the plants, if the plants fall, the plants are pulled up and then measured and photographed, and the numerical values are the same. The collection time is from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing.

Leaf number, count the number of leaves of the multiple leaves for plants with the plant height just measured. The collection time is from the emergence period to the final period of the emergence period.

The number of main stems in three meters is measured by selecting one ridge, pulling the tape measure by 3 meters, counting the number of main stems in the position 3 meters, then measuring again by selecting the position separated by one ridge, and measuring 3 groups in total. The collection time is the maturity and is only collected once.

And (3) the canopy coverage is achieved by taking 3 points within 3 m-3 m, measuring 1m out of each point, respectively binding the points on plants by using red tag cards, standing on ridges, standing the mobile phone, and taking 3 photos within 1 m-1 horizontally downwards.

The main stem is thick and thin, the thickness of the main stem is measured at the middle part of a potato plant by using a vernier caliper, the unit of the vernier caliper is selected to be mm, and photographing is carried out. The collection time is from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing.

The number of seedlings and the time of seedlings emergence are recorded, and the time from the whole field seedlings emergence to the 50% of the seedling emergence rate is recorded.

3.6 underground part index of crop

3.6.1 sampling tool

Tools: measuring tape, vernier caliper, shovel and electronic scale

3.6.2 sample time

The data acquisition is started when the seedling height is 20cm, the data acquisition is carried out together with the petiole acquisition in principle every 7 to 10 days, the same plant is selected as the acquisition of the aerial parts of the petiole acquisition, the same time is selected as much as possible for the same land block, for example, the last sampling time of the land block A is ten am of a certain day, and the land block is still selected as the sampling time at ten am in the later sampling process.

3.6.3 acquisition process

Three potato plants are dug out, and the root and the bud are not damaged. The length of the stolons starts from the stolons growing point to the top end, and if the potato blocks are formed, the stolons grow on the surfaces of the potato blocks. The collection time is from the emergence of seedlings to the early stage of potato harvest.

The method comprises the steps of selecting a plant with normal growth vigor, putting the whole plant on the ground, picking up potato blocks and measuring, wherein the potato skin color, the bud eye number, the potato flesh color, the vascular bundle color, the skin aging degree and the presence or absence of starch buds are selected during each data acquisition.

Root cap fresh weight ratio, after all the single plant tuber forming conditions are collected, the tuber and non-tuber parts are respectively weighed, and the plant cannot lose leaves.

Under the condition of single-plant potato forming, three plants are selected within the range of 3 m-3 m, the three plants are completely dug out without scraping and missing potato blocks, the complete plants and all potato blocks formed on the plants are put into a plastic bag to be brought to the ground, and the three plants and the potato blocks are respectively put on the ground with flat ground. One photo is taken for each complete plant and potato block distribution condition (the whole plant and potato block distribution overall view is covered in the photo). And picking all the potato blocks on the plant, layering the potato blocks beside the plant according to the size and weight of the potato blocks, arranging the potato blocks at the uppermost layer, arranging the potato blocks at the lower layer, and taking a picture of the whole plant beside the potato blocks (the whole plant and the layered overall view of the potato blocks are covered in the picture). And then the electronic scale is put on a rigid plane, the unit is adjusted to g, a tray is put on, the electronic scale is zeroed, and each layer of potato blocks are counted and weighed.

The color of the vascular bundle is measured, potato blocks of the single plant with potato bearing condition are vertically cut (along the long diameter of potato tubers), and photographing is carried out.

Three meters for measuring yield, selecting a representative ridge every 100 mu, not selecting ridges in special places such as edges, tops, bottoms, depressions and the like, walking inwards by about 20 meters, randomly selecting a position on the ridge, marking, measuring a distance of 3 meters by a meter ruler along a marking point, and marking on the back of the ridge at a 3 meter end point. Digging out potato tubers between two marking points, namely within three meters, counting main stems, dividing the potato tubers into 3 stacks according to weight class, and respectively counting and weighing the number of potato tubers in each stack, wherein the number of potato tubers is less than 2, 2-3 and 3.

The bud eye number is selected from 3m potato blocks, wherein each pile is provided with 3 bud eye numbers after being wiped clean, and the log is marked by mark pen rings and mark numbers. The position where the potato blocks are connected with the stolons is called an umbilical part, the position is not calculated as an eye, and the top part is clustered to be calculated as an eye.

Sugar terminal, 3 potato pieces from 3m are randomly selected, and the position about 1.5cm away from the umbilical region is cut, and the existence of sugar terminal is observed.

And randomly selecting 5kg of potato blocks with the dry matter content, the starch content and the reducing sugar content from 3 meters to be detected, and sending the potato blocks to a laboratory for detection. Wherein only the potatoes for processing are used for detecting the content of the reducing sugar.

Three examples are further illustrated below.

Example 1 Wu Lancha data acquisition of a four-king flag V7 plot on a market, refer to fig. 4-6;

v7 is one of the main current potato planting varieties, and the land is located in the four-season king flag in Wulan Bo, sown in the year 2020, 5 and 1, and the yield is measured in the year 9 and 4, 126, and 3.7 tons per mu.

During the planting season, weather seven elements, soil temperature and humidity and the like are continuously monitored in real time, and a quantitative basis is provided for irrigation, so that the soil humidity in the tuber expanding period is kept very stable, and tuber expansion and uniformity of potato shape are facilitated. The petioles are collected for about 7 days, mineral elements are detected in a laboratory, the nitrate nitrogen content is reduced too fast at the beginning of 8 months, and the early senescence trend is observed in the field, namely, the nitrogenous fertilizer is supplemented, so that the functions of the stems and the leaves are ensured to provide enough biomass for tubers. The number and weight of the single plant potato is manually collected in the field for about 7 days, the development trend of underground tubers is revealed, and accordingly, the water is fully irrigated and fertilized in the middle ten days of 8 months to avoid hollow.

Example 2 data collection of the 15 plots of the hao city, wu county, netherlands, reference is made to fig. 7-10.

The Netherlands 15 are traditional high-yield planting varieties, the plots are sown in Wuchuan county of He, hao, 5 months and 6 days in 2020, the yield is measured in 9 months and 11 days in the same year, the growing period is 128 days, and the mu yield is 5.6 tons.

During the planting season, weather seven elements, soil temperature and humidity and the like are continuously monitored in real time, a quantitative basis is provided for irrigation, but sandy soil has poor water retention capacity and obvious soil humidity fluctuation. The plant height growth trend guides and controls vigorous growth, and the plant height growth trend is smooth after the initiation period (the middle and late 7 months), so that overgrowth is avoided. The temperature difference between day and night indicates that the temperature difference is the largest in the last ten days of 8 months, which is most favorable for tuber expansion, the water fertilizer is timely put into the plant before the stage, but the water fertilizer is excessively put into the plant, and the leaf stalk collection and inspection once in 7 days shows that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the stage exceeds the requirement of crops, and the fertilizer application amount can be reduced in the follow-up planting process as appropriate. Under the scientific guidance of accurate data, the land block obtains high yield of 5.6 tons/mu.

Example 3 data acquisition of tin Lin Guole allied servant temple buzzing plots, see fig. 11-14.

The Boolean is a processed potato variety, and the land is located in a tin Lin Guole allied pseudostella temple, sowed in 5 months and 9 days of 2020, measured in 8 months and 25 days of the same year, and produced in 109 days of growing period, and 2.4 tons per mu.

During the planting season, the soil temperature and humidity is monitored in real time, the alarm irrigation is not enough continuously in the bud period and the seedling period, but the grower does not supplement the irrigation, so that the growth of buds is slow, the seedling emergence date is late, the seedlings of the variety should emerge at the beginning of 6 months in the early 5 months, but from the acquired data, the seedlings are not in good order until the late 6 months. After emergence, the plants grow slowly due to lack of water, the plant height is required to grow to about 60 cm after the initiation period of 7 months in late ten days, but the plant height data actually collected show insufficient physiological development, and the canopy shows untimely ridge sealing. Although the subsequent agricultural measures are adjusted, the insufficient early development causes continuous influence, the accumulated temperature in the frost-free period cannot be effectively utilized, and the final yield is low.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (5)

1. The data acquisition method supporting the field potato planting decision is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

step 1, data acquisition, namely acquiring environmental indexes;

step 2, preparing before sampling, wherein the sampling time is consistent, and sterilizing before collecting;

step 3, sample collection, which is divided into soil sample collection, irrigation water sample collection, petiole collection, crop overground index collection, crop underground index collection and plant diseases and insect pests collection;

step 4, sterilizing after leaving the mining gathering point;

step 5, collecting data in a sorting way;

the data acquisition is divided into detection through Internet of things equipment, laboratory detection and manual field acquisition;

before the detection of the Internet of things equipment, the Internet of things equipment needs to be deployed, which comprises the following steps:

the weather stations are deployed, the weather stations are arranged in the same microclimate area with clear periphery, no shielding object, easy observation and weather condition approaching, the coverage radius is not more than 5 km, and if the weather condition difference is obvious, one weather station is deployed in each microclimate area; when the weather station is installed, the solar panel is ensured to be in the south, and the east-west inclination angle is adjusted according to the latitude;

the method comprises the steps of arranging a soil instrument, arranging the soil instrument in each area with similar characters, topography and irrigation modes, arranging a spray irrigation ring between a penultimate span and a penultimate span, arranging the spray irrigation ring at the position of a low-lying land, a slope top and a slope foot, burying the spray irrigation ring at a scale mark of 10cm of a body of the soil instrument before sowing, taking out the spray irrigation ring during sowing, burying the spray irrigation ring at a scale mark of 20cm of the body after sowing, and enabling the upper edge of a probe to be basically consistent with the bottom position of a sweet potato;

the crop underground indexes comprise:

the sampling time, the data acquisition is started when the seedling height is 20cm, the data acquisition is carried out once every 7 to 10 days, the data acquisition and the petiole acquisition are carried out together, the same plant is selected from the above-ground part acquisition of the petiole, and the sampling time is the same time for the same land block;

sampling, namely digging three potatoes, wherein the length of the stolons starts from the growth point of the stolons to the top end, and if potato blocks are formed, the potato blocks are grown on the surfaces, and the acquisition time is from the emergence of seedlings to the early stage of potato harvest;

selecting a plant with normal growth vigor, putting the whole plant on the ground, picking potato blocks and measuring the potato blocks;

root cap fresh weight ratio, after all the single plant potato bearing conditions are collected, respectively weighing tubers and non-tuber parts, and ensuring that the plant cannot lose leaves;

under the condition of single-plant potato forming, three plants are selected within the range of 3m to 3m, the three plants are completely dug out without scraping and missing potato blocks, the complete plants and all potato blocks formed on the plants are put into a plastic bag to be brought to the ground, and the three plants and the potato blocks are respectively put on the ground with flat ground; taking a picture of each complete plant and the distribution condition of the potato blocks, picking off all the potato blocks on the plant, layering beside the plant according to the size and weight of the potato blocks, arranging the maximum potato block on the uppermost layer, arranging the minimum potato block on the lower layer, putting the whole plant beside the potato blocks, and taking a picture; then the electronic scale is put on a rigid plane, the unit is adjusted to g, a tray is put on, the electronic scale is set to zero, and each layer of potato blocks are counted and weighed;

the color of the vascular bundle is used for vertically cutting potato blocks for measuring the potato forming condition of a single plant and photographing;

measuring the yield of three meters, selecting a representative ridge every 100 mu, not selecting a ridge with a side, a slope top, a slope bottom and a low position, moving inwards by about 20 meters, randomly selecting a position on the ridge, marking, measuring a distance of 3 meters by a meter ruler along a marking point, and marking on the back of the ridge at a 3 meter end point; digging out potato tubers between two marking points, namely within three meters, counting main stems, dividing the potato tubers into 3 stacks according to weight class, and respectively counting and weighing the number of potato blocks in each stack, wherein the number of potato blocks is less than 2, 2-3 and more than 3;

the bud eye number is selected from 3m potato blocks, wherein each potato block is one in a stack, and the bud eye number is counted after 3 potato blocks are wiped clean;

randomly selecting 3 sugar terminals from potato blocks produced by measuring 3 meters, cutting the position about 1.5cm away from the umbilical part, and observing whether sugar terminals exist;

dry matter content, starch content, reducing sugar content, 5kg were randomly selected from potato pieces produced at 3 meters, and sent to laboratory for detection, where only processing potatoes detected reducing sugar content.

2. The method of data acquisition supporting field potato planting decisions of claim 1, wherein the soil acquisition comprises:

sampling and sterilizing, and inserting the soil taking device into the non-sampling area for several times of 30cm when each block of soil is entered;

sampling time, performing soil sampling one month before sowing, avoiding rain season, preventing quick-acting nitrogen from washing, performing soil sampling before freezing in autumn, and performing soil sampling when the seedling height is 20cm after seedling emergence;

sampling, namely taking out soil at each point after sampling by a diagonal sampling method, a quincuncial sampling method, a snake-shaped sampling method and a chessboard sampling method and multipoint sampling, uniformly mixing into a mixed sample, removing stones and impurities, putting the soil sample on plastic cloth, kneading, uniformly mixing, spreading, taking two diagonal lines by a quartering method, discarding the rest part, and continuously using the quartering method if the rest part is still too heavy until the left mixed soil sample is 0.5kg in the sample;

sampling depth, namely sampling a cylinder with the depth of 30cm and the cylindrical depth of 0-30cm by using a soil sampler, and sampling the same point position each time;

soil sample treatment, filling the soil into a sample bottle immediately after soil taking, pasting a sample collecting and inspecting bar code outside the bottle, placing the sample bottle pasted with the bar code on a soil instrument after sampling, clearly shooting the bar code of the sample bottle and the bar code of the soil instrument, and determining that the sample belongs to the land block; if the soil sample is collected before sowing, the use condition of the previous crop of the land block and the previous herbicide should be recorded, and the condition is written in the remark;

the detection times are that soil sample collection and inspection are carried out once before sowing, and the soil sample collection and inspection are carried out for 4 times from the germination period to the tuber expansion period, and the soil sample collection and inspection are carried out once every two weeks.

3. The method of data collection supporting field potato planting decisions of claim 1, wherein the irrigation water sample collection comprises:

the sampling method comprises the steps of sampling a reservoir and sampling a water well, wherein the reservoir is in a sample bottle 10-30cm below a water source, water slowly flows in, the water well is in a sample bottle to drain accumulated water in a water outlet pipe, flushing is carried out for 1-2 times or water is drained for 3-5 minutes, and then water sample collection is carried out;

sampling volume, 300ml-500ml;

sampling, namely collecting a prescribed amount of irrigation water sample, filling the sample into a sample bottle, and attaching a sample collecting bar code;

the detection times are that the water sample is collected before sowing, and the detection can be carried out at any time according to the water supply condition of a farmer well, and the whole growth period is detected for at least 1 time.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the petiole harvesting comprises:

sampling time, namely, collecting leaf stalks when the seedling height is 20cm, sampling before topdressing and pesticide spraying and leaf fertilizer spraying every 7 days, or sampling after 3 to 7 days of the agronomic measures, and selecting the same time for the same land block;

the method comprises the steps that a sampling place is provided, a spray irrigation ring is arranged between a penultimate span and a penultimate span, the spray irrigation ring is not parallel to the walking radius of the spray irrigation ring during sampling, an NDVI image is used in a drip irrigation area, whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field is known, and if the growth condition of the selected area cannot represent the 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, sampling positions of other small areas are selected continuously according to the sampling mode of the spray irrigation ring;

at the sampling position, when the fourth compound leaf is completely unfolded, removing the leaf, leaving leaf stalks, and collecting 30 to 40 leaf stalks each time;

sampling, namely randomly selecting 5 points nearby a fixed route, and selecting 6 plants for each point; collecting a fourth leaf which is completely unfolded by each plant, photographing the plant in a selected area before sampling, collecting samples of the selected plant after photographing, putting the leaf handles which are cut off and pulled out into a sample bottle, changing an anti-theft cover, and attaching a sending inspection bar code;

collecting times, after seedling emergence, the seedling height is 20cm, collecting samples after the fourth leaf is completely unfolded, collecting samples once every 7 days, conveying the samples to a laboratory, detecting macroelements, macroelements and microelements at least 6 times and at most 11 times in the whole growth period, and stopping leaf stalk sampling and inspection after 60% seedling return of the local part.

5. The method for data collection supporting field potato planting decisions as recited in claim 4, wherein the crop ground metrics comprise:

sampling time, namely collecting the physical sign data of the aerial plant at the height of 20cm, carrying out the collection of the leaf stalks together every 7 to 10 days, and selecting the same plant with the leaf stalks;

the method comprises the steps that a sampling place is provided, a spray irrigation ring is arranged between a penultimate span and a penultimate span, the spray irrigation ring is not parallel to the walking radius of the spray irrigation ring during sampling, an NDVI image is used in a drip irrigation area, whether the growth condition of the selected area can represent 80% of the growth condition of the whole field is known, and if the growth condition of the selected area cannot represent the 80% of the growth condition of the whole field, sampling positions of other small areas are selected continuously according to the sampling mode of the spray irrigation ring;

sampling, namely for plant height, if the seedling emergence rate of the field is 50%, collecting plant height without collecting bud length, if the seedling emergence rate is less than 50%, collecting bud length, collecting the longest bud, obliquely digging three plants in a range of 3m to 3m, collecting plant conditions, clearly photographing each plant to be more than or equal to 2, wherein 1 stretching out a tape measure to be placed beside for reference, and measuring from the ridge to the position where the top leaf of the plant does not contain flowers when the plant is low; when the plants are high, measuring from the ridge to the position where the top leaves of the plants do not contain flowers, if the plants fall, measuring and photographing after the plants are pulled up, wherein the values are the same as above, and the collecting time is from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing;

for the leaf number, counting the leaf number of the compound leaves for the plant with the plant height just measured, wherein the acquisition time is from the emergence period to the final period of the emergence period

For the main stems in three meters, selecting one ridge for measurement, pulling a tape measure open for 3m, counting the number of the main stems in the position 3m, then selecting the position separated by one ridge for measurement again, measuring 3 groups in total, wherein the collection time is the maturity period, and the collection is only carried out once;

for the canopy coverage, 3 points are taken within 3m x 3m, each point is measured out for 1m, red label cards are respectively bound on plants, the plants stand on ridges, and the mobile phones run along the ridges and horizontally take 3 photos within 1m x 1m downwards;

for the thickness of the main stem, measuring the thickness of the main stem at the middle part of a potato plant by using a vernier caliper, selecting mm for the unit of the vernier caliper, photographing, and collecting for a period from the emergence of seedlings to the ridge sealing.

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