CN113437364B - Non-aqueous electrolyte and secondary battery thereof - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte and secondary battery thereof Download PDF

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CN113437364B
CN113437364B CN202110676306.9A CN202110676306A CN113437364B CN 113437364 B CN113437364 B CN 113437364B CN 202110676306 A CN202110676306 A CN 202110676306A CN 113437364 B CN113437364 B CN 113437364B
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lithium
unsaturated
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electrolyte
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欧霜辉
王霹霹
白晶
毛冲
黄秋洁
戴晓兵
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Zhuhai Smoothway Electronic Materials Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0088Composites
    • H01M2300/0091Composites in the form of mixtures
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte and a secondary battery thereof, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, the additive comprises unsaturated cyclic sulfimide salt shown in a structural formula I and unsaturated phosphate shown in a structural formula II,
Figure DDA0003119535180000011
wherein, M+Is an alkali metal ion; r is H or C1‑C3Alkyl groups of (a); r is1、R2And R3At least one of the three is C2‑C5Alkenyl or C2‑C5Alkynyl group of (1). The unsaturated phosphate can effectively control the phenomena of discharge capacity reduction and battery characteristic reduction during high-temperature storage of the battery along with the progress of charge-discharge cycles, the intra-ring unsaturated double bonds of the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide can be polymerized at positive and negative electrode interfaces to form a thinner SEI layer, and further excessive film formation of the unsaturated phosphate is inhibited, so that the lithium ion battery with relatively low impedance is obtained, and the high-temperature storage, normal-temperature and high-temperature cycle performances of the high-voltage (more than 4.35V) ternary lithium ion battery can be improved through the combination of the unsaturated phosphate and the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide.

Description

Non-aqueous electrolyte and secondary battery thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of energy storage devices, in particular to a non-aqueous electrolyte and a secondary battery thereof.
Background
The secondary battery has the obvious advantages of high specific energy, large specific power, long cycle life, small self-discharge and the like, and the lithium ion battery is a green environment-friendly high-energy battery, and is a most ideal rechargeable battery with the most potential in the world at present. Compared with other batteries, the lithium ion battery has a series of advantages of no memory effect, rapid charge and discharge, high energy density, long cycle life, no environmental pollution and the like, so that the lithium ion battery is widely applied to small electronic equipment such as notebook computers, video cameras, mobile phones, electronic watches and the like. Nowadays, with the continuous improvement of the requirements of pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, portable energy storage devices and the like on the capacity of lithium ion batteries, people expect to research and develop lithium ion batteries with higher energy density and power density to realize energy storage and long-term endurance.
The electrolyte is an important component of the lithium ion battery, and has a great influence on performance degradation of the battery such as charge-discharge cycle and the like. In addition to the existing materials and the manufacturing process improvement of the battery, the high voltage (4.35V-5V) positive electrode material is one of the popular research directions, and the high energy density of the battery is realized by increasing the charging depth of the positive electrode active material. However, after the working voltage of the ternary material battery is increased, the performances of the battery, such as charge-discharge cycle, are reduced. Among them, the electrolyte, which is an important component of a lithium ion battery, has a significant influence on performance degradation such as charge and discharge cycles of the battery. Therefore, the development of a nonaqueous electrolyte with preferable performances in all aspects is needed to meet the use requirement of the high-energy density ternary material battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte and a secondary battery thereof, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte can reduce the surface activity of a positive electrode material, inhibit the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte and improve the high-temperature storage and cycle performance of a high-voltage (more than 4.35V) ternary lithium ion battery.
In order to achieve the above objects, a first aspect of the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, including a lithium salt, a nonaqueous organic solvent, and an additive, where the additive includes an unsaturated cyclic sulfonimide salt shown in structural formula I and an unsaturated phosphate ester shown in structural formula II,
Figure GDA0003564552110000021
wherein M is+For alkali metal ionsA seed; r is H or C1-C3Alkyl groups of (a); r is1、R2And R3At least one of the three is C2-C5Alkenyl or C2-C5Alkynyl group of (1).
Compared with the prior art, the additive of the electrolyte of the invention comprises the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt shown in the structural formula I and the unsaturated phosphate shown in the structural formula II, so that the high-temperature storage and cycle performance of the secondary battery are obviously improved, probably because the unsaturated phosphate can effectively control the phenomena of discharge capacity reduction and battery characteristic reduction during high-temperature storage of the secondary battery along with the progress of charge-discharge cycle, the high-temperature storage and high-temperature cycle performance can be improved, but because the unsaturated phosphate has lower redox potential at the positive and negative electrode interfaces, the formed SEI layer is thicker, the SEI layer is blocked, the resistance is overhigh, the normal-temperature cycle performance is poorer, but because the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt is added, the unsaturated double bonds in the ring can be polymerized at the positive and negative electrode interfaces to form a thinner SEI layer, and further the excessive film formation of the unsaturated phosphate is inhibited, therefore, the lithium ion battery with relatively low impedance is obtained, and the high-temperature storage, normal-temperature and high-temperature cycle performance of the high-voltage (more than 4.35V) ternary lithium ion battery can be improved by combining the two.
Preferably, R in the structural formula I is a methyl group, more preferably, the mass percentage of the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt in the nonaqueous electrolyte solution is 0.1-5.0%, specifically but not limited to 0.1%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5.0%, the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt is selected from at least one of the compound A to the compound E,
Figure GDA0003564552110000022
Figure GDA0003564552110000031
preferably, R is preferred in formula II1And R2Each independently is C1-C2Alkyl of (C)1-C2Halogenoalkyl of, C2-C3Alkenyl or C2-C3Alkynyl of R3Is C2-C3Alkenyl or C2-C3Alkynyl group of (1). The mass percentage of the unsaturated phosphate in the nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.1-5.0%, specifically but not limited to 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5.0%, the unsaturated phosphate is selected from at least one of compound F to compound I,
Figure GDA0003564552110000032
preferably, the lithium salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF)6) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO)4) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF)4) Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF)3SO3) Lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide (LiN (CF)3SO2)2) Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (C)4BLiO8) Lithium difluorooxalato borate (C)2BF2LiO4) Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO)2F2) At least one of lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate (LiDFBP) and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), wherein the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.5-1.5M. Preferably, the lithium salt is LiPF6Or LiPF6And other lithium salts.
Preferably, the non-aqueous organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of chain carbonates, cyclic carbonates, and carboxylic esters. More preferably, the non-aqueous organic solvent may be at least one of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), butyl acetate (n-Ba), γ -butyrolactone (γ -Bt), propyl propionate (n-Pp), Ethyl Propionate (EP) and ethyl butyrate (Eb).
Preferably, the paint also comprises 0.5-5% of an auxiliary agent, wherein the auxiliary agent is at least one selected from vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, 1, 3-propane sultone and ethylene sulfate.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a secondary battery including a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode material includes nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide, and the negative electrode material is at least one selected from artificial graphite, natural graphite, lithium titanate, a silicon-carbon composite material and silicon monoxide. The electrolyte is the aforementioned nonaqueous electrolyte. The additive of the non-aqueous electrolyte of the secondary battery comprises unsaturated cyclic sulfimide salt shown in a structural formula I and unsaturated phosphate shown in a structural formula II, so that the secondary battery has excellent high-temperature cycle performance, normal-temperature cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance, and the use requirement of a ternary material battery with high energy density and high voltage can be met.
Preferably, the active material of the positive electrode is LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)MzO2Wherein, x is more than 0.6<0.9,x+y<1,0≤z<0.08, M is at least one of Al, Mg, Zr and Ti.
Detailed Description
The purpose, technical scheme and beneficial effects of the invention are further illustrated by the following specific examples, but the invention is not limited by the following examples. The preparation conditions are not specifically shown in the examples, and may be performed according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or apparatus used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available on the market.
Example 1
(1) Preparing a lithium ion battery nonaqueous electrolyte: in a nitrogen-filled glove box (O)2<2ppm,H2O < 3ppm), a mixture of dimethyl carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (PC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 2:1:5:2 as an organic solvent to prepare 86.8g of a nonaqueous organic solvent, and 0.2g of Compound A and 1g of Compound F were added thereto. The solution was sealed, packed, placed in a freezing chamber (-4 ℃) and frozen for 2 hours, and then taken out of the chamber in a nitrogen-filled glove box (O)2<2ppm,H2O is less than 3ppm), 12g of lithium hexafluorophosphate is slowly added into the mixed solution, and the mixture is evenly mixed to prepare the lithium hexafluorophosphateForming the non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium ion battery.
(2) Preparation of the positive electrode: LiNi prepared from nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary material0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2Uniformly mixing PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) as an adhesive and SuperP (super P) as a conductive agent according to a mass ratio of 98:1:1 to prepare a lithium ion battery anode slurry with a certain viscosity, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of an aluminum foil, drying and rolling to obtain an anode sheet.
(3) Preparation of a negative electrode: preparing artificial graphite, a conductive agent SuperP, a thickening agent CMC and a binding agent SBR (styrene butadiene rubber emulsion) into slurry according to the mass ratio of 95:1:2:2, uniformly mixing, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of a copper foil, drying and rolling to obtain the negative plate.
(4) Preparing a lithium ion battery: and preparing the positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode into a square battery cell in a lamination mode, packaging by adopting a polymer, filling the prepared non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium ion battery, and preparing the lithium ion battery after working procedures such as formation, capacity grading and the like.
The formulations of the electrolytes of examples 2 to 15 and comparative examples 1 to 6 are shown in Table 1, and the procedure for preparing the electrolyte is the same as that of example 1.
The synthetic route of the unsaturated cyclic sulfimide salt compounds A-E can be as follows:
Figure GDA0003564552110000051
the unsaturated phosphate ester compound F, H, I can be synthesized as follows, and Compound G (CAS:1623-19-4) is commercially available.
Figure GDA0003564552110000061
TABLE 1 electrolyte Components of the examples
Figure GDA0003564552110000062
Figure GDA0003564552110000071
The lithium ion batteries prepared in examples 1 to 15 and comparative examples 1 to 6 were subjected to normal temperature cycle performance, high temperature cycle performance, and high temperature storage tests, respectively, under the following specific test conditions, and the performance test results are shown in table 2.
And (3) normal-temperature cycle test: the lithium ion battery was charged and discharged at room temperature (25 ℃) at 1.0C/1.0C once (battery discharge capacity C0) with an upper limit voltage of 4.35V, and then charged and discharged at room temperature at 1.0C/1.0C for 500 weeks (battery discharge capacity C1).
Capacity retention rate (C1/C0) × 100%.
High-temperature cycle test: the lithium ion battery was charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C once (battery discharge capacity C0) with an upper limit voltage of 4.35V under an excessively high temperature (45 ℃) condition, and then charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C under a high temperature (45 ℃) condition for 500 weeks (battery discharge capacity C1).
Capacity retention rate (C1/C0) × 100%
And (3) testing the high-temperature storage performance: under the condition of normal temperature (25 ℃), carrying out primary 0.5C/0.5C charging and discharging (the discharge capacity is recorded as C0) on the lithium ion battery, wherein the upper limit voltage is 4.35V, then charging the battery to 4.35V under the condition of 0.5C constant current and constant voltage, and measuring the thickness d0 of the battery; placing the lithium ion battery in a high-temperature box at 60 ℃ for 30 days, and taking out to measure the thickness d1 of the battery; 0.5C discharge (discharge capacity C1) was carried out at 25 ℃; the lithium ion battery was charged and discharged at 0.5C/0.5C (discharge capacity is denoted as C2) at normal temperature (25 ℃ C.) once, the upper limit voltage was 4.35V, and the capacity retention ratio, the capacity recovery ratio, and the thickness expansion ratio of the lithium ion battery were calculated by the following formulas.
Capacity retention rate ═ C1/C0 × 100%
Capacity recovery rate ═ C2/C0 × 100%
Thickness expansion rate d1/d 0%
Table 2 lithium ion battery performance test results
Figure GDA0003564552110000081
Figure GDA0003564552110000091
As can be seen from the results in table 2, in examples 1 to 15, compared to comparative examples 1 to 6, the normal temperature cycle, the high temperature cycle, and the high temperature storage performance are better, because the unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt shown in structural formula I and the unsaturated phosphate ester shown in structural formula II are added to the additive at the same time, the intra-ring unsaturated double bond of the saturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt can polymerize at the positive and negative electrode interfaces to form a thinner SEI layer, and further the excessive film formation of the unsaturated phosphate ester is inhibited, so that the lithium ion battery with relatively low impedance is obtained, and the balance of the normal temperature cycle, the high temperature cycle, and the high temperature storage performance can be maintained. While comparative example 5 only contains unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt, which cannot effectively control the discharge capacity reduction and battery characteristic reduction during high-temperature storage of the secondary battery along with the progress of charge-discharge cycles, the high-temperature cycle and high-temperature storage performance are poor, comparative example 6 only contains unsaturated phosphate, which has low redox potential at positive and negative electrode interfaces, and a formed SEI layer is thick, so that a lithium ion shuttling SEI layer is blocked, and the resistance is too high, so that the normal-temperature cycle performance is poor.
In combination with examples 1, 13-15 and comparative examples 2-4, it can be seen that when VC or FEC is added on the basis of the additives of unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt and unsaturated phosphate ester, the performance is better, because vinylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate can form a small-molecule polymer film at the interface of the electrolyte/electrode, and the film is compact; the unsaturated cyclic sulfonamide salt and the unsaturated phosphate ester can form a macromolecular polymer film at an electrolyte/electrode interface, and the two films exist at the electrolyte/electrode interface at the same time, so that the cycle and storage performance of the battery can be effectively improved.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. A non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, and is characterized in that the additive comprises unsaturated cyclic sulfonyl imide salt shown in a structural formula I and unsaturated phosphate shown in a structural formula II,
Figure FDA0003564552100000011
wherein, M+Is an alkali metal ion; r is H or C1-C3Alkyl groups of (a); r is1、R2And R3At least one of the three is C2-C5Alkenyl or C2-C5The alkynyl group of (1) is,
the non-aqueous organic solvent is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
2. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein R is methyl; r1And R2Each independently is C1-C2Alkyl of (C)1-C2Halogenoalkyl of, C2-C3Alkenyl or C2-C3Alkynyl of R3Is C2-C3Alkenyl or C2-C3Alkynyl group of (1).
3. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution of claim 1, wherein the unsaturated cyclic sulfonimide salt is present in the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.1 to 5.0% by mass, and the unsaturated phosphate ester is present in the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in an amount of 0.1 to 5.0% by mass.
4. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the unsaturated cyclic sulfonimide salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound A to a compound E,
Figure FDA0003564552100000012
Figure FDA0003564552100000021
5. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the unsaturated phosphate ester is at least one selected from a compound F to a compound I,
Figure FDA0003564552100000022
6. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide, lithium bisoxalato borate, lithium difluorooxalato borate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorooxalato diphosphate and lithium difluorosulfonimide, and the concentration of the lithium salt is 0.5 to 1.5M.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution of claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary agent selected from at least one of vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, 1, 3-propanesultone, and ethylene sulfate.
8. A secondary battery comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is the non-aqueous electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the positive electrode material comprises nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide, and the negative electrode material is at least one selected from artificial graphite, natural graphite, lithium titanate, a silicon-carbon composite material and silicon oxide.
9. The secondary battery according to claim 8, wherein the nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide has a chemical formula of LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)MzO2Wherein, x is more than 0.6<0.9,x+y<1,0≤z<0.08, M is at least one of Al, Mg, Zr and Ti.
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