CN113473048A - Non-uniformity correction method for pulse array image sensor - Google Patents
Non-uniformity correction method for pulse array image sensor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of optics, image sensor imaging and image processing, and provides a non-uniformity correction method for a pulse array image sensor. Therefore, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is that a characteristic matrix of the pulse image sensor is established facing to a non-uniformity correction method of the pulse array image sensor, and an impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor when the exposure time is M is described by utilizing the characteristic matrix; preprocessing the acquired image data; and carrying out non-uniformity correction on the preprocessed image data by using the impulse response curve of each pixel point. The invention is mainly applied to the imaging and image processing occasions of the image sensor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the fields of optics, image sensor imaging and image processing, in particular to a non-uniformity correction method for a pulse array image sensor.
Background
Image sensors have been a focus of human research. The pulse array image sensor adopts a mode of combining asynchronous reset and traditional line scanning synchronous reading, the frame rate can reach 40K frames per second, a 1-bit pulse sequence of a complete pixel array is output, the data volume is reduced, meanwhile, an arbitration module is avoided, image information can be completely output, the completeness of the information is ensured, and the requirement of high-speed imaging is met. The working principle is that the photodiode of the pixel converts the optical signal into the electric signal for integration, when the integral value exceeds the threshold value, the photodiode resets to start new integration, simultaneously generates a pulse signal to be stored in a reading circuit of the pixel, and transmits the pulse signal to a column bus after a frame period signal which is synchronously read comes, and the pulse signal is output to the outside of the chip through a cache and a high-speed interface. The output pulse data "0" indicates that there is no pulse trigger in the frame period, and "1" indicates that there is a pulse trigger in the frame period.
However, due to the deviation of the process size, a mismatch problem exists between pixels, which causes a rough and non-uniform imaging surface of the image sensor, and since the data output format of the pulse array image sensor is special and is a single-bit pulse sequence, a conventional non-uniformity suppression algorithm cannot be used for correction, and if the non-uniformity correction is performed on an image reconstructed based on pulse data, an error introduced in a reduction process exists, so that a new non-uniformity correction method is required for the pulse image sensor in order to better realize the non-uniformity correction of the image.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a non-uniformity correction method facing a pulse array image sensor, which mainly corrects the non-uniformity phenomenon of the pulse image sensor in the reconstruction process, and the algorithm has universality for other similar image sensors. Therefore, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is that a characteristic matrix of the pulse image sensor is established facing to a non-uniformity correction method of the pulse array image sensor, and an impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor when the exposure time is M is described by utilizing the characteristic matrix; preprocessing the acquired image data; and carrying out non-uniformity correction on the preprocessed image data by using the impulse response curve of each pixel point.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) if the pixel array of the image sensor is M rows and n columns, the image sensor is exposed for the same time M frames under uniform light with different light intensities, namely, the light intensity is gradually increased from no light, and the pulse number of each pixel under different light intensities is collected
Until the number of pulses per pixel increases with increasing light intensity
The stability does not change any more, at this moment, the image sensor reaches the light intensity saturation state, the light response curves of all pixels of the image sensor are drawn, then the part of the light response curve of each pixel, which changes along with the light intensity, is divided into two sections, namely a linear section and a nonlinear section, in the linear section, the pulse number generated by the image sensor in the same exposure time is in a linear increasing state along with the increase of the light intensity, in the nonlinear section, the pulse number is in a parabolic increasing state, and the pulse number is expressed as follows by adopting a piecewise function:
in the above formula
Representing the number of pulses generated by the pixel of the ith row and the jth column within a certain exposure time M, a1ij,b1ij,a2ij，b2ij，cijA least squares fitting coefficient for the pixel photoresponse curve, EijThe exposure amount (lux frame) is correlated with the exposure time and the light intensity,
for the maximum pulse number of the linear segment of the ith row and the jth column pixels, eachThe fitting coefficients of the pixels constitute the following matrix:
the matrix A, B, C is used as a characteristic matrix of the pulse image sensor, and the three matrixes are used for describing an impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor when the exposure time is M;
(2) secondly, preprocessing the acquired image data, converting pulse sequence information into information of pulse intervals, wherein the conversion method comprises the following steps: taking the ith row and jth column pixels as an example, all the output time points of the pulse sequence for finding the pixel are 1 from the 1 st frame in sequence, and are assumed to be respectively at the t th frame1,t2,t3,···,tnFrame, then the pulse interval of the pixel at the t-th frame is recorded as
If t is less than or equal to t1Then interval of pulse
The value is denoted as t1If t isn-1<t≤tnThen, then
A value of tn-tn-1And error judgment and elimination processing are needed to be carried out on the pulse interval converted by each pixel: if t th of the pixel0Frame and t0Absolute difference of pulse interval of 1 frame is 1, and t0-1 frame of pulse interval valueAnd a first
If the pulse interval values of the frame are equal, the pixel is considered to be the first
The temporal error of the frame pulse interval value is as follows:
at this time, the t-th0-1 replacement of the pulse interval value of a frame pixel
Pulse interval value of frame:
this method is applied to all pixels, and thus pulse interval information at the tth frame within the exposure time M of all pixels can be obtained as follows:
where p (t) represents the pulse interval matrix obtained by the image sensor at the t-th frame, and then the following method is adopted to convert the pulse interval into the number of pulses:
wherein
Is the ith row and jth column element of matrix P (t) in equation (7), M is the exposure time,
is the number of pulses converted from pulse interval, this method is applied to all elements in the matrix p (t), the pulse interval matrix in equation (7) is converted into a pulse number matrix:
(4) then, the non-uniformity correction of the image sensor is performed, which is represented by the piecewise function of the previously described photoresponse curve as:
wherein
Represents a matrix N (t) in the formula (9)MRow i and column j of1ijAnd a2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column of the matrix A, b1ijAnd b2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column element of the matrix B in the formula (3), cijExpressing the ith row and jth column elements in a matrix C in the formula (4), solving the equation to obtain the exposure E of the ith row and jth column pixels in the t frame within the exposure time MijApplying the method to matrix N (t)MThe exposure E of all the pixels can be obtained after all the elements in theMAs follows:
since the ideal impulse response curve is a linear line, the ideal impulse response curve can be defined as a linear function, and the exposure E obtained above can be expressed as a linear functionMAnd substituting the ideal response curve to calculate an ideal impulse response matrix corresponding to the exposure time M as follows:
where G (t) is a gray scale image matrix,
for the corrected pulse number, h is the coefficient of the ideal photoresponse curve, K represents the conversion coefficient of the pulse number and the gray scale, and U is a proper constant matrix, and different target values can be set according to the actual situation of the image for adjusting the overall brightness of the image.
The invention has the characteristics and beneficial effects that:
aiming at the non-uniformity of the light response curve and the image non-uniformity in the reconstruction process of the pulse array image sensor, the method provides a correction method, and the method can correct the non-uniformity and the image non-uniformity of the light response curve in the reconstruction process of the pulse array image sensor and achieve a good correction effect.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 corrects the light response curves of all pixels before correction.
Fig. 2 pulse sequence is converted to an example pulse interval.
Fig. 3 illustrates the error introduced during the transition of the pulse intervals by the pulse train.
FIG. 4 corrected light response curves.
FIG. 5 is a three-dimensional gray-scale histogram and an image sensor wheel image before and after correction.
FIG. 6 corrects the front and back image sensor uniform light imaging picture and column level gray scale standard deviation.
Fig. 7 is an overall flow chart of the algorithm.
Detailed Description
(1) If the pixel array of the image sensor is M rows and n columns, the image sensor is exposed for the same time M frames under uniform light with different light intensities, namely, the light intensity is gradually increased from no light, and different light intensities are collectedPulse number per pixel
Until the number of pulses per pixel increases with increasing light intensity
The stability no longer changes, and at this time, the image sensor reaches a light intensity saturation state, and a light response curve of all pixels of the image sensor is drawn, as shown in fig. 1. Then, the part of the light response curve of each pixel changing with the light intensity can be divided into two segments, namely a linear segment and a nonlinear segment, wherein in the linear segment, the pulse number generated by the image sensor in the same exposure time is in a linear increasing state along with the increase of the light intensity, and in the nonlinear segment, the pulse number is in a parabolic increasing state. It is expressed as:
in the above formula
Representing the number of pulses generated by the pixel of the ith row and the jth column within a certain exposure time M, a1ij,b1ij,a2ij，b2ij，cijA least squares fitting coefficient for the pixel photoresponse curve, EijThe exposure amount (lux frame) is correlated with the exposure time and the light intensity,
the maximum pulse number of the linear segment is the ith row and the jth column pixel. The fitting coefficients for each pixel are organized into the following matrix:
the matrix A, B, C is used as a feature matrix of the impulse image sensor, and the impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor at the exposure time of M can be described by using the three matrices.
(2) Secondly, the acquired image data needs to be preprocessed, because each frame output of the image sensor only represents that whether pulses are generated or not is '0' and '1', the integration time under high light intensity is short, the time interval for generating the two pulses is short, the integration time under low light intensity is long, and the time interval for generating the two pulses is long, therefore, the time interval of the two adjacent trigger pulses can be used as a basis for judging the light intensity, the pulse sequence information can be converted into the information of the pulse interval, and the conversion method is as follows: taking the ith row and jth column pixels as an example, all the output time points of the pulse sequence for finding the pixel are 1 from the 1 st frame in sequence, and are assumed to be respectively at the t th frame1,t2,t3,···,tnFrame, then the pulse interval of the pixel at the t-th frame is recorded as
If t is less than or equal to t1Then interval of pulse
The value is denoted as t1If t isn-1<t≤tnThen, then
A value of tn-tn-1Such as shown in fig. 2. However, the pulse image sensor adopts an asynchronous reset synchronous reading mechanism, namely, the photodiode is reset immediately after reaching the threshold value to restart accumulating charges, and the generated pulse data 1 only waits for a frame reading periodWhich will not be read out until then, the same intensity may also result in an error time for each pixel which does not exceed the frame period, causing the pulse interval to fluctuate, as shown in figure 3. For this purpose, an error determination and elimination process is also required for the pulse interval converted for each pixel. If t th of the pixel0Frame and t0Absolute difference of pulse interval of 1 frame is 1, and t0-1 frame of pulse interval value and
if the pulse interval values of the frame are equal, the pixel is considered to be the first
The temporal error of the frame pulse interval value is as follows:
at this time, the t-th0-1 replacement of the pulse interval value of a frame pixel
Pulse interval value of frame:
this method is applied to all pixels, and thus pulse interval information at the tth frame within the exposure time M of all pixels can be obtained as follows:
where p (t) represents the pulse interval matrix obtained by the image sensor at the t-th frame, and then the following method is adopted to convert the pulse interval into the number of pulses:
wherein
Is the ith row and jth column element of matrix P (t) in equation (7), M is the exposure time,
is the number of pulses converted from pulse interval, applying this method to all elements in matrix p (t), the pulse interval matrix in equation (7) can be converted into a pulse number matrix:
(4) then, the non-uniformity correction of the image sensor is performed, and the piecewise function of the previously described optical response curve can be expressed as:
wherein
Represents a matrix N (t) in the formula (9)MRow i and column j of1ijAnd a2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column of the matrix A, b1ijAnd b2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column element of the matrix B in the formula (3), cijExpressing the ith row and jth column elements in a matrix C in the formula (4), solving the equation to obtain the exposure E of the ith row and jth column pixels in the t frame within the exposure time MijApplying the method to matrix N (t)MThe exposure E of all the pixels can be obtained after all the elements in theMAs follows:
since the ideal impulse response curve is a linear line, the ideal impulse response curve can be defined as a linear function, and the exposure E obtained above can be expressed as a linear functionMThe ideal impulse response matrix corresponding to the exposure time M can be calculated by substituting the ideal response curve, as follows:
where G (t) is a gray scale image matrix,
for the corrected pulse number, h is the coefficient of the ideal photoresponse curve, K represents the conversion coefficient of the pulse number and the gray scale, and U is a proper constant matrix, and different target values can be set according to the actual situation of the image for adjusting the overall brightness of the image.
The exposure time M is 1500 frames, and generally, the longer the exposure time is, the smaller the error introduced in the photoresponse curve correction process is, the better the correction effect is, but the calculation amount is also increased. The ideal photoresponse curve coefficient h is taken to be 0.8, and generally the larger h is, the higher the contrast of the whole image is. The conversion coefficient K of the number of pulses to the gradation is generally 2, and the constant matrix for adjusting the overall brightness of the image is generally 0. Fig. 4 shows the light response curve after being corrected by using the above parameters, and as can be seen from comparison with fig. 1, the consistency of the light response curve is improved compared with that before being corrected. Fig. 5 shows the before-correction and after-correction rotor images taken by the image sensor and their gray level histograms, and it can be seen that the surface of the corrected image is smoother, much of the burr noise is removed, and the non-uniformity is effectively improved, compared to before-correction. In order to more intuitively see the correction effect, the smoothness of the image surface is measured by the standard deviation, fig. 6 is an imaging picture taken by the image sensor after 78lux of uniform light is corrected and before the image sensor is corrected, and the column standard deviation of the imaging picture, and the whole standard deviation of the image is reduced from 3.1336 to 0.9524 by the correction method, so that the correction method has a good correction effect on the nonuniformity of the pulse array image sensor.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (2)
1. A nonuniformity correction method facing a pulse array image sensor is characterized in that a characteristic matrix of the pulse image sensor is established, and an impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor is described by using the characteristic matrix when the exposure time is M; preprocessing the acquired image data; and carrying out non-uniformity correction on the preprocessed image data by using the impulse response curve of each pixel point.
2. The method for correcting the nonuniformity of a pulse array image sensor according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
(1) if the pixel array of the image sensor is M rows and n columns, the image sensor is exposed for the same time M frames under uniform light with different light intensities, namely, the light intensity is gradually increased from no light, and the pulse number of each pixel under different light intensities is collected
Until the number of pulses per pixel increases with increasing light intensity
The stability is not changed any more, at the moment, the image sensor reaches a light intensity saturation state, the light response curves of all pixels of the image sensor are drawn, and then the part of the light response curve of each pixel, which changes along with the light intensity, is usedThe method is divided into two sections, namely a linear section and a nonlinear section, wherein in the linear section, the pulse number generated by the image sensor in the same exposure time is in a linear increasing state along with the increase of light intensity, in the nonlinear section, the pulse number is in a parabolic increasing state, and the pulse number is expressed as follows by adopting a piecewise function:
in the above formula
Representing the number of pulses generated by the pixel of the ith row and the jth column within a certain exposure time M, a1ij,b1ij,a2ij，b2ij，cijA least squares fitting coefficient for the pixel photoresponse curve, EijThe exposure amount (lux frame) is correlated with the exposure time and the light intensity,
for the maximum pulse number of the linear segment of the ith row and the jth column of pixels, the fitting coefficient of each pixel is formed into a matrix as follows:
the matrix A, B, C is used as a characteristic matrix of the pulse image sensor, and the three matrixes are used for describing an impulse response curve of each pixel point of the image sensor when the exposure time is M;
(2) secondly, preprocessing the acquired image data, converting pulse sequence information into information of pulse intervals, wherein the conversion method comprises the following steps: taking the ith row and jth column pixels as an example, all the output time points of the pulse sequence for finding the pixel are 1 from the 1 st frame in sequence, and are assumed to be respectively at the t th frame1,t2,t3,···,tnFrame, then the pulse interval of the pixel at the t-th frame is recorded as
If t is less than or equal to t1Then interval of pulse
The value is denoted as t1If t isn-1<t≤tnThen, then
A value of tn-tn-1And error judgment and elimination processing are needed to be carried out on the pulse interval converted by each pixel: if t th of the pixel0Frame and t0Absolute difference of pulse interval of 1 frame is 1, and t0-1 frame of pulse interval value and
if the pulse interval values of the frame are equal, the pixel is considered to be the first
The temporal error of the frame pulse interval value is as follows:
at this time, the t-th0-1 replacement of the pulse interval value of a frame pixel
Pulse interval value of frame:
this method is applied to all pixels, and thus pulse interval information at the tth frame within the exposure time M of all pixels can be obtained as follows:
where p (t) represents the pulse interval matrix obtained by the image sensor at the t-th frame, and then the following method is adopted to convert the pulse interval into the number of pulses:
wherein
Is the ith row and jth column element of matrix P (t) in equation (7), M is the exposure time,
is the number of pulses converted from pulse interval, this method is applied to all elements in the matrix p (t), the pulse interval matrix in equation (7) is converted into a pulse number matrix:
(4) then, the non-uniformity correction of the image sensor is performed, which is represented by the piecewise function of the previously described photoresponse curve as:
wherein
Represents a matrix N (t) in the formula (9)MRow i and column j of1ijAnd a2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column of the matrix A, b1ijAnd b2ijRepresents the ith row and jth column element of the matrix B in the formula (3), cijExpressing the ith row and jth column elements in a matrix C in the formula (4), solving the equation to obtain the exposure E of the ith row and jth column pixels in the t frame within the exposure time MijApplying the method to matrix N (t)MThe exposure E of all the pixels can be obtained after all the elements in theMAs follows:
since the ideal impulse response curve is a linear line, the ideal impulse response curve can be defined as a linear function, and the exposure E obtained above can be expressed as a linear functionMAnd substituting the ideal response curve to calculate an ideal impulse response matrix corresponding to the exposure time M as follows:
where G (t) is a gray scale image matrix,
for the corrected pulse number, h is the coefficient of the ideal photoresponse curve, and K represents the pulse number andthe conversion coefficient of the gray scale, U, is a suitable constant matrix, and different target values can be set according to the actual situation of the image, so as to adjust the overall brightness of the image.
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