CN113361159A - Moving plate temperature field simulation method for jet impact quenching of nozzle - Google Patents
Moving plate temperature field simulation method for jet impact quenching of nozzle Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impact quenching, which is based on the basic principle of incompressible fluid flow and a flow-heat-solid coupling finite element method, combines heat transfer simulation and quenching medium flow simulation in a moving workpiece by using a sliding grid technology, and establishes a temperature field model for nozzle jet impact quenching in an array staggered arrangement in the moving process of a plate, thereby providing a basis for formulating a reasonable quenching process, predicting the temperature change of the plate in the moving quenching process of the plate and providing a judgment basis for the rationality of the quenching process. And judging whether the quenching process is reasonable under the working condition according to the change curve of the temperature of the flat plate obtained by simulation along with the time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of heat treatment, and particularly relates to a moving plate temperature field simulation method for jet impact quenching of a nozzle.
Background
The heat treatment is one of the basic links in the fields of steel processing and mechanical manufacturing, the quenching can obviously improve the strength and the hardness of steel, and is an important process for producing high-performance high-added-value steel plates, and whether the quenching process is reasonable or not mainly depends on the quenching speed and the cooling uniformity of the steel plates, so the calculation and the measurement of the quenching temperature field of the steel plates are very important problems in the fields of steel processing and mechanical manufacturing.
In an actual steel heat treatment workshop, steel plates are mostly cooled through nozzles, the nozzles can be arranged in a multi-row mode, the cross section of each nozzle is circular, and gap nozzles can also be used for cooling; wherein, the multi-row circular is directly sprayed on the surface of the high-temperature steel plate for cooling, which is a very effective heat transfer enhancing mode, the heat exchange coefficient is several times or even one order of magnitude higher than the traditional immersion, and the heat exchange effect is improved, therefore, the multi-row circular heat exchanger is more and more widely applied. In the actual quenching production, the nozzles are usually arranged in a staggered manner in multiple rows, the temperature of the surface of the steel plate is quickly reduced under the impact action of high-pressure water jet, and the cooling speed and the cooling uniformity of the steel plate are difficult to control. The slit nozzle is also a nozzle cooling mode with strong cooling capacity, and is usually arranged at the inlet section of a quenching machine, the impact action of high-pressure water jet on the surface of a steel plate is rapidly reduced, and the cooling speed and the cooling uniformity of the steel plate are difficult to control no matter which nozzle is arranged.
At present, a finite element method and a finite difference method are generally adopted in numerical simulation of a quenching temperature field, and an accurate boundary condition cannot be obtained under most conditions, so that a reverse heat transfer method is mostly adopted to calculate a convection heat transfer coefficient so as to obtain a solution of the quenching temperature field. In addition, with the development of the calculation level and the high-speed development of computers, many numerical simulation algorithm software, such as ANSYS, MARC, DEFORM and the like, appear, so that the subsequent mainstream research methods are all to analyze the quenching temperature field by adopting finite element simulation, establish a temperature field model through software, and obtain the temperature distribution and the change rule in the steel plate through the calculation of the temperature field. The existing moving quenching temperature field model for the steel plate is generally to simulate jet impact heat exchange under a single nozzle, the heat exchange condition of the single nozzle is applied to actual working conditions, the influence of the moving speed of the steel plate on the surface heat exchange coefficient and the heat flow density is ignored, the influence of the moving speed of the steel plate on the structure of the flow field among the nozzles is ignored, and the heat exchange condition is completely determined by the flow structure of the flow field for the jet impact heat exchange, so that the error of the result of the temperature field solved by the method is larger.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impact quenching, so as to solve the defects of high test cost, poor flexibility, no consideration of plate moving speed and the like in the conventional quenching temperature field simulation method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
a moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impact quenching comprises the following steps:
and 6, simulating the fluid domain and the solid domain through the multiphase flow model and the turbulence model, and solving the two models to obtain the simulated temperature field of the flat plate.
The invention is further improved in that:
preferably, in step 3, the fluid domain is divided into hexahedral non-structural grids by using a Cooper method; the flat plate is divided into hexahedral structural grids by Map.
Preferably, in step 4, the defining of the flat material is to input physical properties of the flat material into the model, and the defining of the environmental medium material is as follows: the quenching medium is water, the main phase is air, and the secondary phase is water.
Preferably, in step 5, the boundary conditions are that all the interfaces are defined as coupling surfaces, the nozzle is selected as a speed inlet, and the boundary of the whole water cooling area is selected as a pressure outlet.
Preferably, in step 5, after the boundary condition is set, a movement area is defined, and the movement area includes the flat plate, the front guide plate, and the rear guide plate 2.
Preferably, the initial values are the outlet velocity of the jet set and the pressure value of the pressure outlet.
7. The method for simulating the temperature field of the moving plate for the nozzle jet impact quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 6, the multiphase flow model is VOF, and the turbulence model is readable k-epsilon.
Preferably, in step 6, the two models are solved by the PISO algorithm modified by the separation method SIMPLE.
Preferably, in step 1, the parameters of the plate include a plate size and an initial position of the plate.
Preferably, the nozzle parameters of the gap cooling include the opening degree, the width and the included angle between the jet flow direction and the horizontal plane; for circular nozzle cooling, the nozzle parameters include the diameter of the nozzles, the number of nozzles, the angle between the jet flow direction and the horizontal plane, and the arrangement of the nozzles.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impact quenching, which is based on the basic principle of incompressible fluid flow and a flow-heat-solid coupling finite element method, combines heat transfer simulation and quenching medium flow simulation in a moving workpiece by using a sliding grid technology, and establishes a temperature field model for nozzle jet impact quenching in an array staggered arrangement in the moving process of a plate, thereby providing a basis for formulating a reasonable quenching process, predicting the temperature change of the plate in the moving quenching process of the plate and providing a judgment basis for the rationality of the quenching process. According to the temperature variation curve of the flat plate along with time obtained by simulation, whether the quenching process is reasonable under the working condition is judged, the temperature distribution of any position of the flat plate at any time can be predicted without experiments on the premise of comprehensively considering the arrangement form and the process parameters of the nozzles, and the arrangement form and the process parameters of the nozzles are further adjusted through the simulation result, so that corresponding optimization and improvement measures are carried out on the quenching process, data support can be provided for the formulation of the subsequent quenching process, and the subsequent quenching process parameters are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a slot jet cooling geometry for a moving plate in accordance with example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the nozzle jet cooling geometry of a staggered array of moving plates in accordance with example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the temperature field of the flat panel at various times in accordance with example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the temperature field of the flat panel at different times in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the surface temperature field of the copper plate in the cooling zone of example 1;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the surface temperature field of the copper plate in the cooling zone of example 2;
FIG. 8 is a surface temperature profile sampling position of the copper plate in the cooling zone of example 2;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing temperature profiles of different positions on the surface of the copper plate in the cooling zone of example 1.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing temperature profiles at different positions on the surface of the copper plate in the cooling zone of example 2.
Wherein, 1-a front guide plate; 2-plate; 3-a rear guide plate; 4-a gap; 5-circular nozzle.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following figures and specific embodiments:
in the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention; the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance; furthermore, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly and encompass, for example, both fixed and removable connections; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3 below, the simulation method of the temperature field of the present invention relies on the following
The invention discloses a method for simulating a temperature field of a moving flat plate 2 for jet impact quenching of a nozzle, which comprises the following steps:
In the process of establishing the cooling model, the cooling model with any specification and under any working condition can be established, if the model has symmetry, the model can be simplified, and a local cooling model can be established according to the symmetry.
The calculation domain is divided by adopting a hexahedral mesh, the hexahedral non-structural mesh is divided by adopting a Cooper method for the fluid domain, the hexahedral structural mesh is divided by adopting a Map for the solid domain, and in addition, the mesh encryption is carried out on the mesh at the jet flow region and the wall surface.
Step 6, setting boundary conditions according to actual working conditions, and giving initial values; the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 6.1, defining boundary conditions, and calculating an interface in the domain after Boolean operation, wherein the interface comprises the following steps: 4 interfaces of the front guide plate 1 and the fluid domain, 1 interface of the front guide plate 1 and the flat plate 2 domain, and 1 interface of the rear guide plate 3 and the flat plate 2 domain; after the front end of the flat plate 2 moves to the cooling area, 4 interfaces between the flat plate 2 and the cooling area are formed, and after the tail end of the flat plate 2 completely enters the cooling area, 4 interfaces between a rear end guide plate and the cooling area are formed; the interface is defined as a coupling surface (having exchange of substances and energy), the rest boundaries are set according to the actual conditions, specifically, a nozzle selects Velocity-inlet (speed inlet), the boundary of the whole water cooling area selects Pressure-outlet (Pressure outlet), the gravity acceleration is set, and the rest boundaries are set to reasonable initial values according to the actual conditions; the initial values include the speed of the nozzle, the ejected medium, and the pressure value of the surrounding air boundary, i.e., the pressure value of the pressure outlet, the water ejection speed is set according to the process parameters, and the air boundary pressure value is set to 0, which represents the standard atmospheric pressure.
Step 6.2, Interface is set differently according to different types, and the specific setting comprises: the interface (solid-solid) where the two guide plates contact the flat plate 2 sets a coupling boundary; the interface (fluid-solid) of the front and rear guide plates, the flat plate 2 and the cooling area is set as a coupling boundary, and the boundary conditions of the front and rear guide plates and the flat plate 2 are the same but need to be defined separately;
and 6.3, defining a moving area, including the flat plate 2 and the front and rear guide plates, and 3 solid areas in total, based on the basic principle of a sliding grid, setting the moving speed according to the moving direction established in the step 1 by adopting moving mesh as a moving type.
And 7, setting a solving mode, predicting the time required for the tail end of the flat plate 2 to exit the cooling area through the moving speed of the flat plate 2, setting a solving time step, selecting a PISO algorithm improved by a separation type solution SIMPLE (SIMPLE empirical mode decomposition), and obtaining a quenching temperature field in the moving process of the flat plate 2 after solving. If the length of the steel plate is 1m, the head of the steel plate is 1m away from the cooling area at the initial moment, and the moving speed is 0.5m/s, the displacement amount of the steel plate required by passing through the cooling area and completely exiting the cooling area is 2m, and under the premise that the speed is known, 2/0.5 is 4s, the model needs to solve 4s to obtain the temperature field of the steel plate after cooling.
After the simulation result is obtained, the temperature change of any part at any moment in the moving quenching process of the flat plate 2 can be known, and the simulation result is used for predicting the rationality of the quenching process of the flat plate 2.
According to the simulation method for predicting the jet impact quenching temperature field of the nozzles staggered in the array of the moving flat plate 2, when the model is built in the step 1), a cooling model with any specification and under any working condition can be built, and then the results are recalculated and analyzed in the steps 1) -8).
The technical effects are as follows: according to the quenching temperature field obtained by simulation, the temperature change of the flat plate 2 at any position and different moments can be predicted, and whether the arrangement form and the process parameters of the nozzles are reasonable or not can be judged under the cooling system, so that a judgment basis can be provided for formulating a reasonable quenching process, and the purpose of optimizing the performance of the flat plate 2 is achieved.
The simulation method for predicting the jet impact quenching temperature field of the nozzle with the staggered array of the moving flat plate 2 is characterized in that GAMBIT is used as modeling software.
The simulation method for predicting the jet impact quenching temperature field of the nozzle with the staggered moving flat plate 2 array is characterized in that the simulation software is FLUENT.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 2, for a copper plate with initial temperature of 923K, the copper plate undergoes a gap flow cooling process at a speed of 1m/s, and the specific steps include:
1) establishing a calculation model, and establishing a copper plate specification: 900 × 80 × 16mm, horizontal distance of initial position from slit nozzle: 280mm, vertical distance: 50mm, nozzle gap opening degree: 2mm, nozzle width 200mm, jet angle 90 °, see fig. 2 for a slot jet cooling geometry representation of the moving plate 2;
2) separating a moving area and a static area based on a sliding grid principle according to the moving direction of the flat plate 2, carrying out Boolean operation on the cooling model established in the step 1, and separating the moving area from the static area, wherein the moving area comprises a copper plate and a front guide copper plate and a rear guide copper plate, and the static area is a cooling area;
3) carrying out grid division on the cooling model, defining areas, wherein a copper plate area is defined as SOLID, two copper plate areas in front and back in the moving direction are defined as SOLID and are used as guide copper plates, and the rest areas are defined as FLUID and are used as cooling areas, and 4 areas are defined in total;
4) defining materials including a quenching medium and a flat plate 2 material, wherein air and water physical parameters can be called out from a material library, and Cu specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity parameters are inserted into a model in a linear interpolation mode;
5) setting a multi-phase flow model and a turbulence model, wherein the multi-phase flow model selects VOF, in the embodiment, the quenching medium is water, the air is used as a main phase, the water is used as a secondary phase, and the turbulence model selects Realizable k-epsilon;
6) setting boundary conditions according to actual working conditions, wherein the boundary conditions of the slit nozzle adopt Velocity-inlet, the speed is 28.5m/s, the volume fraction of water is 1, the inlet temperature is 300k, which represents that 100 percent of fluid flowing into the cooling area from the Velocity inlet is water and the water temperature is 300k, the boundary conditions of the outlet adopt Pressure-outlet, the Pressure is 0, which represents that the fluid is in contact with the atmosphere, and the gravity acceleration is-9.81 m/s2The copper plate is applied to the-Y axis direction, the moving direction of the copper plate is the + X axis direction, the speed is 3m/s, and the initial temperature of the copper plate is 923 k;
7) setting a solving method, wherein the solving method adopts a PISO algorithm improved by a separation type solution SIMPLE;
8) and (3) predicting the time required for the tail end of the flat plate 2 to exit the slit jet action area, setting a solving time step, wherein the time step is 0.0001s, and solving 4200 steps to ensure that the copper plate is completely cooled through a cooling area, so that a quenching temperature field in the moving process of the copper plate can be obtained.
Referring to fig. 4, the surface temperature field of the copper plate is not at the same time, and as can be seen from the cloud chart, the head of the copper plate (which is the previous flat plate 2, and all the subsequent copper plates are the flat plate 2, and the guide plate is actually an imaginary plate, and actually does not exist, and the imaginary plate is added for the convenience of simulation and modeling) at the time of 0.06s enters the cooling area first, and the temperature of the head is rapidly reduced; the copper plate continues to move forwards, the other parts of the copper plate enter a cooling area for cooling, the surface temperature continues to be reduced, and the surface temperature reaches the lowest near the stagnation point area of the nozzle under the action of jet flow impact of the nozzle, as shown in a 0.18s diagram; then the surface temperature of the copper plate rises due to the influence of heat conduction of the core part temperature, and as shown in the graph of 0.18 s-0.42 s, the head temperature gradually rises. The edge of the copper plate is affected by the water cooling, and the closer to the edge of the copper plate, the lower the temperature.
FIG. 6 is a cloud chart of the surface temperature of the copper plate in the cooling zone, and it can be seen from the cloud chart that the lowest point of the temperature in the cooling zone is in the stagnation point region and is far away from the stagnation point region, and the surface temperature of the copper plate rises back (also influenced by the heat conduction of the core temperature); the side surface of the copper plate is cooled by flowing water, so that the surface temperature is reduced.
Fig. 9 is a graph of the temperature profile of the upper and side surfaces of the cooled inner copper plate. In the same way, the temperature of the stagnation point area of the copper plate in the cooling area is lower, and the surface temperature of the stagnation point area of the tail end nozzle is the lowest due to the influence of the multiple rows of nozzles.
Example 2
Referring to fig. 3, the specific steps of the jet cooling process of a copper plate with initial temperature of 1073K passing through the array staggered nozzle at the speed of 1m/s include:
1) establishing a calculation model, and establishing a copper plate specification: 500 × 150 × 10mm, horizontal distance from the initial position to the first row of nozzles: 33mm, vertical distance: 50mm, nozzle diameter: 4mm, number of nozzles: 6, two nozzles are arranged in each row, the row spacing of the nozzles in each row is 30mm, the nozzles in each row are staggered by 15mm, the jet angle is 90 degrees, and a jet cooling geometric diagram of the nozzles staggered in the array of the moving flat plate 2 is shown in FIG. 2;
2) separating a moving area and a static area based on a sliding grid principle according to the moving direction of the flat plate 2, carrying out Boolean operation on the cooling model established in the step 1, and separating the moving area from the static area, wherein the moving area comprises a copper plate and a front guide copper plate and a rear guide copper plate, and the static area is a cooling area;
3) carrying out grid division on the cooling model, defining areas, wherein a copper plate area is defined as SOLID, two copper plate areas in front and back in the moving direction are defined as SOLID and are used as guide copper plates, and the rest areas are defined as FLUID and are used as cooling areas, and 4 areas are defined in total;
4) defining materials including a quenching medium and a flat plate 2 material, wherein air and water physical parameters can be called out from a material library, and Cu specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity parameters are inserted into a model in a linear interpolation mode;
5) setting a multi-phase flow model and a turbulence model, wherein the multi-phase flow model selects VOF, in the embodiment, the quenching medium is water, the air is used as a main phase, the water is used as a secondary phase, and the turbulence model selects Realizable k-epsilon;
6) setting boundary conditions according to actual working conditions, wherein the boundary conditions of the slit nozzle adopt Velocity-inlet, the speed is 28m/s, the volume fraction of water is 1, the inlet temperature is 300k, the boundary conditions represent that 100% of fluid flowing into the cooling area from the Velocity inlet is water and the water temperature is 300k, the boundary conditions of the outlet adopt Pressure-outlet, the Pressure is 0, the boundary conditions represent that the fluid is in contact with the atmosphere, and the gravity acceleration is-9.81 m/s2The copper plate is applied to the-Y axis direction, the moving direction of the copper plate is the + X axis direction, the speed is 1m/s, and the initial temperature of the copper plate is 1073 k;
7) setting a solving method, wherein the solving method adopts a PISO algorithm improved by a separation type solution SIMPLE; predicting the time required by the tail end of the flat plate 2 to get out of the slit jet action area, setting a solving time step, wherein the time step is 0.00001s, solving 70000 steps, and completely cooling the copper plate through a cooling area to obtain a quenching temperature field in the moving process of the copper plate, wherein the quenching temperature field is shown in figure 5, the copper plate surface temperature field is different in time, the difference between the advancing direction of the copper plate and the slit nozzle is not large, and the flow field structure is different and the heat exchange effect is different under the action of the circular nozzle. As can be seen from the figure, after the copper plate moves to the action area of the nozzle, the temperature is rapidly reduced, and the stagnation area of the nozzle is rapidly reduced under the direct jet impact action of the nozzle; and because of the influence of a plurality of rows of nozzles, the lowest point of the surface temperature of the copper plate is in the stagnation point area of the last row of nozzles (in this case, the third row of nozzles), the copper plate moves forwards continuously, and after leaving the quenching area, the surface temperature of the copper plate rises back to some extent because of the influence of the red returning temperature of the core.
Fig. 7 is a cloud graph of the surface temperature of the copper plate in the cooling area, and fig. 8 is a surface temperature curve of the copper plate in the cooling area, and it can be seen from the cloud graph that the temperature of the stagnation point area of the copper plate in the cooling area is lower, and the surface temperature is the lowest at the stagnation point area of the end nozzles due to the influence of the multiple rows of nozzles. FIG. 10 is a graph showing the temperature distribution at different positions on the surface of the copper plate in the cooling zone, wherein the temperature distribution in the cooling zone is not uniform under the influence of multiple rows of nozzles, the lowest temperature point is near the stagnation point area of each nozzle, the area far away from the stagnation point area is influenced by internal heat conduction, and the temperature rises.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (10)
1. A moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impact quenching is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, establishing a cooling model, wherein the cooling model comprises a cooling area and a flat plate (2), the flat plate (2) is arranged in the cooling area, and a water cooling area is arranged in the cooling area; the water cooling area is cooled by a nozzle, and the cooling mode of the nozzle is gap cooling or circular nozzle cooling;
step 2, dividing the water cooling area into a fluid area and a solid area, wherein the solid area is the area where the flat plate (2) is located, and performing Boolean subtraction on the fluid area and the solid area to separate the fluid area and the solid area;
step 3, respectively carrying out grid division on the flat plate (2) in the solid domain and the fluid domain around the flat plate (2); when the grids are divided, a plate in front of the flat plate (2) is defined as a front guide plate (1), and a plate behind the flat plate (2) is defined as a rear guide plate (2) (3);
step 4, defining a flat plate (2) material and an environment medium material, wherein a quenching medium in the environment medium material is water;
step 5, setting the boundary condition of the flat plate (2) and giving an initial value;
and 6, simulating the fluid domain and the solid domain through the multiphase flow model and the turbulence model, and solving the two models to obtain the simulated temperature field of the flat plate (2).
2. The moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 3, the fluid domain is divided into hexahedral unstructured grids by Cooper method; the flat plate (2) is divided into hexahedral structural grids by adopting Map.
3. The method for simulating the temperature field of a moving plate for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 4, the defining of the material of the plate (2) is inputting the physical properties of the material of the plate (2) into the model, and the defining of the material of the environment medium is as follows: the quenching medium is water, the main phase is air, and the secondary phase is water.
4. The method for simulating the temperature field of a moving plate for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 5, the boundary conditions are that all interfaces are defined as coupling surfaces, the nozzles are selected as velocity inlets, and the boundaries of the whole water cooling zone are selected as pressure outlets.
5. The method for simulating the temperature field of the moving flat plate for nozzle jet impact quenching as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step 5, after setting the boundary conditions, a moving area is defined, wherein the moving area comprises the flat plate (2), the front guide plate (1) and the rear guide plate (2) (3).
6. The method for simulating the temperature field of a moving plate for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein said initial values are the exit velocity of the jet stack and the pressure value of the pressure exit.
7. The method for simulating the temperature field of the moving plate for the nozzle jet impact quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 6, the multiphase flow model is VOF, and the turbulence model is readable k-epsilon.
8. The moving plate temperature field simulation method for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 6, the two models are solved by PISO algorithm modified by separation method SIMPLE.
9. The method for simulating the temperature field of a moving plate for nozzle jet impingement quenching as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1, the parameters of the plate (2) comprise the plate size and the initial position of the plate.
10. The moving plate temperature field simulation method of nozzle jet impingement quenching according to any of claims 1-9, wherein nozzle parameters of the slot cooling include opening degree, width, and angle between jet direction and horizontal plane; for circular nozzle cooling, the nozzle parameters include the diameter of the nozzles, the number of nozzles, the angle between the jet flow direction and the horizontal plane, and the arrangement of the nozzles.
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