CN113446714B - Dynamic deviation control method of water multi-connected system and water multi-connected system - Google Patents

Dynamic deviation control method of water multi-connected system and water multi-connected system Download PDF

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CN113446714B
CN113446714B CN202110699487.7A CN202110699487A CN113446714B CN 113446714 B CN113446714 B CN 113446714B CN 202110699487 A CN202110699487 A CN 202110699487A CN 113446714 B CN113446714 B CN 113446714B
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deviation
condition
standby
actual
amount
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CN113446714A (en
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杨和澄
黄承杰
郑神安
张鸿宙
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Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai
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Gree Electric Appliances Inc of Zhuhai
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/62Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
    • F24F11/63Electronic processing
    • F24F11/64Electronic processing using pre-stored data
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2140/00Control inputs relating to system states
    • F24F2140/20Heat-exchange fluid temperature

Abstract

The invention discloses a dynamic deviation control method of a water multi-connected system and the water multi-connected system, wherein the dynamic deviation control method comprises the following steps: detecting the actual outlet water temperature To of the outdoor unit in real time, and calculating the actual deviation amount between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To; judging whether a standby condition or a starting condition is met or not according to the actual deviation and a set start-stop deviation; if the starting condition is met, the external machine enters a starting state; and if the standby condition is met, the external unit enters a standby state, the deviation adjustment amount is calculated according to the running parameters of the external unit in the last starting state, and the start-stop deviation amount is corrected and updated. According to the target outlet water temperature of the outdoor unit and the operation condition of the outdoor unit, the start-stop deviation amount is corrected and updated, the dynamic adjustment of the deviation amount is realized, the start-stop times of the compressor are greatly reduced, the service life is prolonged, and the use comfort of a user is improved.

Description

Dynamic deviation control method of water multi-connected system and water multi-connected system
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water multi-connected systems, in particular to a dynamic deviation control method of a water multi-connected system and the water multi-connected system.
Background
The water multi-connected unit and the household water machine which conform to market demands have a larger market, the good comfort and the high-efficiency energy utilization rate are adopted to obtain the relative favor of consumers, and the main machine types of the water multi-connected unit and the household water machine are a small-cooling-capacity split room water multi-connected system with 8-16 KW and a large-cooling-capacity integral water multi-connected system with 20-35 KW.
In the prior art, a control method of a water multi-connected system generally sets a constant deviation value to control the start and stop of a unit, namely, closed-loop fixed value regulation is mainly used, the dynamic environment of the unit during working cannot be timely and reasonably adjusted, and the problem of frequent start and stop can occur in the use process. For example, when the ambient temperature is relatively proper, the start and stop of the unit are frequent due to the lag of the thermal load, the energy consumption is increased, and the service life of the unit is shortened; or in an extreme environment, due to high (low) environment temperature, the compressor runs continuously for a long time (especially in a unit with two systems, a single system works continuously, and an auxiliary system is difficult to start), the exhaust temperature is increased, the oil temperature is too high, the performance of the unit with the worn compressor is reduced, and meanwhile, great fluctuation of the temperature of supply return water is brought, and the user experience is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defect that the unit is easy to start and stop frequently in the prior art, the invention provides a dynamic deviation control method of a water multi-connected system and the water multi-connected system using the same.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the dynamic deviation control method for designing the water multi-connected system comprises the following steps:
detecting the actual outlet water temperature To of the outdoor unit in real time, and calculating the actual deviation amount between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To;
judging whether a standby condition or a starting condition is met or not according to the actual deviation and a set start-stop deviation;
if the starting condition is met, the external machine enters a starting state;
and if the standby condition is met, the external unit enters a standby state, the deviation adjustment amount is calculated according to the running parameters of the external unit in the last starting state, and the start-stop deviation amount is corrected and updated.
In one embodiment, the start-stop offset includes a start offset Δ T1 and a standby offset Δ T2;
in the cooling mode, it is determined that the start condition is satisfied when Tt < To and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and that the standby condition is satisfied when Tt ≧ To and | Tt-To | = Δ T2;
in the heating mode, it is determined that the start condition is satisfied when Tt > To and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and that the standby condition is satisfied when Tt ≦ To and | Tt-To | = Δ T2.
In another embodiment, the start-stop offset includes a start offset Δ T1 and a standby offset Δ T2;
the method includes determining that the start-up condition is satisfied when the compressor of the outer machine is in a de-energized state and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and determining that the standby condition is satisfied when the compressor of the outer machine is in an energized state and | Tt-To | = Δ T2.
Optionally, the correcting and updating the start-stop deviation amount includes:
acquiring the operating condition of the external unit in the last starting state;
if the operation working condition is a medium light working condition, the updated starting deviation amount delta T1 is the last starting deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount delta T2 is the last standby deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount;
if the operation condition is a bad condition, the updated start deviation amount Δ T1 is the last start deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount Δ T2 is the last standby deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount.
Optionally, calculating a deviation adjustment amount according to the operation parameter of the external unit in the last starting state includes:
acquiring the operating condition of the external unit in the last starting state;
if the operation working condition is a medium light working condition, calculating deviation adjustment quantity according To the operation deviation between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To of the external unit and the inlet and outlet water temperature difference of the external unit;
and if the operation working condition is a severe working condition, calculating deviation adjustment quantity according to the environment temperature deviation between the actual environment temperature Ts and the rated environment temperature Tl of the external unit and the water inlet and outlet temperature difference of the external unit.
Optionally, obtaining the operation condition of the external unit in the last starting state includes:
obtaining the high pressure Ps and the low pressure Pc of the outer machine in the last starting state, and calculating the actual pressure ratio
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
When alpha is less than beta, the running working condition of the external machine is a medium light working condition;
when alpha is larger than or equal to beta, the running working condition of the outer machine is a severe working condition;
wherein, β = γ × ∈%, β is a working condition limit point, γ is a set maximum compression ratio of the compressor, and ∈% is a set correction coefficient.
Optionally, the deviation adjustment amount is Δ Ts when the operation condition is a medium-light condition, and the deviation adjustment amount is Δ To when the operation condition is a severe condition.
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
0-T1 is the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T = Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the outdoor unit.
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
0-T1 is the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T = Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the outdoor unit.
Optionally, the target outlet water temperature Tt is calculated according to the actual indoor temperature and a target indoor temperature set by a user.
The invention also provides a water multi-connected system, which controls the start and stop of the external machine by adopting the dynamic deviation control method, wherein the water multi-connected system is a water multi-connected unit or a household water machine.
Compared with the prior art, the method provided by the invention dynamically corrects and updates the start-stop deviation value by combining the target outlet water temperature and the external environment working condition of the external unit, so that the complete machine is not easily started or standby, the start-stop times of the compressor are greatly reduced, and the service life is prolonged. The air conditioner can continuously operate under medium and light working conditions, avoids frequent vibration of indoor temperature, improves the use comfort of users, avoids overload operation under severe working conditions, reduces the wear rate of parts of the whole air conditioner, and improves the service life and the long-term reliability.
Drawings
The invention is described in detail below with reference to examples and figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a connection structure of a water multi-connection system in the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of start-stop cycle of the water multi-connected system in the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the offset adjustment calculation formula under the medium and light working conditions in the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation diagram of a deviation adjustment calculation formula under severe conditions in the present invention.
Detailed Description
The dynamic deviation control method provided by the invention is suitable for a water multi-connected system, namely a unit which takes water as a refrigerant to exchange heat, firstly, chilled water or hot water is prepared by an outer machine and then is conveyed to an inner machine arranged indoors through a pipeline, the inner machine can be a fan coil and the like, and the fan coil exchanges heat with indoor air, so that the effect of regulating the indoor temperature is achieved.
As shown in fig. 1, the water multi-connected system is generally a water multi-connected unit or a household water machine, and includes an outer unit 1 and an inner unit 3, the number of the inner units 3 is more than two, the inner units 3 are connected in parallel to the outer unit 1, a water distributor 2 is installed at the end of a water outlet pipeline of the outer unit 1, an inlet pipeline of each inner unit 3 is connected to the water distributor 2, chilled water or hot water produced by the outer unit 1 is uniformly distributed to each inner unit 3 by the water distributor 2, a water collector 5 is installed at the head end of the water inlet pipeline of the outer unit 1, an outlet pipeline of each inner unit 3 is connected to the water collector 5, return water of each inner unit 3 is collected by the water collector 5 and is intensively sent back to the outer unit 1, in some embodiments, the multi-connected system is further designed with a bypass balance valve 4 connected in parallel to the inner units 3, two ends of the bypass balance valve 4 are respectively connected to the water collector 5 and the water distributor 2, a water flow sensor is installed in the balance valve 4, adjusting the opening of the bypass balancing valve 4 can change the amount of water flowing to the inner machine 3.
The outdoor unit 1 is provided with a water inlet and outlet temperature sensing bulb, a high and low pressure sensor, an environment temperature sensing bulb and the like, which are respectively used for detecting an actual outlet water temperature To, an actual inlet water temperature Ti, a high pressure Ps, a low pressure Pc and an actual environment temperature Ts. The outdoor unit is also provided with a calculation logic device and an outdoor working condition sensor, the working condition of the outdoor unit is detected and analyzed through the outdoor working condition sensor, the logic calculator calculates deviation regulating quantity according to the working condition of the outdoor unit and the running parameters of the outdoor unit, and the start-stop deviation quantity is corrected and updated. The indoor unit 3 is provided with an indoor working condition sensor, the indoor working condition is analyzed through the indoor working condition sensor, the indoor unit is further connected with a wire controller, a user inputs indoor set parameters through the wire controller, and the set parameters comprise target indoor temperature and the like.
Specifically, the dynamic deviation control method includes the steps of:
detecting the actual outlet water temperature To of the outdoor unit in real time, and calculating the actual deviation amount between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To;
judging whether a standby condition or a starting condition is met or not according to the actual deviation and a set start-stop deviation;
if the starting condition is met, the external machine enters a starting state;
and if the standby condition is met, the external unit enters a standby state, the deviation adjustment amount is calculated according to the running parameters of the external unit in the last starting state, and the start-stop deviation amount is corrected and updated.
It should be noted that, as shown in fig. 2, since the actual leaving water temperature To is detected in real time, after the start-stop deviation amount is updated, the standby condition and the start condition are continuously determined according To the actual leaving water temperature To detected in real time, when the start condition is satisfied, the next start cycle is entered until the actual leaving water temperature To detected in real time satisfies the standby condition, the current start cycle is ended, and when the start condition is satisfied, the next start cycle is entered, where t1 used in the following formula is the operation time of a complete start cycle from entering the start state To ending the start state. The method analyzes the most appropriate start-stop deviation amount according to the running condition of the external unit in the previous starting period, adjusts the next starting period, and finally achieves the effect of stabilizing the running state of the unit through continuous adjustment.
The execution logic of each step is described in detail below.
Firstly, the actual deviation is calculated by subtracting the absolute value of the actual leaving water temperature To from the target leaving water temperature Tt, the target leaving water temperature Tt varies with the indoor demand, the target leaving water temperature Tt is calculated according To the actual indoor temperature and the target indoor temperature set by the user, and the calculation method is any one of the prior art, for example, the target leaving water temperature Tt = a × | TPractice of-TTarget|+B,TPractice ofIs the actual ambient temperature, T, of the roomTargetTarget indoor temperature set for user, A, B is systemAnd (4) counting.
There are various embodiments for determining whether the standby condition or the start-up condition is satisfied according to the actual deviation amount and the set start-stop deviation amount, and only two of them are exemplified below.
In one embodiment, the start-stop deviation amount includes a start deviation amount Δ T1 and a standby deviation amount Δ T2, and the standby or start determination only relates To the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To. In the cooling mode, it is determined that the start condition is satisfied when Tt < To and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and that the standby condition is satisfied when Tt ≧ To and | Tt-To | = Δ T2. In the heating mode, it is determined that the start condition is satisfied when Tt > To and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and that the standby condition is satisfied when Tt ≦ To and | Tt-To | = Δ T2.
In another embodiment, the start-stop deviation amount includes a start deviation amount Δ T1 and a standby deviation amount Δ T2, and the determination of standby or start-up involves the energization state of the compressor, the target leaving water temperature Tt and the actual leaving water temperature To, in which embodiment there is no need To distinguish between the cooling mode and the heating mode, the start-up condition is determined To be satisfied when the compressor is in the deenergized state and | Tt-To | = Δ T1, and the standby condition is determined To be satisfied when the compressor is in the energized state and | Tt-To | = Δ T2.
And then, the outer machine calculates the deviation adjustment amount according to the operation parameters of the outer machine in the last starting state in the standby state, the calculation of the deviation adjustment amount needs to distinguish the operation working conditions of the outer machine, and different calculation modes exist under different operation working conditions. Specifically, the calculation process of the deviation adjustment amount is as follows:
acquiring the operation condition of the external machine in the last starting state;
if the operation working condition is a medium light working condition and the deviation adjustment amount is delta Ts, calculating the deviation adjustment amount according To the operation deviation between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To of the external unit and the inlet and outlet water temperature difference of the external unit,
Figure 875546DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
0-T1 is the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T = Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the outdoor unit. Δ Ts calculationThe denominator in the formula is the integral of the operation deviation, the numerator is the integral of the temperature difference between inlet water and outlet water of the outdoor unit, the denominator is smaller when the working condition is lighter, the variation of the numerator in the actual measurement is smaller, the actual representation is shown in figure 3, the area of the area 1 is the numerator, and the area of the area 2 is the denominator;
if the operation working condition is a severe working condition, calculating deviation adjustment quantity according to the environment temperature deviation between the actual environment temperature Ts and the rated environment temperature Tl of the outdoor unit and the temperature difference of inlet and outlet water of the outdoor unit,
Figure 120582DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
0-T1 is the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T = Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the outdoor unit. The numerator in the calculation formula of the delta To is the integral of the temperature difference of the environment temperature, the denominator is the integral of the temperature difference of the inlet water and the outlet water of the outdoor unit, the more severe the working condition is, the bigger the numerator is, while the variation of the denominator under the poor working condition in the actual measurement is smaller, the actual representation is shown in fig. 4, the area of the area 1 is the numerator, and the area of the area 2 is the denominator.
And then, correcting and updating the start-stop deviation amount according to the operation condition and the deviation adjustment amount of the external unit, wherein the process of correcting and updating the start-stop deviation amount is as follows:
obtaining the high pressure Ps and the low pressure Pc of the outer machine in the last starting state, and calculating the actual pressure ratio
Figure 244527DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
When alpha is less than beta, the running working condition of the external machine is a medium light working condition;
when alpha is larger than or equal to beta, the running working condition of the external machine is a severe working condition;
wherein, β = γ × ∈, β is a working condition limit point, γ is a set maximum compression ratio of the compressor, and ∈ is a set correction coefficient, and ∈ can be determined according to actual experimental conditions.
If the operation condition is a medium light condition, the updated starting deviation amount delta T1 is the last starting deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount delta T2 is the last standby deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount. When the operating condition is a medium-light condition, the starting deviation is reduced, the standby deviation is increased, the operating time of the outdoor unit under the light condition can be prolonged, the use comfort of a user is improved, and indoor temperature shock is eliminated. The design principle is that after the starting deviation is reduced and the standby deviation is increased, the running interval of the unit is equivalently deviated to one side where the standby deviation is located, and the unit can meet the requirement only by preparing more cold or heat, so that the running time of the outdoor unit can be prolonged. For convenience of understanding, taking the refrigeration mode as an example, assuming that the target outlet water temperature Tt is 0 ℃, the actual outlet water temperature To before correction meets the starting deviation when reaching 4 ℃, the standby deviation when the actual outlet water temperature To reaches-4 ℃, the deviation is adjusted To be 2 ℃, the actual outlet water temperature To after correction meets the starting deviation when reaching 2 ℃, the standby deviation when the actual outlet water temperature To reaches-6 ℃, the unit is shifted To the side lower than 0 ℃, and the unit needs To prepare more cold energy, so the running time of the external unit is prolonged.
If the operation condition is a bad condition, the updated start deviation amount Δ T1 is the last start deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount Δ T2 is the last standby deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount. When the operation condition is a severe condition, the starting deviation is increased, the standby deviation is reduced, the operation time of the external unit under the severe condition can be reduced, the reliability of the whole machine is improved, and unnecessary abrasion of the compressor is eliminated. The design principle is that the starting deviation is increased, after the standby deviation is reduced, the running interval of the unit is equivalently deviated to one side where the starting deviation is located, and the unit can meet the requirement only by preparing less cold or heat, so that the running time of the outdoor unit can be reduced. For convenience of understanding, taking the refrigeration mode as an example, assuming that the target outlet water temperature Tt is 0 ℃, the actual outlet water temperature To before correction reaches 4 ℃ and meets the starting deviation, the standby deviation when the actual outlet water temperature To reaches-4 ℃, the deviation is adjusted To be 2 ℃, the actual outlet water temperature To after correction reaches 6 ℃ and meets the starting deviation, the standby deviation when the actual outlet water temperature To reaches-2 ℃, the unit is shifted To the side higher than 0 ℃, and the unit needs To prepare less cold, so the operation time of the external unit is shortened.
The water multi-connected system is started according to default initial logic, when a standby condition is reached, a first operation period is finished, parameters in the operation process are collected through the system, so that corresponding working condition range values are calculated, deviation adjustment quantity of a unit is further calculated, starting and stopping deviation quantity of the next starting and stopping period under the corresponding working condition is corrected, when the unit operates again, the target temperature can be adjusted according to the set starting and stopping deviation quantity, and the set value is adjusted repeatedly to finally reach the target of stabilizing unit operation.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. The dynamic deviation control method of the water multi-connected system is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
detecting the actual water outlet temperature To of an external unit in real time, and calculating the actual deviation amount between the target water outlet temperature Tt and the actual water outlet temperature To;
judging whether a standby condition or a starting condition is met or not according to the actual deviation amount and a set start-stop deviation amount, wherein the start-stop deviation amount comprises a start deviation amount delta T1 and a standby deviation amount delta T2;
if the starting condition is met, the external machine enters a starting state;
if the standby condition is met, the external unit enters a standby state, the deviation adjustment amount is calculated according to the running parameters of the external unit in the last starting state, and the starting and stopping deviation amount is corrected and updated;
wherein correcting and updating the start-stop deviation amount comprises:
acquiring the operating condition of the external unit in the last starting state;
if the operation working condition is a medium light working condition, the updated starting deviation amount delta T1 is the last starting deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount delta T2 is the last standby deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount;
if the operation condition is a bad condition, the updated start deviation amount Δ T1 is the last start deviation amount plus the deviation adjustment amount, and the updated standby deviation amount Δ T2 is the last standby deviation amount minus the deviation adjustment amount.
2. The dynamic deviation control method according To claim 1, wherein in the cooling mode, it is determined that the start condition is satisfied when Tt < To and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T1, and it is determined that the standby condition is satisfied when Tt ≧ To and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T2;
in the heating mode, the start condition is determined To be satisfied when Tt > To and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T1, and the standby condition is determined To be satisfied when Tt ≦ To and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T2.
3. The dynamic deviation control method of claim 1, wherein the start-up condition is determined To be satisfied when a compressor of the outer machine is in a de-energized state and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T1, and the standby condition is determined To be satisfied when the compressor of the outer machine is in an energized state and | Tt-To | ═ Δ T2.
4. The dynamic deviation control method of claim 1, wherein calculating the deviation adjustment based on the operating parameters of the external unit at the last startup state comprises:
acquiring the operating condition of the external unit in the last starting state;
if the operation working condition is a medium light working condition, calculating deviation adjustment quantity according To the operation deviation between the target outlet water temperature Tt and the actual outlet water temperature To of the external unit and the inlet and outlet water temperature difference of the external unit;
and if the operation working condition is a severe working condition, calculating deviation adjustment quantity according to the environment temperature deviation between the actual environment temperature Ts and the rated environment temperature Tl of the external unit and the water inlet and outlet temperature difference of the external unit.
5. The dynamic deviation control method of claim 4, wherein obtaining the operating condition of the outer unit at the last startup state comprises:
obtaining the high pressure Ps and the low pressure Pc of the outer machine in the last starting state, and calculating the actual pressure ratio
Figure FDA0003497618970000021
When alpha is less than beta, the running working condition of the external machine is a medium light working condition;
when alpha is larger than or equal to beta, the running working condition of the outer machine is a severe working condition;
wherein, β is γ × ∈%, β is a working condition limit point, γ is a set maximum compression ratio of the compressor, and ∈% is a set correction coefficient.
6. The dynamic bias control method of claim 4, wherein the bias adjustment amount is Δ Ts when the operating condition is a medium-light condition;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003497618970000022
0 To T1 are the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T is Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the external unit.
7. The dynamic deviation control method of claim 4, wherein the deviation adjustment amount when the operating condition is a severe condition is Δ To;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003497618970000023
0 To T1 are the running time of the last starting state or the running time of the first starting state, delta T is Ti-To, and Ti is the actual water inlet temperature of the external unit.
8. The dynamic deviation control method according to claim 1, wherein the target leaving water temperature Tt is calculated from an actual indoor temperature and a target indoor temperature set by a user.
9. The water multi-connected system is characterized in that the water multi-connected system controls the starting and stopping of an external machine by adopting the dynamic deviation control method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8.
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