CN113465526B - Gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor and application method thereof - Google Patents
Gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor and application method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113465526B CN113465526B CN202110721608.3A CN202110721608A CN113465526B CN 113465526 B CN113465526 B CN 113465526B CN 202110721608 A CN202110721608 A CN 202110721608A CN 113465526 B CN113465526 B CN 113465526B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
- G01B11/165—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge by means of a grating deformed by the object
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
- G01B11/18—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge using photoelastic elements
Abstract
The invention provides a gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor and a using method thereof. The sensor includes: the system comprises a plurality of single-period sensing structures with the same structure, wherein the single-period sensing structures are integrally connected; any single-period sensing structure sequentially comprises an inner conductor, an insulating layer with gradually-changed cross section radius gradients, a metal outer conductor and an outer sheath from inside to outside, wherein the inner conductor, the insulating layer, the metal outer conductor and the outer sheath are coaxially arranged; and the gradient model of the gradient insulating layer is constructed by a cubic spline interpolation curve. Compared with the traditional coaxial electric grid sensor, the gradient insulating layer has the advantages of continuous overall structure, simple structure, low cost, large strain range, uniform stress in the strain process, sensitive structure perception and high response speed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of structural health monitoring, in particular to a gradient variable-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor and a using method thereof.
Background
In the whole life cycle of large-scale infrastructures such as ships, marine platforms, bridge and tunnel projects, the structures or functions of the large-scale infrastructures are damaged to different degrees due to natural and artificial factors. If the damage monitoring is not timely, the economic life and property safety is seriously threatened, so that the real-time Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for large facilities is necessary. As an important component of the SHM, the nondestructive real-time strain sensor has a decisive role in monitoring response speed, microstrain resolution, stability and the like, the research aiming at the real-time strain sensor is always a hot spot in the field of the SHM, and the research is gradually developed along with the continuous deepening of relevant theories and the continuous development and the continuous aging of preparation processes. The most representative and commonly used strain sensors in engineering are resistive strain gages and fiber bragg grating strain sensors. Due to the fact that the monitoring range of the single strain gauge is limited, the sensor embedding amount is large for large-range strain, and therefore the single strain gauge is not good for health monitoring of large-scale facilities. The application of the bragg fiber grating strain sensor is limited due to the characteristics of fragility, small strain range and the like.
The dynamic strain monitoring range of the strain sensor applied to structural health monitoring at present is small, stress concentration and structure slippage exist in the stress stretching process, the precision error is large, the leaky wave is serious, the frequency attenuation is large, the insulating medium layer is subjected to plastic deformation, the sensor is damaged and cannot be reused, and the maintenance cost of the sensor is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the technical problems that the dynamic strain monitoring range of the strain sensor is small, stress is concentrated in the stress stretching process, the structure slips, the precision error is large and the like, the strain sensor and the use method of the strain sensor are provided. According to the invention, a cubic spline interpolation function is mainly adopted to define the external configuration of the CCBG insulating layer, and the reasonable transmission characteristics and the extreme value monitoring frequency point are obtained by adjusting the characteristic parameters of interpolation points.
The technical means adopted by the invention are as follows:
a gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor comprising: the system comprises a plurality of single-period sensing structures with the same structure, wherein the single-period sensing structures are integrally connected; any single-period sensing structure sequentially comprises an inner conductor, an insulating layer with a gradient cross section radius, a metal outer conductor and an outer sheath from inside to outside, wherein the inner conductor, the insulating layer, the metal outer conductor and the outer sheath are coaxially arranged;
the insulating layer model with the gradually changed cross section radius gradient is constructed by a cubic spline interpolation curve:
wherein S is i (x) Represents the cubic spline interpolation function, s' (x) i ) Denotes S i (x) The second derivative of (a) is,
represents x i Function value of corresponding cubic spline curve, x i ，x i+1 Coordinates of two end points of the monocycle subinterval, x representing a set parameter marker in the function, x i <x<x i+1 。
Further, a matching load is connected to the end of the sensor.
Further, the length of the monocycle sensing structure is determined according to the following manner:
wherein l 0 Indicating the length, v, of a monocycle sensing structure wav Representing the propagation velocity, omega, of the wave in the coaxial line 0 Indicating an initially set monitoring frequency point, c o Denotes the speed of light, ∈ i Indicating the dielectric constant of the insulating layer of the coaxial line.
Furthermore, the gradient insulating layer is prepared by adopting a medium with low elastic modulus and is processed and manufactured by a 3D printing technology.
The invention also provides a use method of the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
combining the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor with a structure to be monitored, wherein the combination mode comprises the step of attaching the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor to the surface of the structure to be monitored or burying the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor in the structure to be monitored;
connecting the gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor with a network analyzer;
reading the S parameter of the sensor by using a network analyzer;
generating the maximum reflection coefficient by the coaxial strain sensor at an initially set extreme value frequency point, wherein the initially set extreme value frequency point is determined by an interpolation type value point of a cubic spline curve;
the gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor is stretched and deformed along axial stress, the frequency shift of the initially set extreme value frequency point occurs, and a structural strain quantity result is obtained based on the corresponding relation between the frequency shift quantity of the initially set extreme value frequency point and the structural strain quantity.
Further, the number of the single-period sensing structures included in the sensor is determined according to the resolution degree of the network analyzer on the reflection coefficient amplitude and the transmission coefficient amplitude.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a reusable high-elongation gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor. A cubic spline interpolation function is adopted to define the external configuration of a CCBG insulating layer, and a design and analysis model of a periodic impedance discontinuous CCBG strain sensor with a gradient variable cross section is constructed by adjusting characteristic parameters of interpolation points to obtain reasonable transmission characteristics and extremum monitoring frequency points. A low-elasticity-modulus material is introduced to serve as an insulating layer, the gradient variable-section insulating layer is prepared through a 3D printing technology, and the manufacturability of a designed gradient structure and the rationality of the structure are verified.
2. Compared with the traditional coaxial line, the gradient insulating layer has the advantages of continuous integral structure, simple structure preparation, low cost, large strain range, uniform stress in the strain process, sensitive structure perception and high response speed. The anti-interference capability is strong, the influence factor by the outside is small, the corrosion resistance is high, the reliability is high, the cyclic use is realized, and the large-range dynamic strain monitoring can be realized.
Based on the reasons, the invention can be widely popularized in the field of structural health monitoring.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a length diagram of a monocycle sensing structure according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an external cross-sectional form of a gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a front view of a gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating of the gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a S-parameter curve obtained in the example, where S21 is a transmittance curve and S11 is a reflectance curve.
FIG. 6 is a plot of frequency shift versus strain for the examples.
In the figure: 1. an inner conductor; 2. an insulating layer with a gradually-changed radius gradient of the cross section; 3. a metal outer conductor.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The relative arrangement of the components and steps, the numerical expressions and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention unless specifically stated otherwise. Meanwhile, it should be understood that the sizes of the respective portions shown in the drawings are not drawn in an actual proportional relationship for the convenience of description. Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate. Any specific values in all examples shown and discussed herein are to be construed as exemplary only and not as limiting. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, further discussion thereof is not required in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the directional terms such as "front, rear, upper, lower, left, right", "lateral, vertical, horizontal" and "top, bottom", etc., are generally based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are used for convenience of description and simplicity of description only, and in the absence of any contrary indication, these directional terms are not intended to indicate and imply that the device or element so referred to must have a particular orientation or be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention: the terms "inner and outer" refer to the inner and outer relative to the profile of the respective component itself.
For ease of description, spatially relative terms such as "over 8230," "upper surface," "above," and the like may be used herein to describe the spatial positional relationship of one device or feature to other devices or features as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is turned over, devices described as "above" or "on" other devices or configurations would then be oriented "below" or "under" the other devices or configurations. Thus, the exemplary terms "at 8230; \8230; 'above" may include both orientations "at 8230; \8230;' above 8230; 'at 8230;' below 8230;" above ". The device may be otherwise variously oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and the like are used to define the components, and are only used for convenience of distinguishing the corresponding components, and unless otherwise stated, the terms have no special meaning, and therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be construed as being limited.
The invention discloses an optimized design of a recyclable high-elongation gradient variable-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor. The coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor mainly comprises an inner conductor, a gradient insulating layer, a metal outer conductor, an outer sheath, a high-frequency coaxial connector and a matched load. When strain is monitored, the sensor is connected with a network analyzer, and the strain capacity of the coaxial sensor structure is monitored through frequency domain reflection and the frequency shift quantity of the transmission coefficient extreme value frequency point. Therefore, the structural strength of the large-scale infrastructure is monitored in real time, and is evaluated and prejudged.
Specifically, the sensor structure, as shown in fig. 1-4, includes: the system comprises a plurality of single-period sensing structures with the same structure, wherein the single-period sensing structures are integrally connected; the single-period sensing structure comprises an inner conductor 1, an insulating layer 2, a metal outer conductor 3 and an outer sheath, wherein the inner conductor 1, the insulating layer 2, the metal outer conductor 3 and the outer sheath are coaxially arranged from inside to outside in sequence, and a matching load is connected to the end portion of the sensor during use. The gradient insulating layer 2 is formed by gradient of the radius of the cross section of the insulating layer, and the sectional area gradient can also be considered to be gradient.
The insulating layer model with the gradually changed cross section radius gradient is constructed by a cubic spline interpolation curve:
wherein S is i (x) Represents the cubic spline interpolation function, s' (x) i ) Denotes S i (x) The second derivative of (a) is,
denotes x i Function value of the corresponding cubic spline curve, x i ，x i+1 Representing coordinates of two end points of a monocycle subinterval, x representing a set parameter marker in the function, x i <x<x i+1 。
Further, the length of the monocycle sensing structure is determined according to the following manner:
wherein l 0 The length theta representing the monocycle sensor structure represents the length of each cell, beta represents the phase shift constant in the coaxial cable, v wav Representing the propagation velocity of the wave in the coaxial line, f 0 Indicating an initially set monitoring frequency point, c o Denotes the speed of light,. Epsilon i Representing the dielectric constant of the coaxial line insulating layer.
In the invention, the gradient insulating layer is prepared by adopting a low-elasticity-modulus medium, comprises consumables such as TPU and the like, and is processed and manufactured by a 3D printing technology.
Further, the scheme of the invention can carry out sensitivity setting, and specifically comprises the following steps: the sensitivity of the coaxial band gap crystal strain sensor is defined as the deviation of an initially set extreme frequency point caused by unit strain change.
Wherein Δ E is the amount of strain; delta omega band gap peak frequency shift, omega 0 Initially setting extreme frequency point, epsilon dielectric constant of insulating layer before strain, epsilon strain Dielectric constant of the strained insulating layer. Strain process
Then the sensitivity is approximately expressed as:
the sensitivity of the sensor is related to the initial set extreme frequency point of the sensor. The higher the initial set extreme value frequency point is, the higher the sensitivity of the sensor is.
In addition, the invention also provides a use method of the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor, which comprises the following steps:
s1, combining the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor with a structure to be monitored, wherein the specific combination mode is that the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor is attached to the surface of the structure to be monitored or is buried in the structure to be monitored, and the position of the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor depends on the strain monitoring requirement of monitoring personnel on a certain part in the structure, and any part of the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor can be used.
And S2, connecting the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor with a network analyzer.
And S3, acquiring S parameters of the sensor, wherein the S parameters are mainly used for describing the frequency domain characteristics of the signal transmission system. In the microwave network analysis process, the method is used for explaining the corresponding relation between incident waves and reflected waves and can be directly measured and read by a network analyzer. For a coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor, at an initial set frequency point, an S parameter can generate band gap characteristics, when structural stress deforms, the corresponding relation between original incident waves and reflected waves is damaged, and then the band gap characteristics of the S parameter can change. In this embodiment, the initial setting frequency point is the peak value of the band gap extremum frequency point of the coaxial strain sensor with the gradient insulating layer, and the size of the initial setting frequency point is defined by the interpolation value point (x) of the cubic spline curve i ，
) To determine.
And S4, the coaxial strain sensor generates the maximum reflection coefficient at the set frequency point.
S5, enabling the gradient variable-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor to be stressed and stretched along the axial direction to deform, enabling the extreme value frequency point to generate frequency shift, and obtaining a structural strain quantity result based on the corresponding relation between the band gap peak frequency shift quantity and the structural strain quantity.
Specifically, in the coaxial cable reconstruction process, the gradient insulation layer is made of low-elasticity-modulus tpu consumables through 3D printing technology. In addition, the periodicity n of the gradient insulating layer is determined according to the resolution degree of the network analyzer on the reflection coefficient amplitude and the transmission coefficient amplitude. And connecting the matched load to a coaxial strain sensor terminal in the test process. The gradient insulating layer coaxial strain sensor is combined with an infrastructure structure, the gradient insulating layer coaxial strain sensor is respectively connected with a network analyzer through an SMA joint, and S parameters of the sensor are obtained through VNA. The coaxial strain sensor produces the maximum reflection coefficient at the set frequency point. The strain gauge is stressed and stretched and deformed along the axial direction, the frequency shift of the extreme value frequency point occurs along with the strain gauge, and the frequency shift amount of the band gap peak value corresponds to the structure strain amount.
The scheme and effect of the present invention are further illustrated by specific application examples.
In this embodiment, the gradient insulating layer is made of low-elastic-modulus material tpu, and has a dielectric constant of 2.45. The characteristic impedance is 50 omega, the initial monitoring frequency point is preset to be 4.75GHz, and the length of the single-cycle L is calculated to be 20mm. The inner diameter (copper core) of the gradient insulating layer is 0.68mm, the coordinates of two end points of a cubic spline interpolation function are (0, 2.2, 0) (20, 2.2, 0), and the end section radiuses of the gradient insulating layer are equal. The interpolation point coordinates are (17, 3.2, 0). 10 periodic sensors were fabricated. During the strain stretching process, the VNA acquires S-parameter curves, i.e., a transmission coefficient (S21) and a reflection coefficient (S11) curve. As shown by the two-dot chain line in fig. 5, the frequency point of the extreme value of the reflection coefficient is detected to appear at 4.642GHz. The sensor was stretched in 0.002 step-wise steps and the S21 monitoring curve after strain was shown as a solid line in fig. 5. At this time, the transmission coefficient extremum frequency point appears at 4.342GHz. FIG. 6 is a plot of frequency shift versus strain, wherein the external strain causes the corresponding frequency shift, the strain corresponding to the sensor can be calculated from the frequency shift, and the strain monitoring range of the sensor during the test is more than 6% due to the low elastic modulus of the insulating layer, and the strain monitoring range shows high linearity.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor is characterized by comprising: the system comprises a plurality of single-period sensing structures with the same structure, wherein the single-period sensing structures are integrally connected; any single-period sensing structure sequentially comprises an inner conductor, an insulating layer with gradually-changed cross section radius gradients, a metal outer conductor and an outer sheath from inside to outside, wherein the inner conductor, the insulating layer, the metal outer conductor and the outer sheath are coaxially arranged;
the insulating layer model with the gradually-changed cross section radius gradient is constructed by a cubic spline interpolation curve:
wherein S is i (x) Represents the cubic spline interpolation function, s' (x) i ) Denotes S i (x) The second derivative of (a) is,
represents x i Function value of corresponding cubic spline curve, x i ，x i+1 Representing coordinates of two end points of a monocycle subinterval, x representing a set parameter marker in the function, x i <x<x i+1 ；
Obtaining an extreme value monitoring frequency point by adjusting the characteristic parameters of the interpolation points;
the sensitivity of the strain sensor is related to an initial set extreme value monitoring frequency point, and the higher the initial set extreme value monitoring frequency point is, the higher the sensitivity of the sensor is.
2. The gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor of claim 1, wherein a matching load is connected to the sensor end.
3. The gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor of claim 1, wherein the length of the monocycle sensing structure is determined according to:
wherein l 0 Indicating the length, v, of a monocycle sensing structure wav Representing the propagation velocity, omega, of the wave in the coaxial line 0 Indicating an initially set monitoring frequency point, c o Denotes the speed of light, ∈ i Representing the dielectric constant of the coaxial line insulating layer.
4. The gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor of claim 1, wherein the gradient insulating layer is made of a low-elastic-modulus medium and is processed and manufactured by a 3D printing technology.
5. A method of using the gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising:
combining the gradient variable-cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor with a structure to be monitored, wherein the combination mode comprises the step of attaching the gradient variable-cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor to the surface of the structure to be monitored or burying the gradient variable-cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor in the structure to be monitored;
connecting the gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor with a network analyzer;
reading the S parameter of the sensor by using a network analyzer;
the coaxial strain sensor generates the maximum reflection coefficient at the initially set extreme frequency point, and the initially set extreme frequency point is determined by an interpolation type value point of a cubic spline curve;
the gradient variable cross-section coaxial Bragg grating strain sensor is stretched and deformed along axial stress, the frequency shift of the initially set extreme value frequency point occurs, and a structural strain quantity result is obtained based on the corresponding relation between the frequency shift quantity of the initially set extreme value frequency point and the structural strain quantity.
6. The use method of the gradient variable cross-section coaxial bragg grating strain sensor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the number of the single-period sensing structures included in the sensor is determined according to the resolution degree of a network analyzer on the amplitudes of the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient.
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| CN1869582A (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2006-11-29 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Design method and making process of fibre-optical grating sensitization strain transducer |
| CN103033124A (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2013-04-10 | 大连理工大学 | Coaxial strain sensor filled with discontinuous media |
| CN105937884A (en) * | 2016-06-01 | 2016-09-14 | 东莞理工学院 | Strain sensor based on two-dimensional coaxial Bragg structure |
| CN109724725A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-05-07 | 西南科技大学 | A kind of flexibility strain transducer and its manufacturing method |
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| US10309843B2 (en) * | 2016-01-06 | 2019-06-04 | Rhode Island Board Of Education, State Of Rhode Island And Providence Plantations | Coaxial cable sensor device for distributed strain measurement and shape sensing applications |
| CN108982222B (en) * | 2018-09-19 | 2020-10-16 | 吉林大学 | Method for measuring large-strain-range stress strain of metal plate sample in uniaxial tensile test |
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| CN1869582A (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2006-11-29 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Design method and making process of fibre-optical grating sensitization strain transducer |
| CN103033124A (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2013-04-10 | 大连理工大学 | Coaxial strain sensor filled with discontinuous media |
| CN105937884A (en) * | 2016-06-01 | 2016-09-14 | 东莞理工学院 | Strain sensor based on two-dimensional coaxial Bragg structure |
| CN109724725A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-05-07 | 西南科技大学 | A kind of flexibility strain transducer and its manufacturing method |
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