CN113375370A - Water source heat pump system and operation control method thereof - Google Patents
Water source heat pump system and operation control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113375370A CN113375370A CN202110828959.4A CN202110828959A CN113375370A CN 113375370 A CN113375370 A CN 113375370A CN 202110828959 A CN202110828959 A CN 202110828959A CN 113375370 A CN113375370 A CN 113375370A
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 276
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 19
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011217 control strategy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B30/00—Heat pumps
- F25B30/06—Heat pumps characterised by the source of low potential heat
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
- F25B41/40—Fluid line arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a water source heat pump system and an operation control method thereof, wherein the water source heat pump system comprises a water source heat pump unit, a water taking pump, a freezing water pump and a tail end heat exchange device; the water source heat pump unit comprises an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor and a throttling device; the water taking pump is connected with the condenser; the chilled water pump is respectively connected with the evaporator and the tail end heat exchange device; the temperature change characteristics of river water and 16 and the load change characteristics of buildings are fully utilized, and when the temperature of the river water and 16 is lower, the flow of a water taking pump is reduced; when the building load is low, the flow of the chilled water pump is reduced, and the set value of the outlet water temperature of the chilled water is increased. The cold energy provided by the water source heat pump system is matched with the building load, so that the energy conservation is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of air conditioners, and particularly relates to a water source heat pump system and an operation control method thereof.
Background
The development of renewable energy and the improvement of energy utilization efficiency are important measures for adjusting energy structures and relieving energy supply pressure. As a renewable energy utilization mode, the water source heat pump air-conditioning system takes river water and river water as cold and heat sources of the air-conditioning system, and has the characteristics of remarkable energy conservation and environmental protection. How to further improve the energy efficiency of the water source heat pump air conditioning system is a hot point of current research, and therefore, a water source heat pump system and an operation control method thereof are needed, so that the water source heat pump system is used as an optimization control strategy based on the temperature change rule of river water and the load distribution characteristics of buildings, the operation energy efficiency of the water source heat pump system is remarkably improved, and the operation cost is saved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a water source heat pump system and an operation control method thereof, which are used as an optimization control strategy based on the temperature change rule of river water and 16 river water and the load distribution characteristic of a building, realize the more obvious improvement of the operation energy efficiency of the water source heat pump system, save the operation cost, promote the development of renewable energy sources, improve the energy utilization efficiency, adjust the energy structure and relieve the energy supply pressure.
The invention specifically comprises the following scheme:
the invention provides a water source heat pump system, which comprises a water source heat pump unit, a water taking pump, a chilled water pump and a tail end heat exchange device, wherein the water source heat pump unit is connected with the water taking pump; the water source heat pump unit comprises an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor and a throttling device; the water taking pump is connected with the condenser; the chilled water pump is connected with the evaporator and the tail end heat exchange device respectively.
The invention also provides an operation control method of the water source heat pump system, which comprises the following steps:
water taken from a river by the water taking pump enters the condenser of the water source heat pump unit, absorbs heat of a refrigerant and then is discharged to the downstream of the river again;
the refrigerant absorbs the energy in the return water of the air-conditioning chilled water in the evaporator, the air-conditioning chilled water is changed into low-temperature cold water and then is conveyed to the tail end heat exchange device by the chilled water pump, and heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device to provide cold.
Further, the tail end heat exchange device is arranged indoors.
According to the operation control method of the water source heat pump system, the refrigerant absorbs energy in the return chilled water of the air conditioner in the evaporator, the return chilled water of the air conditioner is changed into low-temperature cold water and then is conveyed to the indoor tail end heat exchange device by the chilled water pump, and heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device to provide cold energy for the indoor space.
According to the water source heat pump system, the water taking pump is connected with the water taking pipe. The water source heat pump unit is connected with a drain pipe. The terminal heat exchange device comprises a heat exchange coil. The heat exchange coil is provided with a fan. And a water intake temperature sensor is arranged on the water intake pipe. And a chilled water outlet temperature sensor is arranged on a pipeline where the chilled water pump is positioned. And an indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor is arranged on the indoor air conditioner return air side of the tail end heat exchange device. And an indoor air conditioner air supply temperature sensor is arranged on the indoor air conditioner air supply side of the tail end heat exchange device.
The water source heat pump system also comprises a controller, wherein the controller is provided with a signal input end and a signal output end; the signal input end is in signal transmission connection with the water taking temperature sensor, the chilled water outlet temperature sensor, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor and the indoor air conditioner air supply temperature sensor respectively; the signal output end is connected with the water source heat pump unit, the water taking pump, the chilled water pump and the fan in a control mode.
According to the operation control method of the water source heat pump system, the chilled water outlet temperature signal, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature signal and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature signal which are respectively transmitted by the water taking water temperature sensor, the chilled water outlet water temperature sensor, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature sensor are obtained through the signal input end of the controller; and the controller analyzes and processes the chilled water outlet water temperature signal, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature signal and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature signal, and converts the signals into control signals which are respectively transmitted to the water source heat pump unit, the water taking pump, the chilled water pump and the fan.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the water source heat pump system and the operation control method thereof fully utilize the temperature change characteristics of river water and the load change characteristics of buildings based on the temperature change rules of the river water and the load distribution characteristics of the buildings, and reduce the flow of a water taking pump when the temperature of the river water and the river water is lower; when the building load is low, the flow of the chilled water pump is reduced, and the outlet water temperature set value of the chilled water is improved, so that the cold quantity provided by the water source heat pump system is matched with the building load, and the energy conservation is realized; as an optimization control strategy, the method realizes more remarkable improvement of the operation energy efficiency of the water source heat pump system, saves the operation cost, promotes the development of renewable energy sources, improves the energy utilization efficiency, and adjusts the energy structure and relieves the energy supply pressure.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a water source heat pump system of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a building load diagram of one embodiment of the water source heat pump system of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a simulation diagram of the energy consumption of the TRNSYS system platform according to an embodiment of the water source heat pump system of the present invention.
In the figure, 1 is a water source heat pump unit, 2 is a water taking pump, 3 is a chilled water pump, 4 is a terminal heat exchange device, 5 is a controller, 501 is a signal input end, 502 is a signal output end, 6 is a water taking pipe, 7 is a drain pipe, 8 is a fan, 9 is a heat exchange coil, 10 is an indoor air conditioner air return side, 11 is an indoor air conditioner air supply side, 12 is a water taking water temperature sensor, 13 is a chilled water outlet water temperature sensor, 14 is an indoor air conditioner air return temperature sensor, 15 is an indoor air conditioner air supply temperature sensor, and 16 is river water, river water and river water 16.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the specific embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1, a water source heat pump system includes a water source heat pump unit 1, a water intake pump 2, a chilled water pump 3, and a terminal heat exchange device 4; the water source heat pump unit 1 comprises an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor and a throttling device; the water taking pump 2 is connected with the condenser; the chilled water pump 3 is connected with the evaporator and the tail end heat exchange device 4 respectively.
The embodiment also provides an operation control method of the water source heat pump system, which comprises the following steps:
water taken from a river by the water taking pump 2 enters the condenser of the water source heat pump unit 1, absorbs heat of a refrigerant and then is discharged to the downstream of the river again;
the refrigerant absorbs the energy in the return water of the air-conditioning chilled water in the evaporator, the air-conditioning chilled water is changed into low-temperature cold water and then is conveyed to the tail end heat exchange device 4 by the chilled water pump 3, and heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device 4 to provide cold energy.
The working principle of the water source heat pump system of the embodiment is as follows: the evaporator, the condenser, the compressor and the throttling device of the water source heat pump unit 1 can complete refrigeration circulation. Wherein the water taking pump 2 is connected with a condenser of the water source heat pump unit 1, and water taken from the river by the water taking pump 2 enters the condenser of the water source heat pump unit 1, absorbs the heat of the refrigerant and then is discharged to the downstream of the river again. The freezing water pump 3 is connected with an evaporator of the water source heat pump unit 1, a refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs energy in return water of freezing water of the air conditioner, the return water of the freezing water of the air conditioner is changed into low-temperature cold water and then is conveyed to an indoor tail end heat exchange device 4 by the freezing water pump, heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device 4, and cold energy is provided for the indoor.
The energy-saving principle of the water source heat pump system of the embodiment is as follows: the energy consumption of the water source heat pump system mainly comprises four parts: the energy consumption of the water taking pump 2, the energy consumption of the host of the water source heat pump unit 1, the energy consumption of the freezing water pump 3 and the energy consumption of the fan 8 of the tail end heat exchange device 4. The energy consumption of the water taking pump 2 is related to the flow of water taking, the energy consumption of the main machine of the water source heat pump unit 1 is related to the load rate of the unit, the temperature of river water and river water entering a condenser and the temperature of outlet water of an evaporator, the energy consumption of the freezing water pump 3 is related to the flow of freezing water, and the energy consumption of a fan 8 of the tail end heat exchange device 4 is related to the starting condition of the indoor tail end heat exchange device 4. Because the service behavior of end heat transfer device 4 is mainly decided by the user, consequently this embodiment is mainly to the energy consumption that saves water intaking pump 2, water source heat pump set 1 host computer, frozen water pump 3. Since the temperatures of the river water and the river water 16 are affected by the air temperature, the solar radiation and other factors, the water temperatures of the river water and the river water 16 are different in different months, different days and different hours. The load of a building is constantly changing due to factors such as the usage state and the outdoor temperature. At present, the operation parameters of the water source heat pump system are fixed values, namely the flow of the water taking pump 2 is constant, the set value of the chilled water outlet temperature of the main machine of the water source heat pump system 1 is constant, the flow of the chilled water pump 3 is constant, and the load and the water temperature of a building are changed constantly, so that the main machine of the water source heat pump system 1 of the water source heat pump system is frequently started and stopped, and the operation energy consumption of the system is large. Therefore, the water taking flow of the water taking pump 2, the chilled water outlet temperature set value of the water source heat pump unit 1 and the water flow of the chilled water pump 3 are adjusted by combining the temperature conditions of the river water and the river water 16 and the load factor condition of the building, so that the sum of the energy consumption of the water taking pump 1, the host of the water source heat pump unit 1 and the energy consumption of the chilled water pump 3 can be minimized. For example, when the water intake temperature of the river water 16 is low, the operation frequency of the water intake pump 2 can be reduced, the water intake amount can be reduced, and the water intake energy consumption can be saved. When the load of the building is low, the chilled water outlet temperature set value of the main machine of the water source heat pump unit 1 can be increased to reduce the energy consumption of the main machine of the water source heat pump unit 1, and the running frequency of the chilled water pump 3 can also be reduced to reduce the energy consumption of the chilled water pump. The known parameters are the load of the building, the temperature of river water and 16 river water, and the parameters which can be adjusted comprise the flow of a water taking pump 2, the chilled water outlet temperature set value Tset of a water source heat pump unit 1, the water flow migp of a chilled water pump 3 and the air volume mair of an indoor fan 8. The emphasis is to adjust the controllable parameters based on the known parameters to achieve the lowest total energy consumption of the system. This embodiment is based on the principle of supply and demand matching, that is, two balances are realized: the matching of the cold quantity provided by the evaporator and the building load, and the balance of the heat quantity released by the condenser and the heat quantity taken away by the river water and the river water 16. The building load is divided into four sections: in the first stage, the air volume of the fan 8 is maintained at 50% of the rated air volume, the flow of the chilled water is adjusted between 30% and 40% of the rated flow, and the set value of the outlet water temperature of the chilled water is 10 ℃ of the highest value. In the second stage, the air quantity of the fan 8 is maintained at 50% of the rated air quantity, the flow of the chilled water is constant at 40% of the rated flow, and the set value of the temperature of the outlet water of the chilled water is adjusted between the highest value of 10 ℃ and the lowest value of 7 ℃ according to the load condition of the building. In the third stage, the air quantity of the fan 8 is maintained at 50% of the rated air quantity, the flow rate of the chilled water is adjusted between 40% and 100% of the rated flow according to the load condition of the building, and the set value of the outlet water temperature of the chilled water is constant at 7 ℃. In the fourth section, the air quantity of the fan 8 is adjusted between 50% and 100% of the rated air quantity according to the building load condition, the flow of the chilled water is constant at 100% of the rated flow, and the set value of the outlet water temperature of the chilled water is constant at 7 ℃. As shown in figure 2 of the drawings, in which,
the flow rate of the water taking pump 2 is regulated by a formula (I),
in the formula (I), P is the ratio of the actual flow rate of the water taking pump 2 to the rated flow rate; t isoutMeasuring the water withdrawal temperature for taking water, unit: DEG C; t ismax,outFor taking water the maximum allowable water withdrawal temperature was measured in units: DEG C; t isintakeMeasure the temperature of the water intake for water intake, unit: DEG C; m isEWPFor the actual flow of the water intake pump, unit: m is3/h；mEWP.normFor the rated flow of the water pump, unit: m is3/h。
In formula (I), the maximum allowable water-withdrawal temperature of the water-taking side needs to meet the requirements of local environmental protection departments, and 36 ℃ is taken as an example in the embodiment.
In order to verify the energy saving performance of the water source heat pump system and the operation control method thereof, the water source heat pump system of a certain practical building is taken as a prototype, and the energy consumption of the water source heat pump system is simulated in a TRNSYS system platform respectively. The specific results are shown in FIG. 3. As can be seen from fig. 3, the energy saving significance of the water source heat pump system and the operation control method thereof of the present embodiment is that, in the whole cooling season (from 5 months to 9 months), the water source heat pump system and the operation control method thereof of the present embodiment save 25.62% of energy compared with the conventional control method (see the energy saving rate 2 curve), and save 19.93% of energy compared with the current advanced variable frequency control method (see the energy saving rate 3 curve).
The above description is only an example of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Various modifications and changes may occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A water source heat pump system comprises a water source heat pump unit, a water taking pump, a freezing water pump and a tail end heat exchange device; the system is characterized in that the water source heat pump unit comprises an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor and a throttling device; the water taking pump is connected with the condenser; the chilled water pump is connected with the evaporator and the tail end heat exchange device respectively.
2. The water source heat pump system of claim 1, wherein the terminal heat exchange device is disposed indoors.
3. The water source heat pump system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said water pump is connected to a water intake pipe.
4. The waterhead heat pump system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the waterhead heat pump unit is connected to a drain pipe.
5. The water source heat pump system as recited in claim 1 wherein said end heat exchange means comprises a heat exchange coil having a fan mounted thereon.
6. The water source heat pump system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the water intake pipe is provided with a water intake temperature sensor, the pipeline of the chilled water pump is provided with a chilled water outlet temperature sensor, the indoor air-conditioning return air side of the terminal heat exchange device is provided with an indoor air-conditioning return air temperature sensor, and the indoor air-conditioning supply side of the terminal heat exchange device is provided with an indoor air-conditioning supply air temperature sensor.
7. The water source heat pump system of claim 1, further comprising a controller, the controller providing a signal input and a signal output; the signal input end is in signal transmission connection with the water taking temperature sensor, the chilled water outlet temperature sensor, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor and the indoor air conditioner air supply temperature sensor respectively; the signal output end is connected with the water source heat pump unit, the water taking pump, the chilled water pump and the fan in a control mode.
8. The operation control method of the water source heat pump system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising the steps of:
water taken from a river by the water taking pump enters the condenser of the water source heat pump unit, absorbs heat of a refrigerant and then is discharged to the downstream of the river again;
the refrigerant absorbs the energy in the return water of the air-conditioning chilled water in the evaporator, the air-conditioning chilled water is changed into low-temperature cold water and then is conveyed to the tail end heat exchange device by the chilled water pump, and heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device to provide cold.
9. The operation control method of a water source heat pump system as claimed in claim 8, wherein said terminal heat exchanging means is provided indoors; the refrigerant absorbs the energy in the return water of the chilled water of the air conditioner in the evaporator, the return water of the chilled water of the air conditioner is changed into low-temperature cold water, the low-temperature cold water is conveyed to the indoor tail end heat exchange device by the chilled water pump, and heat exchange is carried out in the tail end heat exchange device to provide cold energy for the indoor space.
10. The method of controlling operation of a waterhead heat pump system as claimed in claim 8 wherein said waterhead heat pump system further comprises a controller, said controller being configured with a signal input and a signal output; the signal input end is in signal transmission connection with the water taking temperature sensor, the chilled water outlet temperature sensor, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor and the indoor air conditioner air supply temperature sensor respectively; the signal output end is in control connection with the water source heat pump unit, the water taking pump, the chilled water pump and the fan;
the chilled water outlet water temperature signal, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature signal and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature signal which are respectively transmitted by the water taking water temperature sensor, the chilled water outlet water temperature sensor, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature sensor and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature sensor are obtained through the signal input end of the controller; and the controller analyzes and processes the chilled water outlet water temperature signal, the indoor air conditioner return air temperature signal and the indoor air conditioner supply air temperature signal, and converts the signals into control signals which are respectively transmitted to the water source heat pump unit, the water taking pump, the chilled water pump and the fan.
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| CN202110828959.4A CN113375370A (en) | 2021-07-22 | 2021-07-22 | Water source heat pump system and operation control method thereof |
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| CN202110828959.4A CN113375370A (en) | 2021-07-22 | 2021-07-22 | Water source heat pump system and operation control method thereof |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07174436A (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1995-07-14 | Shimizu Corp | River water utilizing heat recovery system |
| US20130091883A1 (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2013-04-18 | Lennox Industries Inc. | Controller, method of operating a water source heat pump and a water source heat pump |
| CN108931031A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-04 | 湖南湖大瑞格能源科技有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving control method and system of depth lake water source heat pump system |
| CN108931030A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-04 | 湖南湖大瑞格能源科技有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving control method and system of river water source heat pump system |
-
2021
- 2021-07-22 CN CN202110828959.4A patent/CN113375370A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07174436A (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1995-07-14 | Shimizu Corp | River water utilizing heat recovery system |
| US20130091883A1 (en) * | 2011-09-26 | 2013-04-18 | Lennox Industries Inc. | Controller, method of operating a water source heat pump and a water source heat pump |
| CN108931031A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-04 | 湖南湖大瑞格能源科技有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving control method and system of depth lake water source heat pump system |
| CN108931030A (en) * | 2018-06-28 | 2018-12-04 | 湖南湖大瑞格能源科技有限公司 | A kind of energy-saving control method and system of river water source heat pump system |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
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| 王作林: "江水源热泵系统分区运行调控策略研究", 《中国优秀硕士学位论文集》 * |
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