CN113437387A - 一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统 - Google Patents

一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统 Download PDF

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CN113437387A
CN113437387A CN202110632012.6A CN202110632012A CN113437387A CN 113437387 A CN113437387 A CN 113437387A CN 202110632012 A CN202110632012 A CN 202110632012A CN 113437387 A CN113437387 A CN 113437387A
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heat pipe
battery
change material
thermal management
heat
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凌云志
林欣茹
冯珺垲
谷甜甜
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China University of Mining and Technology CUMT
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Abstract

一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,利用相变材料的高潜热提高储热能力,采用脉动热管提升相变材料热导率,提高动力电池的传热速率以及温度均匀性;采用电池容置槽和热管固定槽防止电池及脉动热管震荡和偏移,提高安全性;通过在换热槽与单体电池、脉动热管壁的接触面设导热界面材料层,提高传热效率;通过采用热管理控制系统,在大部分工况下将汽车运行过程中由车速形成的自然风引入系统内部,采用被动式冷却方式进行散热,传热效率高、节能性强;当电池温度处于高温工况时,通过热管理控制系统开启主动冷却设备进行散热,当电池温度处于低温工况时,启动PTC加热装置进行加热,提高电池的性能可靠性、延长使用寿命。

Description

一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,属于电池热管理技术领域。
背景技术
为实现我国碳中和的战略目标,国家大力发展电动汽车,促进交通零排放。电动汽车的性能和品质很大程度上依赖其配备的动力电池的性能,尤其是电池的可靠性和循环寿命。
动力电池自身温度的高低和内部温度均匀性对电池的可靠性和寿命影响极大,在日常充放电过程中需要让电池保持在一个合适的温度范围以防止热失控;另外,在车辆运行过程中,由于路面的振动和冲击、车辆启停或加速和脉动热管运行过程中的震荡,都可能造成单体电池的偏移,严重时会导致电池的碰撞从而引发安全事故。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,该系统能够提高动力电池的传热速率以及温度的均匀性,提高动力电池的性能、延长其使用寿命;能够防止动力电池及脉动热管的震荡和偏移,提高安全性,系统结构简单、节能,降低成本。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,包括与热源直接接触的热端模块、与外界冷源接触的冷端模块以及用于连接热端模块和冷端模块的脉动热管;
所述热端模块包括换热槽、多个单体电池和PTC加热装置,PTC加热装置设置于换热槽的底部,换热槽内开设有多个用于安装单体电池的电池容置槽和用于安装脉动热管的热管固定槽,电池容置槽和热管固定槽成排相间布置;换热槽内壁、电池容置槽内壁和热管固定槽内壁均设有导热界面材料层;
单体电池安装于电池容置槽内,脉动热管的蒸发段插装于热管固定槽内;
换热槽还设有相变材料填充区域,所述填充区域为除电池容置槽和热管固定槽之外的其他区域;
所述冷端模块包括多个翅片、热管理控制系统、被动冷却设备、主动冷却设备和感温热电偶,多个翅片之间形成多条冷源通道,多个单体电池均与感温热电偶连接,感温热电偶、被动冷却设备、主动冷却设备和PTC加热装置均与热管理控制系统连接;
脉动热管的冷凝段位于多条冷源通道形成的冷却区域。
进一步地,所述的脉动热管包括多段U形毛细管、连通毛细管两端的横管,横管的上端开设注液口;U形毛细管和横管内注有工质,工质为去离子水、醇类工质、酮类工质、微纳胶囊相变材料乳液、纳米流体或磁流体,工质充液率为32%~44%。
进一步地,所述的感温热电偶用于实时采集单体电池和外界环境的温度数据,并将采集到的温度数据信号传送至热管理控制系统,所述管理控制系统对接收到的单体电池和外界环境的温度数据信号进行处理和分析,并将生成的指令发送至被动冷却设备、主动冷却设备或PTC加热装置。
进一步地,所述的热管固定槽的底部与PTC加热装置贯通,脉动热管的蒸发段下端穿过热管固定槽插装于PTC加热装置内。
进一步地,所述的被动冷却设备为车辆运行过程中的自然风通道;主动冷却设备为强制风冷或制冷空调系统。
进一步地,所述的填充区域内填充的材料为二十烷有机相变材料、膨胀石墨材料与石蜡复合而成的相变材料或微胶囊相变材料。
进一步地,所述的导热界面材料层为环氧树脂等高分子聚合材料、石蜡有机相变材料以及在有机相变材料中添加石墨颗粒、纳米颗粒、金属氧化物后制成的复合相变材料。
进一步地,所述换热槽内的单体电池呈阵列分布。
本发明通过采用换热槽结构并填充相变材料,利用相变材料的高潜热提高储热能力,采用脉动热管提升相变材料的热导率,这两者的结合有效提高了动力电池的传热速率以及温度的均匀性;采用电池容置槽和热管固定槽防止了单体电池及脉动热管的震荡和偏移,提高了安全性;通过在换热槽与单体电池和脉动热管壁的接触面设置导热界面材料层,降低了接触热阻,提高了传热效率;通过采用热管理控制系统,在大部分工况下将汽车运行过程中由车速形成的自然风引入系统内部,采用被动式冷却方式进行散热,不需要额外的部件,具有传热效率高、节能性强、结构简单的优势,在环境温度较高或电池放电率较高,电池温度处于高温工况时,通过热管理控制系统开启主动冷却设备进行散热,当电池温度处于低温工况时,启动PTC加热装置进行加热,对单体电池进行热保护,大大提高了电池的性能可靠性、延长了使用寿命。
附图说明
图1是本发明的结构示意图;
图2是换热槽的结构示意图;
图3是脉动热管与换热槽的的装配结构示意图;
图4是脉动热管的结构示意图。
图中:1、热端模块,101、换热槽,102、单体电池,103、PTC加热装置,104、电池容置槽,105、热管固定槽,106、填充区域;
2、冷端模块,201、翅片,202、热管理控制系统,203、被动冷却设备,204、主动冷却设备,205、感温热电偶,206、冷源通道;
3、脉动热管,3-1、蒸发段,3-2、冷凝段,301、U形毛细管,302、横管,303、注液口。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步说明。
如图1至图3所示,一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,包括与热源直接接触的热端模块1、与外界冷源接触的冷端模块2以及用于连接热端模块和冷端模块的脉动热管3;
所述热端模块1包括换热槽101、多个单体电池102和PTC加热装置103,PTC加热装置103设置于换热槽101的底部,换热槽101内开设有多个用于安装单体电池102的电池容置槽104和用于安装脉动热管3的热管固定槽105,电池容置槽104和热管固定槽105成排相间布置;换热槽内壁、电池容置槽内壁和热管固定槽内壁均设有导热界面材料层;
单体电池102安装于电池容置槽104内,脉动热管3的蒸发段3-1插装于热管固定槽105内;
换热槽101还设有相变材料填充区域106,所述填充区域106为除电池容置槽104和热管固定槽105之外的其他区域;
所述冷端模块2包括多个翅片201、热管理控制系统202、被动冷却设备203、主动冷却设备204和感温热电偶205,多个翅片201之间形成多条冷源通道206,多个单体电池102均与感温热电偶205连接,感温热电偶205、被动冷却设203备、主动冷却设备204和PTC加热装置103均与热管理控制系统202连接;
脉动热管3的冷凝段3-2位于多条冷源通道206形成的冷却区域。
优选地,如图4所示,所述的脉动热管3包括多段U形毛细管301、连通毛细管两端的横管302,横管302的上端开设注液口303;U形毛细管301和横管302内注有工质,工质为去离子水、醇类工质、酮类工质、微纳胶囊相变材料乳液、纳米流体或磁流体,工质充液率为32%~44%;U形毛细管301的直径为2-3mm。
优选地,所述的感温热电偶205用于实时采集单体电池102和外界环境的温度数据,并将采集到的温度数据信号传送至热管理控制系统202,所述管理控制系统对接收到的单体电池102和外界环境的温度数据信号进行处理和分析,并将生成的指令发送至被动冷却设备203、主动冷却设备204或PTC加热装置103。
优选地,所述的热管固定槽105的底部与PTC加热装置103贯通,脉动热管3的蒸发段3-1下端穿过热管固定槽105插装于PTC加热装置内。
优选地,所述的被动冷却设备203为车辆运行过程中的自然风通道;主动冷却设备204为强制风冷或制冷空调系统。
优选地,所述的填充区域106内填充的材料为二十烷有机相变材料、膨胀石墨材料与石蜡复合而成的相变材料或微胶囊相变材料。
优选地,所述的导热界面材料层为环氧树脂等高分子聚合材料、石蜡有机相变材料以及在有机相变材料中添加石墨颗粒、纳米颗粒、金属氧化物后制成的复合相变材料。
优选地,所述换热槽101内的单体电池102呈阵列分布。
使用前,首先将导热界面材料层涂抹于换热槽101内壁和热管固定槽105内壁,然后将脉动热管3嵌入热管固定槽105内,通过焊接完成装配;随后在电池容置槽104内壁上涂抹导热界面材料层,并固定动力电池;最后在换热槽101底部安装PTC加热装置103;
从注液口303将U形毛细管301和横管302经过排污、抽真空后注入工质,当充液率达到32~44%后,封闭注液口303。
使用过程中,首先设定第一设定温度,第二设定温度以及临界环境温度。第一设定温度对应低温工况,此时电池工作性能降低,对于锂电池通常为0-20℃;第二设定温度为高温工况,此时电池工作性能降低,对于锂电池通常为35℃左右;环境温度低于临界环境温度为免费冷却模式对应的高效工作区间,根据不同结构通常为23℃左右。热管理控制系统202根据感温热电偶205采集及发送的的温度数据信号可以将系统工作模式切换为加热模式、免费冷却模式或制冷模式:当感温热电偶205发送的温度数据低于第一设定温度时,热管理控制系统202通过启动加热模式打开PTC加热装置103进行加热,对电池进行热保护;当感温热电偶205发送的的温度数据高于第一设定温度且低于第二设定温度时,系统不采取措施;当感温热电偶205发送的的温度数据高于第二设定温度时,若环境温度低于临界环境温度,启动被动冷却模式,通过引入车辆运行过程中的自然风进入冷通道冲刷脉动热管冷凝段3-2以及翅片201进行散热;当免费冷却模式下,当感温热电偶205发送的温度数据仍旧高于第二设定温度时,开启制冷模式启动主动冷却设备204进行散热;当感温热电偶205发送的的电池模组温度数据高于第二设定温度时,若环境温度高于临界环境温度,关闭被动冷却模式,开启制冷模式启动主动冷却设备204进行散热。

Claims (8)

1.一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,包括与热源直接接触的热端模块(1)、与外界冷源接触的冷端模块(2)以及用于连接热端模块(1)和冷端模块(2)的脉动热管(3);
所述热端模块(1)包括换热槽(101)、多个单体电池(102)和PTC加热装置(103),PTC加热装置(103)设置于换热槽(101)的底部,换热槽(101)内开设有多个用于安装单体电池(102)的电池容置槽(104)和用于安装脉动热管(3)的热管固定槽(105),电池容置槽(104)和热管固定槽(105)成排相间布置;换热槽(101)内壁、电池容置槽(104)内壁和热管固定槽(105)内壁均设有导热界面材料层;
单体电池(102)安装于电池容置槽(104)内,脉动热管(3)的蒸发段(3-1)插装于热管固定槽(105)内;
换热槽(101)还设有相变材料填充区域(106),所述填充区域(106)为除电池容置槽(104)和热管固定槽(105)之外的其他区域;
所述冷端模块(2)包括多个翅片(201)、热管理控制系统(202)、被动冷却设备(203)、主动冷却设备(204)和感温热电偶(205),多个翅片(201)之间形成多条冷源通道(206),多个单体电池(102)均与感温热电偶(205)连接,感温热电偶(205)、被动冷却设备(203)、主动冷却设备(204)和PTC加热装置(103)均与热管理控制系统(202)连接;
脉动热管(3)的冷凝段(3-2)位于多条冷源通道(206)形成的冷却区域。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的脉动热管(3)包括多段U形毛细管(301)、连通毛细管两端的横管(302),横管(302)的上端开设注液口(303);U形毛细管(301)和横管(302)内注有工质,工质为去离子水、醇类工质、酮类工质、微纳胶囊相变材料乳液、纳米流体或磁流体,工质充液率为32%~44%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的感温热电偶(205)用于实时采集单体电池(102)和外界环境的温度数据,并将采集到的温度数据信号传送至热管理控制系统(202),所述管理控制系统对接收到的单体电池(102)和外界环境的温度数据信号进行处理和分析,并将生成的指令发送至被动冷却设备(203)、主动冷却设备(204)或PTC加热装置(103)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的热管固定槽(105)的底部与PTC加热装置(103)贯通,脉动热管(3)的蒸发段(3-1)下端穿过热管固定槽(105)插装于PTC加热装置内。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的被动冷却设备(203)为车辆运行过程中的自然风通道;主动冷却设备(204)为强制风冷或制冷空调系统。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的填充区域(106)内填充的材料为二十烷有机相变材料、膨胀石墨材料与石蜡复合而成的相变材料或微胶囊相变材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述的导热界面材料层为环氧树脂等高分子聚合材料、石蜡有机相变材料以及在有机相变材料中添加石墨颗粒、纳米颗粒、金属氧化物后制成的复合相变材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种基于脉动热管与相变材料耦合的电池热管理系统,其特征在于,所述换热槽(101)内的单体电池(102)呈阵列分布。
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