CN113473594B - Positioning method, system and storage medium based on double base stations - Google Patents
Positioning method, system and storage medium based on double base stations Download PDFInfo
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- CN113473594B CN113473594B CN202110962866.0A CN202110962866A CN113473594B CN 113473594 B CN113473594 B CN 113473594B CN 202110962866 A CN202110962866 A CN 202110962866A CN 113473594 B CN113473594 B CN 113473594B
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- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 208000004605 Persistent Truncus Arteriosus Diseases 0.000 description 23
- 208000037258 Truncus arteriosus Diseases 0.000 description 23
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
- H04W64/003—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management locating network equipment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/14—Determining absolute distances from a plurality of spaced points of known location
- G01S5/145—Using a supplementary range measurement, e.g. based on pseudo-range measurements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Abstract
The invention discloses a positioning method, a system and a storage medium based on double base stations, wherein the double base stations comprise a main base station and an auxiliary base station, a target base station where target UE is located is obtained, and a system message of the target base station is obtained through frequency sweep; according to the system information, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station; configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructs or reselects to the main base station; and extracting the IMSI of the target UE rebuilt or reselected to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE. The problem that positioning users in a public security positioning system is difficult is solved, the positioning effectiveness of target users is improved, and the defect that a single base station cannot be used for interference and positioning at the same time is overcome by adopting double base stations.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of communication, in particular to a positioning method, a system and a storage medium based on double base stations for solving the positioning difficulty in a public security positioning system.
Background
In public security systems, it is necessary to locate the crime with a pseudo base station, which is conventionally based on 2G/3G technology. Due to the popularity of lte users, the original 2G/3G users are all turned to 4G users. In public security systems, locating lte users presents some technical challenges. The main problem is that if the target user resides in a cell where the signal is strong (above the common frequency measurement threshold), the public security location system has difficulty in adsorbing such target user. In the current public network configuration, the threshold for TDD-initiated on-channel measurement is approximately-85 DB, and the threshold for FDD-initiated on-channel measurement is approximately-70 DB. In the current public network system, the probability that the user is at a public network base station above-85 DB is very high. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of difficulty in adsorption in this case.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a positioning method, a positioning system and a storage medium based on double base stations, which can solve the problem that positioning users in a public security positioning system is difficult and improve the positioning effectiveness of target users.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a positioning method based on a dual base station, the dual base station includes a main base station and an auxiliary base station, the method includes the following steps:
acquiring a target base station where target UE is located, and acquiring a system message of the target base station through frequency sweep;
according to the system information, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station;
configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructs or reselects to the main base station;
and extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE.
The step of configuring the signal strength of the primary base station to be stronger than the strengths of the secondary base station and the target base station according to the system message includes:
analyzing the system message to obtain the frequency point of the target base station and the signal intensity of each covered cell;
the frequency point of the main base station is configured to be the frequency point with the highest priority in the current environment, the signal intensity of the main base station is configured to be stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station, and the TAC of the main base station is configured to be different from the TAC of the target base station and the auxiliary base station.
The step of configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station to enable the auxiliary base station to interfere with the target base station and enable the target UE to fail to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructing to the main base station includes:
and configuring the PCI of the auxiliary base station to be the same as that of the target base station, and configuring ocng100% scrambling to transmit interference data so as to enable the auxiliary base station to interfere with the target base station, and enabling the target UE to fail to reconstruct to the target base station and then reconstruct to the main base station.
The step of configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station to enable the auxiliary base station to interfere with the target base station and enable the target UE to fail to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructing to the main base station further comprises the following steps:
if the target UE is in the idle state, a safety short message is sent through the main base station, so that the target UE is accessed to the main base station, and then the target UE enters a connection state;
and the master base station interacts with the target UE to send and respond the TAC update message, so that the target UE stays at the master base station all the time.
The step of extracting and rebuilding the IMSI of the target UE to the master base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE by the master base station based on the IMSI of the target UE includes:
extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the main base station through signaling interaction;
based on the IMSI of the target UE, the RB resources with the same frequency are allocated through the main base station, and the frequency point of the signal sent by the target UE is controlled;
tracking the signal of the target UE through a field intensity meter, and further positioning the target UE.
The step of reconstructing the IMSI of the target UE to the primary base station through signaling interaction extraction includes:
and carrying out identity query on the target UE rebuilt to the main base station through the main base station to obtain the IMSI of the target UE.
The invention also provides a positioning system based on the double base stations, which comprises a main base station, an auxiliary base station, a memory and a processor, wherein the memory is stored with a computer program, and the computer program executes the steps of the method when being called by the processor.
The invention also proposes a computer storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when called by a processor, performs the steps of the method as described above.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the positioning method, the positioning system and the storage medium based on the double base stations are provided, wherein the double base stations comprise a main base station and an auxiliary base station, and the system information of the target base station is obtained through obtaining the target base station where the target UE is located and through sweep frequency; according to the system information, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station; configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructs or reselects to the main base station; and extracting the IMSI of the target UE rebuilt or reselected to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE. The problem that positioning users in a public security positioning system is difficult is solved, the positioning effectiveness of target users is improved, and the defect that a single base station cannot be used for interference and positioning at the same time is overcome by adopting double base stations.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings may be obtained according to the structures shown in these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a positioning method based on dual base stations according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a base station network according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a refinement flow of the positioning method based on the dual base stations of the present invention.
The achievement of the objects, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in conjunction with the embodiments.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are only some, but not all embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The invention relates to the technical terms:
PCI generic name Physical Cell Identifier, physical cell identity, is used by terminals in LTE to distinguish between radio signals of different cells.
IMSI, international mobile subscriber identity (International Mobile Subscriber Identification Number), is a flag that distinguishes mobile subscribers, stored in a SIM card, and can be used to distinguish mobile subscribers from valid information.
The TAC, collectively Tracking Area Code, is an identification of the tracking area within the PLMN, which is used for location management of the UE, and is unique within the PLMN.
The method can be used for public security departments or other security departments, and the general public security departments can know which base station the target user is at and the PCI of the base station through the background of operators such as mobile and the like. The method adopts a double base station scheme, one base station (auxiliary base station) is used for interfering with the public network and is used as an interfering base station, and the other base station (main base station) is used for adsorbing target UE and is used as an adsorbing base station or a pseudo base station. The interference base station scrambles through ocng100%, and the interference station can cause PSS interference, broadcast interference and RS interference (due to the consistent RE positions), so that uplink and downlink data are decoded, a radio link fails, UE is dropped, and an adsorption base station is rebuilt or reselected, wherein the power of the adsorption base station is higher than that of the interference base station and a public network base station. In order to ensure that the UE re-establishes to the primary base station cell, the primary base station cell should be stronger than the signals of the public network cell and the interfering station secondary cell, and practical tests indicate that at least 5db stronger.
Specifically, referring to fig. 1 to 3, the present invention proposes a positioning method based on a dual base station, wherein the dual base station includes a main base station and an auxiliary base station, and wherein,
the method comprises the following steps:
step S1, a target base station where target UE is located is obtained, and a system message of the target base station is obtained through frequency sweep;
the background of the public security system can inquire the target base station where the target UE is located, and the cell where the target UE is located is known.
Step S2, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station according to the system message;
specifically, analyzing the system message to obtain the frequency point of the target base station and the signal intensity of each covered cell;
the frequency point of the main base station is configured to be the frequency point with the highest priority in the current environment, the signal intensity of the main base station is configured to be stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station, and the TAC of the main base station is configured to be different from the TAC of the target base station and the auxiliary base station.
The main base station is provided with a sweep frequency module, and the sweep frequency module can solve the system information of the target base station. Knowing the system message allows the priority of nearby frequency points and the signal strength of each cell to be known.
In this embodiment, the frequency point of the main base station is configured to be the frequency point with the highest priority in the current environment, the signal strength of the main base station is configured to be stronger than the strengths of the auxiliary base station and the target base station, and the TAC of the main base station is configured to be different from the TAC of the target base station and the auxiliary base station, so that the target UE can reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstruct to the main base station.
In one embodiment, the signal strength of the primary base station is configured to be stronger than that of the secondary base station and the target base station 3DB or more, and the larger the signal strength of the primary base station is, the better the signal strength of the secondary base station is.
Step S3, configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstruct or reselect to the main base station;
and configuring the PCI of the auxiliary base station to be the same as that of the target base station, and configuring ocng100% scrambling to transmit interference data so as to enable the auxiliary base station to interfere with the target base station, and enabling the target UE to fail to reconstruct to the target base station and then reconstruct to the main base station.
If the target UE is in the idle state, a safety short message is sent through the main base station, so that the target UE is accessed to the main base station, and then the target UE enters a connection state;
and the master base station interacts with the target UE to send and respond the TAC update message, so that the target UE stays at the master base station all the time.
Specifically, parameters of an interference base station (auxiliary base station) are configured, PCI of the auxiliary base station is configured to be the same as that of a target base station, interference data can be sent by configuring ocng100% scrambling, the purpose of interfering a target terminal can be achieved, the terminal pdcch and pdsch are wrongly decoded, finally a radio link fails, after the radio link fails, a target UE can perform reconstruction or reselection, and reconstruction or reselection to the base station with interference can fail, and as a main base station signal is best and no interference exists, the target UE can reconstruct or reselect to the main base station.
For the terminal in the idle state, the target can be accessed to the main base station by sending a safety short message, so that the terminal enters a connection state, and only the interference in the connection state is effective.
The TAC of the main base station is set, and is different from the TACs of surrounding base stations, the TAC update is initiated by the target UR terminal when the target UR terminal is connected with the main base station, then a T3412 timer starts to count, and if the timer is overtime, the main base station can enter an idle state. Before the timer T3412 expires, the paging is sent to the target UE, which tells the UE that the system information has an update, and the system information updates the TAC. After receiving paging, the UE re-receives the sib1, and receives a new TAC, the UE re-initiates TAC update, so that T3412 re-starts, and the target stays in the main base station all the time after repeated circulation.
And S4, extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE.
The IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the primary base station is extracted through signaling interaction, and specifically, the identity query can be performed on the target UE reconstructed to the primary base station by the primary base station to obtain the IMSI of the target UE.
Based on the IMSI of the target UE, the RB resources with the same frequency are allocated through the main base station, and the frequency point of the signal sent by the target UE is controlled;
tracking the signal of the target UE through a field intensity meter, and further positioning the target UE.
Therefore, the positioning method solves the problem that the positioning user is difficult in the public security positioning system, improves the positioning effectiveness of the target user, and overcomes the defect that a single base station cannot be used for interference and positioning at the same time by adopting double base stations.
The flow of the positioning method of the present invention is described in detail below with reference to fig. 3:
first, the reselection principle and the positioning principle are described.
The reselection principle:
for idle-state UEs, the UE may always measure high-priority frequency points based on reselection principles. Setting the frequency point of the main base station as the frequency point with the highest priority in the current environment, and when the frequency point of the UE is lower than the frequency point of the pseudo base station and reselecting to a cell with high priority, the terminal reselects to the cell with high priority as long as the cell threshold with high priority exceeds a certain threshold, regardless of the cell signal.
Same priority reselection
1) Common frequency measurement threshold (S criterion). The RRC layer calculates Srxlev (S criteria) according to RSRP measurement results and compares it with Sintrasearch (same frequency measurement start threshold) as a decision condition for whether to start neighbor cell measurement. For the same frequency/same priority cell, if the serving cell is less than or equal to Sintrasearch (same frequency measurement start threshold) or square < = SIntraSearchQ, UE, performing measurement, otherwise not performing measurement.
2) The R criterion of the same-frequency cell reselection, the UE residence time exceeds 1S, and the S value of the same-frequency or same-priority cell is smaller than or equal to a preset threshold (Sintrasearch: the common frequency measurement start threshold) and continue to satisfy the R criterion (Rt > Rs) for a time T.
Positioning principle:
1) According to the reselection principle, for idle state UE, the target can be directly reselected to the main base station, the UE can enter a connection state through a safe short message, and then the UE is rebuilt to the main base station through the interference of an auxiliary base station. For the connection state UE, the target UE may be caused to debug the data by interfering with the pcb or the module 3, and then the radio link fails. After the radio link fails, the re-establishment is carried out, the re-establishment to the base station which is interfered with each other fails, and only the re-establishment to the main base station can succeed. It must be accessed to the master base station of the present invention.
2) The base station obtains imsi (international mobile subscriber identity) through signaling interaction, and simultaneously controls the target UE to be always on-line, and simultaneously controls the frequency point of the signal transmitted by the target UE through the RB resource of the same frequency.
3) The field strength meter tracks the signal of UE, thus finding the target UE.
The specific flow is shown with reference to fig. 3, comprising:
step 1, a background of the public security system inquires a base station where a target is located, and a cell where the target is located is known.
And 2, the pseudo base station is provided with a sweep frequency module. The sweep frequency module can solve the system information of the target base station, and knows the priority of nearby frequency points and the signal strength of each cell by knowing the system information.
And step 3, configuring that the signal strength of the main base station is stronger than that of the auxiliary base station and the target base station 3 DB. The greater the signal strength, the better. The TAC of the configured main base station is different from the target base station and the auxiliary base station.
And 4, configuring parameters of an interference base station (auxiliary base station), wherein the PCI is the same as that of a target base station, and transmitting interference data by configuring ocng100% scrambling. The purpose of disturbing the target terminal can be achieved. Resulting in a terminal pdcch, pdch debug, and finally radio link failure. After the radio link fails, the reestablishment is performed, the reestablishment fails to the base station with interference, the signal of the main base station is best, the signal of the main base station is not interfered, and the target UE can reestablish or reselect to the main base station.
And 5, for the terminal in the idle state, the target can be accessed to the base station by sending a safety short message, so that the terminal enters a connection state, and only the interference in the connection state is effective.
And 6, setting TACs of the main base station, wherein the TACs are different from the TACs of surrounding base stations. The terminal receives the base station and initiates the TAC update, then the T3412 timer starts to count, and if the timer expires, the base station enters the idle state.
And 7, before the timer T3412 is overtime, sending paging with the target UE to tell the UE that the system information is updated, and updating the TAC by the system information.
And 8, the UE receives the new TAC after receiving the paging, and re-initiates TAC updating by the UE, so that the UE is restarted, and the target stays in the main base station all the time by repeatedly cycling the UE in the T3412.
Step 9, the ue re-establishes or reselects to the primary base station. Since the pseudo base station is not a regular base station, no core network exists, and complete access cannot be achieved. Only identity queries and UE capability queries can be walked to. The IMSI of the target may be obtained through the identity query.
And step 10, the main base station controls the target terminal to be always on through signaling. And then transmits data on a specific RB. Since RB is specific, the frequency bin is also specific. Thus, the field intensity meter can be used for tracking and continuously approaching the target user.
Through the scheme, the problem that positioning users are difficult in a public security positioning system is solved, the positioning effectiveness of target users is improved, and the defect that a single base station cannot be used for interference and positioning at the same time is overcome through adopting double base stations.
The invention also provides a positioning system based on the double base stations, which comprises a main base station, an auxiliary base station, a memory and a processor, wherein the memory is stored with a computer program, and the computer program executes the steps of the method when being called by the processor.
The invention furthermore proposes a computer storage medium on which a computer program is stored, which computer program, when being called by a processor, performs the steps of the method as described above.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the positioning method, the positioning system and the storage medium based on the double base stations are provided, wherein the double base stations comprise a main base station and an auxiliary base station, and the system information of the target base station is obtained through obtaining the target base station where the target UE is located and through sweep frequency; according to the system information, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station; configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstruct to the main base station; and extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE. The problem that positioning users in a public security positioning system is difficult is solved, the positioning effectiveness of target users is improved, and the defect that a single base station cannot be used for interference and positioning at the same time is overcome by adopting double base stations.
The foregoing description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and all equivalent structural changes made by the specification and drawings of the present invention or direct/indirect application in other related technical fields are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The positioning method based on the double base stations is characterized by being applied to a public security system, wherein the double base stations comprise a main base station and an auxiliary base station, and the method comprises the following steps:
acquiring a target base station where target UE is located, and acquiring a system message of the target base station through frequency sweep;
according to the system information, configuring that the signal intensity of the main base station is stronger than the intensities of the auxiliary base station and the target base station;
configuring parameters of the auxiliary base station so that the auxiliary base station interferes with the target base station, and the target UE fails to reconstruct to the target base station, and then reconstructs or reselects to the main base station;
extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed or reselected to the main base station, and controlling and tracking and positioning the target UE through the main base station based on the IMSI of the target UE;
the step of configuring the signal strength of the primary base station to be stronger than the strengths of the secondary base station and the target base station according to the system message includes:
analyzing the system message to obtain the frequency point of the target base station and the signal intensity of each covered cell;
configuring the frequency point of the main base station as the frequency point with the highest priority in the current environment, configuring the signal intensity of the main base station to be stronger than the intensity of the auxiliary base station and the target base station, and configuring the TAC of the main base station to be different from the target base station and the auxiliary base station;
the step of configuring parameters of the secondary base station to enable the secondary base station to interfere with the target base station and enable the target UE to fail to reestablish to the target base station, and then reestablish or reselect to the main base station includes:
and configuring the PCI of the auxiliary base station to be the same as that of the target base station, and configuring ocng100% scrambling to transmit interference data so as to enable the auxiliary base station to interfere with the target base station, and enabling the target UE to fail to reestablish to the target base station, thereby reestablishing or reselecting to the main base station.
2. The dual base station based positioning method according to claim 1, wherein the step of configuring parameters of the secondary base station to cause the secondary base station to interfere with the target base station and cause a target UE to fail to reestablish to the target base station, and further reestablish or reselect to the primary base station further comprises:
if the target UE is in the idle state, a safety short message is sent through the main base station, so that the target UE is accessed to the main base station, and then the target UE enters a connection state;
and the master base station interacts with the target UE to send and respond the TAC update message, so that the target UE stays at the master base station all the time.
3. The dual base station based positioning method of claim 2, wherein the steps of extracting the IMSI of the target UE rebuilt to the master base station, and controlling and tracking positioning the target UE by the master base station based on the IMSI of the target UE comprise:
extracting the IMSI of the target UE reconstructed to the main base station through signaling interaction;
based on the IMSI of the target UE, the RB resources with the same frequency are allocated through the main base station, and the frequency point of the signal sent by the target UE is controlled;
tracking the signal of the target UE through a field intensity meter, and further positioning the target UE.
4. A dual base station based positioning method according to claim 3, wherein the step of re-establishing the IMSI of the target UE to the primary base station by means of signaling interaction extraction comprises:
and carrying out identity query on the target UE rebuilt to the main base station through the main base station to obtain the IMSI of the target UE.
5. A dual base station based positioning system, comprising a primary base station and a secondary base station, and a memory and a processor, the memory having stored thereon a computer program which, when invoked by the processor, performs the steps of the method according to any of claims 1-4.
6. A computer storage medium, characterized in that the medium has stored thereon a computer program which, when called by a processor, performs the steps of the method according to any of claims 1-4.
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