CN113418706B - Engine average friction loss pressure obtaining method and computer product - Google Patents
Engine average friction loss pressure obtaining method and computer product Download PDFInfo
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- CN113418706B CN113418706B CN202110604695.4A CN202110604695A CN113418706B CN 113418706 B CN113418706 B CN 113418706B CN 202110604695 A CN202110604695 A CN 202110604695A CN 113418706 B CN113418706 B CN 113418706B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for obtaining average friction loss pressure of an engine and a computer product, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the idling state of the engine, acquiring the number of working cylinders and the rotating speed of a crankshaft of the engine, and calculating the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder of the engine; calculating the indicated power of the engine according to the single-cylinder indicated power, the number of working cylinders and the crankshaft speed, and taking the indicated power of the engine as the friction loss power of the engine; the average friction loss pressure of the engine is calculated according to the friction loss power of the engine. According to the technical scheme disclosed by the invention, a dynamometer is not required to be adopted when the average friction loss of the engine is tested, so that the test cost is lower; in addition, the indicated power of the engine working cylinder is calculated only according to the single-cylinder indicated power of the engine working cylinder, the obtained engine loss power is more accurate, and therefore the accuracy of the average friction loss pressure of the engine calculated according to the engine loss power is higher.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to the field of engine friction loss technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to an engine average friction loss pressure acquisition method and a computer product.
Background
The average friction loss pressure of the engine can be calculated according to the friction loss power of the engine, the friction loss power of the engine is the power loss caused by the friction between components in the transmission process of the power generated by the engine, and the loss can cause the reduction of the energy utilization rate on one hand, and can cause the abrasion of the components of the engine and the increase of the working temperature on the other hand, thereby influencing the service life and the use safety of the components, so the research on the friction loss power of the engine has very important significance for the improvement of the engine.
At present, a common engine friction loss detection method is a back-dragging method, and the method needs to be implemented by firstly connecting an engine and a balanced electric dynamometer in a transmission manner and then enabling the engine to stably run under a set working condition; then immediately cutting off the oil supply of the engine and stopping ignition when the temperature of the cooling liquid and the engine oil reaches a normal value, and simultaneously converting the electric dynamometer into a motor state to drive the engine at a given rotating speed, and maintaining the temperature of the cooling water and the temperature of the engine oil unchanged in the process; and finally, measuring the dragging efficiency of the electric dynamometer, and taking the dragging efficiency as the friction loss power of the engine. The testing method not only needs to use the balanced electric dynamometer, has higher testing cost, but also has the problem that the temperature of engine oil and cooling liquid is easy to change when the engine is in a stop state in the testing process, so that the testing result has larger errors.
From the above, it can be seen that the conventional technique has problems of high cost and poor accuracy in obtaining the engine friction loss pressure.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for acquiring the average friction loss pressure of an engine and a computer product, which are used for at least solving the problems of high cost and poor accuracy in acquiring the average friction loss pressure of the engine.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, an aspect of the present invention provides an engine average friction loss pressure obtaining method including the steps of: under the idling state of the engine, acquiring the number of working cylinders and the rotating speed of a crankshaft of the engine, and calculating the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder of the engine; calculating the indicated power of the engine according to the single-cylinder indicated power, the number of working cylinders and the crankshaft speed, and taking the indicated power of the engine as the friction loss power of the engine; and calculating the average friction loss pressure of the engine according to the friction loss power of the engine.
According to one embodiment of the invention, calculating the indicated power for the single cylinder of the working cylinder comprises: acquiring the transient volume and the internal pressure of the working cylinder; and calculating the single-cylinder indicated power of the working cylinder according to the transient volume and the internal pressure of the working cylinder.
According to another embodiment of the invention, said obtaining the transient volume of the engine comprises: acquiring structural parameters of the engine; and calculating the transient volume according to the structural parameters.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the indicated power of the engine is calculated from its crankshaft speed and the indicated power of a single cylinder for all the working cylinders.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the indicated power of the engine is calculated from the number of cylinders, the crankshaft speed and the indicated power per cylinder of one of the cylinders.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the calculating the average frictional loss pressure includes: acquiring the total number of cylinders and single-cylinder displacement of the engine; and calculating the average friction loss pressure of the engine according to the total number of the cylinders, the rotating speed of the crankshaft, the single-cylinder displacement and the friction loss power.
In a second aspect, the invention also discloses a computer device comprising: the system comprises a processor, a memory, a communication interface and a communication bus, wherein the processor, the memory and the communication interface are communicated with each other through the communication bus; the memory is configured to store executable computer program instructions that cause the processor to perform the method of average friction loss pressure acquisition of any of the embodiments described above.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the apparatus further comprises a data detection apparatus, the data detection apparatus comprising: a cylinder pressure sensor for detecting a pressure inside an engine cylinder; and/or an angle indicator for detecting the angle of the engine crankshaft.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the device further comprises a signal amplifier and a data acquisition device; the signal input end of the signal amplifier is connected with the signal output end of the cylinder pressure sensor and is used for amplifying the pressure signal; the data acquisition device comprises a first signal input end and a second signal input end, wherein the first signal input end is connected with the signal output end of the signal amplifier, and the second signal input end is connected with the signal output end of the angle marking instrument, connected with the processor and used for transmitting the corner signal and the amplified pressure signal to the processor.
In a third aspect, the present invention also discloses a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon executable computer program instructions executed by one or more processors to implement the average friction loss pressure acquisition method of any of the above embodiments.
According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, when a vehicle is in an idling state, the indicated power of the vehicle is firstly calculated according to the crankshaft speed of the engine and the single-cylinder indicated power of all working cylinders, then the indicated power of the engine is used as the friction loss power of the vehicle, and finally the average friction loss pressure of the vehicle is calculated according to the friction loss power of the engine. Because an electric dynamometer is not needed in the test process, the test cost can be reduced; and when the engine is in an idling state, all working cylinders generate power for overcoming friction loss, so that the indicated power of the working cylinders of the engine is calculated according to the single-cylinder indicated power of the working cylinders of the engine, the obtained engine loss power is more accurate, and the accuracy of the average friction loss pressure of the engine calculated according to the engine loss power is higher.
Drawings
The above and other objects, features and advantages of exemplary embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Several embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar or corresponding parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method for obtaining an average friction loss pressure of an engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a process for calculating indicated power for a single cylinder of an engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a process for obtaining transient volumes of working cylinders of an engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a process for calculating an average friction loss pressure of an engine according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a computer device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a data detection device disposed in a computer apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a configuration of a setup data collection device in a computer apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
in the above drawings, the engine 1, the data processing device 10, the first cylinder 11, the second cylinder 12, the third cylinder 13, the fourth cylinder 14, the crankshaft 15, the cylinder pressure sensor 21, the rotation angle meter 22, the signal amplifier 3, and the data acquisition device 4 are included.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the described embodiments of the present invention are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, all other embodiments obtained by the embodiments of the present invention will fall within the protection scope of the present invention by those skilled in the art without any creative work.
It should be understood that the terms "first", "second", "third" and "fourth", etc. in the claims, the description and the drawings of the present invention are used for distinguishing different objects and are not used for describing a particular order. The terms "comprises" and "comprising," when used in the specification and claims of this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the specification and claims of this application, the singular form of "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should be further understood that the term "and/or" as used in the specification and claims of this application refers to any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and includes such combinations.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 schematically shows a flow of an engine average friction loss pressure obtaining method, and as can be seen from the content of fig. 1, first, in step S1, in an engine idling state, the number of working cylinders and the crankshaft speed are obtained, and the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder is calculated. The idling state of the engine is an idling state, in which the engine does not drive a load, the generated power is only used for overcoming the friction loss of the engine, the power requirement is low, only part of cylinders are in a working state at the moment, and the rest of cylinders are in a cylinder deactivation state, wherein the cylinders in the working state are called working cylinders. Taking the engine 1 shown in fig. 2 as an example, the engine 1 includes a first cylinder 11, a second cylinder 12, a third cylinder 13 and a fourth cylinder 14, when the engine 1 is in an idle state, the second cylinder 12 and the third cylinder 13 are deactivated, and the first cylinder 11 and the fourth cylinder 14 continue to operate, i.e., the first cylinder 11 and the fourth cylinder 14 are working cylinders.
The cylinder of the engine is deactivated by cutting off the fuel supply and deactivating the valve train, for example, in one application scenario, by removing the valve of the cylinder to deactivate. When a part of cylinders of the engine are deactivated, the fuel consumption can be reduced because only part of the cylinders are in the working state. And because some cylinders of the engine are stopped, all friction losses of the working cylinder need to be overcome, so that the single-cylinder load of the working cylinder is increased; in order to maintain the normal operation of the engine, the fuel supply system needs to inject more fuel into the working cylinder, so that the combustion temperature of the mixed gas in the working cylinder of the engine is increased, the temperature of the exhaust gas is increased, the working temperature of the exhaust gas treatment device is also increased, and the increase of the working temperature can improve the purification efficiency of the exhaust gas treatment device on pollutants in the exhaust gas and reduce the emission of the pollutants.
Then, at step S2, the indicated power of the engine is calculated according to the indicated power of the single cylinder, the number of cylinders and the crankshaft speed, and the indicated power of the engine is taken as the friction loss power of the engine. Since the power generated by the engine is entirely used to overcome the friction loss when the engine is in the idle state, the indicated power of the engine can be used as the power of the friction loss. And because when part of cylinders of the engine are deactivated, the working cylinders need to maintain the moving loads of all the cylinders at the same time, in the embodiment, the indicated power is calculated according to the single-cylinder indicated power of each working cylinder of the engine, and the accuracy of the obtained calculation result is higher.
Finally, at step S3, an average friction loss pressure is calculated from the friction loss power of the engine described above.
From the above, in the technical solution disclosed in this embodiment, the number of working cylinders, the crankshaft speed, and the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder are obtained at first in the idle state of the engine; then calculating the indicated power of the working cylinder according to the crankshaft speed and the single-cylinder indicated power of all the working cylinders, and taking the indicated power of the engine as the friction loss power of the engine; and finally, calculating the average friction loss pressure of the engine according to the friction loss power of the engine. Because the method provided by the embodiment does not need to use an electric dynamometer, the test cost can be reduced. And when the engine is in an idling state, only the working cylinders of the engine generate power for overcoming the friction loss of the engine, so that the indicated power of the engine is calculated according to the single-cylinder indicated power of each working cylinder of the engine, the calculated result is more in line with the actual operating condition of the engine, and the accuracy of the average friction loss pressure of the engine calculated according to the friction loss power is higher.
Fig. 3 schematically shows a process for calculating the indicated power of the single cylinder of the engine working cylinder, and it is understood that the scheme shown in the process of fig. 3 may be one possible implementation manner of obtaining the indicated power of the single cylinder of the engine working cylinder in the step S1, and therefore the description about the method in fig. 1 is also applicable to the description about fig. 3 below.
As shown in fig. 3, at step S101, the transient volume and internal pressure of the engine working cylinder are acquired. At step S102, the single cylinder indicated power of the working cylinder is calculated according to the transient volume and the internal pressure of the working cylinder, and the calculation process is realized by the following operation:
W=∑pdV (1)
in the above equation (1), dV represents the transient volume of the engine cylinder, p represents the pressure inside the engine cylinder, and W represents the single-cylinder indicated work of the cylinder.
According to the method for acquiring the single-cylinder indicated power of the engine working cylinder, the single-cylinder indicated power can be calculated only by acquiring the transient volume and the internal pressure of the engine working cylinder.
Further, fig. 4 schematically shows a process for obtaining the transient volume of the working cylinder of the engine, and it is understood that the scheme shown in the process of fig. 4 can be regarded as one possible implementation manner for obtaining the transient volume of the working cylinder of the engine in step S101, and therefore the description about the method in fig. 3 is also applicable to the description about fig. 4 below.
As shown in fig. 4, at step S111, structural parameters of the engine are acquired. The structural parameters of the engine can be obtained according to the input of workers or experimenters, or an engine parameter database is established firstly, the structural parameters of the engines of various types are stored in the database, then the types of the engines are input, and the structural parameters are inquired from the established engine parameter database according to the types. At step S112, the transient volume of the working cylinder is calculated according to the structural parameters of the engine, and the calculation process is realized by the following operation:
in the above-mentioned formula (2),indicating the transient volume, V, of the working cylinder C Representing the engine compression clearance volume, D representing the diameter of the working cylinder,expressing unit crank angle, λ S Showing the connecting rod crank ratio and epsilon showing the compression ratio.
The method provided by the embodiment can quickly obtain the transient volume of the engine only by knowing the structural parameters of the engine, is simple in obtaining method, and can improve the working efficiency.
In one application scenario, the indicated power of the engine is obtained according to the number of working cylinders, the rotation speed of the crankshaft and the single-cylinder indicated power meters of all the working cylinders, and the calculation is realized by the following operations:
w in the above formula (3) General assembly Indicating the indicated power of the engine, N indicating the number of working cylinders of the engine, N indicating the crankshaft speed of the engine, W i Indicating the single cylinder indicated power for the ith engine.
In another application scenario, since the single-cylinder indicated power of each working cylinder of the engine is substantially the same, the indicated power of the engine is obtained according to the number of the working cylinders, the rotation speed of the crankshaft and the single-cylinder indicated power meter of one of the working cylinders, and the calculation is realized by the following operation:
in the above formula (4), the parameter W General assembly N and N are as defined in the above formula (3), and W 0 Indicating power for the single cylinder of one of the cylinders.
According to the scheme disclosed by the embodiment, the indicated power can be calculated only by acquiring the single-cylinder indicated power of one working cylinder of the engine, so that the cylinder pressure sensor is arranged in only one working cylinder, the detection cost can be reduced, and the calculated data amount can be reduced.
Fig. 5 schematically shows a process for calculating the average friction loss pressure of the engine, and it is understood that the scheme shown in the process of fig. 5 can be regarded as one possible implementation of the above step S3 for obtaining the transient volume of the working cylinder of the engine, and therefore the description about the method of fig. 1 is also applicable to the description about fig. 5 below.
As shown in fig. 5, at step S301, the total number of cylinders and the single-cylinder displacement of the engine are acquired. The total number of cylinders and the single-cylinder displacement of the engine are structural parameters of the engine, and can be obtained by inquiring the structural parameters of the engine. At step S302, an average friction loss pressure of the engine is calculated according to the total number of cylinders, the crankshaft speed, the single-cylinder displacement and the friction loss power, and the calculation is realized by the following operation:
in the above formula (5), M represents the total number of engine cylinders, V s Representing single cylinder displacement, FMEP representing mean friction loss pressure, W f Representing the power loss from friction of the engine.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art from the above detailed description, in one embodiment of the present invention, the crankshaft speed, the number of working cylinders, and the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder are obtained at the idle state of the engine, and then the indicated power of the engine is calculated according to the crankshaft speed and the single-cylinder indicated power of all the working cylinders, and the indicated power of the engine is taken as the friction loss power of the engine; and finally, calculating the average friction loss pressure of the engine according to the friction loss power of the engine. The scheme disclosed by the invention not only can reduce the test cost of the friction loss pressure of the engine, but also can improve the accuracy of the test result.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a computer device, as shown in fig. 6, comprising a processor, a memory, a communication interface and a communication bus, wherein the processor, the memory and the communication interface communicate with each other through the communication bus. The processor is used to provide computing and control capabilities. The memory includes a nonvolatile storage medium, an internal memory. The non-volatile storage medium stores an operating system and a computer program. The internal memory provides an environment for the operating system and the computer program to run on the non-volatile storage medium. The communication interface of the above-mentioned device is used for carrying out wired or wireless communication with an external terminal, and the wireless communication can be realized by WIFI, an operator network, NFC (near field communication) or other technologies. The present embodiment provides a computer device, wherein the memory is used for storing at least one executable computer program instruction, and the executable computer program instruction is used for executing the above engine average friction loss obtaining method and the plurality of embodiments thereof by the processor.
Further, fig. 7 schematically illustrates a computer device, it being understood that the structure illustrated in fig. 7 may be considered as one possible implementation of the above device, and therefore the description of the method in fig. 6 also applies to the description below in relation to fig. 7.
As shown in fig. 7, the computer device includes a data processing apparatus 10, a transponder 3 and a data detection apparatus, the data processing apparatus 10 includes the processor, the memory, the communication interface and the communication bus, and the data detection apparatus includes a cylinder pressure sensor 21 and a corner mark instrument 22, wherein the cylinder pressure sensor 21 is disposed in the first cylinder 11 of the engine 1 and is used for detecting the pressure in the first cylinder 11; the angle indicator 22 is arranged at the crankshaft 15 of the engine 1 and is used for detecting the rotation angle of the crankshaft 15, and the transponder 3 comprises a plurality of signal input interfaces and at least one signal output interface, wherein two signal input interfaces are respectively connected with the signal output ends of the cylinder pressure sensor 21 and the angle indicator 22, and one signal output interface is connected with a communication interface in the data processing device 10 and is used for forwarding the data detected by the cylinder pressure sensor 21 and the angle indicator 22 to the data processing device 10. The processor in the data processing device 10 obtains the signals detected by the cylinder pressure sensor 21 and the angle indicator 22 through the communication interface, and obtains the pressure in the first cylinder 11 and the rotation angle of the crankshaft 15, for example, in one application scenario, in which the data processing device 10 obtains the rotation angle of the crankshaft 15 and the in-cylinder pressure of the cylinder 11 as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Further, fig. 8 schematically illustrates another computing device, it being understood that the structure illustrated in fig. 8 may be considered as another possible implementation of the above-described device, and therefore the description of the device in fig. 6 and 7 also applies to the description of fig. 8 below.
As shown in fig. 8, the data detection device further includes a signal amplifier 4 and a data acquisition device 5, wherein the data acquisition device 5 includes an acquisition processor, the acquisition processor is connected with a communication module (e.g., a WIFI communication module, an ethernet communication module), a first signal input end and a second signal input end, wherein the first signal input end is connected with a signal output end of the signal amplifier 4, the signal input end of the middle signal amplifier 4 is connected with a signal output end of the cylinder pressure sensor 21, the second signal input end is connected with a signal output end of the angle indicator 22, and the communication module is connected with a communication interface of the data processing device 10. The signal amplifier 4 is used for amplifying the signal detected by the cylinder pressure sensor 21 and sending the signal to the acquisition processor of the data acquisition device 5, and the acquisition processor is used for sending the signals received from the angle indicator 22 and the signal amplifier 4 to the data processing device 10 through the communication module.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the processes of the methods of the embodiments described above can be implemented by hardware instructions of a computer program, which can be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, can include the processes of the embodiments of the methods described above. Any reference to memory, storage, database, or other medium used in the embodiments provided herein may include non-volatile and/or volatile memory, among others. Non-volatile memory can include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include Random Access Memory (RAM) or external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in a variety of forms such as Static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double Data Rate SDRAM (DDRSDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), synchronous Link DRAM (SLDRAM), rambus (Rambus) direct RAM (RDRAM), direct Rambus Dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus Dynamic RAM (RDRAM), among others.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous modifications, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that the module compositions, equivalents, or alternatives falling within the scope of these claims be covered thereby.
Claims (9)
1. An engine average friction loss pressure acquisition method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
in the idling state of the engine, part of cylinders of the engine are in a working state, the rest of cylinders are in a cylinder deactivation state, and the cylinders in the working state are called as working cylinders; acquiring the number of working cylinders and the rotating speed of a crankshaft of the engine at idle speed, and calculating the single-cylinder indicated power of at least one working cylinder;
calculating the indicated power of the engine according to the single-cylinder indicated power, the number of working cylinders and the crankshaft speed, and taking the indicated power of the engine as the friction loss power of the engine;
calculating the average friction loss pressure according to the friction loss power of the engine, wherein the calculation formula isWhere M is the total number of engine cylinders, V s Is single cylinder displacement, W f For engine friction loss power, n is the engine crankshaft speed, and FMEP is the mean friction loss pressure.
2. The engine average friction loss pressure acquisition method according to claim 1, wherein calculating the indicated power per cylinder of the working cylinder includes:
acquiring the transient volume and the internal pressure of the working cylinder;
and calculating the single-cylinder indicated power of the working cylinder according to the transient volume and the internal pressure of the working cylinder.
3. The engine average friction loss pressure acquisition method according to claim 2, characterized in that acquiring the transient volume of the working cylinder includes:
acquiring structural parameters of the engine;
and calculating the transient volume according to the structural parameters.
4. The engine average friction loss pressure acquisition method according to claim 1, wherein the indicated power of the engine is calculated from the crankshaft speed and the single cylinder indicated power of all the working cylinders.
5. The method for obtaining the average friction loss pressure of the engine according to claim 1, wherein the indicated power of the engine is calculated according to the number of working cylinders, the rotation speed of the crankshaft and the indicated power of a single cylinder of one of the working cylinders.
6. A computer device, comprising: the system comprises a processor, a memory, a communication interface and a communication bus, wherein the processor, the memory and the communication interface complete mutual communication through the communication bus;
the memory is for storing executable computer program instructions for performing the method of any one of claims 1-5 by the processor.
7. The computer device of claim 6, further comprising a data detection device, the data detection device comprising:
the cylinder pressure sensor is used for detecting a pressure signal inside the working cylinder; and/or
And the angle marking instrument is used for detecting a rotation angle signal of the engine crankshaft.
8. The computer device of claim 7, further comprising a signal amplifier and a data acquisition device;
the signal input end of the signal amplifier is connected with the signal output end of the cylinder pressure sensor and is used for amplifying the pressure signal;
the data acquisition device comprises a first signal input end and a second signal input end, wherein the first signal input end is connected with the signal output end of the signal amplifier, the second signal input end is connected with the signal output end of the angle marking instrument, is connected with the processor and is used for transmitting the corner signal and the amplified pressure signal to the processor.
9. A computer-readable storage medium having executable computer program instructions stored thereon, the executable computer program instructions being executable by one or more processors to implement the method of any one of claims 1-5.
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