CN113347969A - 用于清除衰老细胞的组合物 - Google Patents
用于清除衰老细胞的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113347969A CN113347969A CN201980086281.8A CN201980086281A CN113347969A CN 113347969 A CN113347969 A CN 113347969A CN 201980086281 A CN201980086281 A CN 201980086281A CN 113347969 A CN113347969 A CN 113347969A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于选择性清除衰老细胞的,包含能够抑制环氧合酶‑1(COX‑1)、环氧合酶‑2(COX‑2)和脂氧合酶中的至少两种的一种或多种抑制剂的组合物,或者包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸‑CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是长链脂肪酸‑CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2或其组合的一种或多种抑制剂的组合物。本发明还涉及鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞的体外方法,以及鉴定用于选择性清除衰老细胞的候选化合物的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及衰老细胞裂解剂(senolytics)领域,并提供了可用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物以及筛选衰老细胞裂解剂化合物的方法。
背景技术
人们发现衰老细胞在与年龄相关病理非常接近的衰老过程中在组织和器官中积累,其中衰老细胞在年龄相关疾病和病症的发生和发展中起着至关重要的作用。使用遗传学或药理学方法清除小鼠模型中的衰老细胞表明能够延长健康期,预防或延缓衰老相关疾病和病症的发生以及衰弱的发展。从那时起,已经鉴定出多种能够选择性清除衰老细胞的药理化合物,并且通常被称为“衰老细胞裂解剂(senolytics)”。
尽管细胞衰老是一种肿瘤抑制机制,在胚胎发育(-Espín等人2013)和伤口愈合(Demaria等人2014)中起着重要作用,但衰老过程中器官和组织中衰老细胞的慢性积累据信是年龄相关疾病和病症的发展和进展的主要驱动力。衰老细胞通过p53-p21CIP1或通过p16INK4a-Rb轴最终生长停滞,积累衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶活性(SA-β-gal),并显示出典型的形态(Campisi和d’Adda di Fagagna 2007)。当长期存在时,它们通过分泌促肿瘤和促炎的细胞因子、生长因子和蛋白酶的混合物对周围组织产生不利影响(Acosta等人2013,Coppé等人2010;Krtolica等人2001),称为衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)。
先前的研究描述了与年轻细胞相比,花生四烯酸在衰老细胞内的水平降低,这是由于花生四烯酸向细胞外培养基中的释放增加(Lorenzini等人2000)。
与这些发现相反,WO2019070407A1公开了一种通过确定衰老细胞的指标,例如类花生酸或类花生酸前体花生四烯酸来鉴定哺乳动物中衰老细胞水平升高的方法。
利用p16INK4a启动子可视化并选择性清除p16INK4a阳性细胞的遗传小鼠模型令人信服地证明,衰老细胞在体内衰老过程中积累,并且清除p16INK4a阳性细胞会延长健康期,并减小衰老相关疾病和病症的发生和发展(Baker等人2016;Baker等人2011)。有令人信服的证据表明衰老细胞与多种年龄相关疾病和病症之间存在着因果关系,例如动脉粥样硬化(Childs等人2016;Roos等人2016)、特发性肺纤维化(Lehmann等人2017;Schafer等人2017)、骨质疏松症(Farr等人2017;Zhu等人2015)、创伤后骨关节炎(Jeon等人2017)、肾衰老(Schmitt和Melk 2017;Valentijn等人2018)、皮肤老化(Baar等人2017;等人2018;Lewis等人201 1;Ressler等人2006;Yosef等人2016)、神经退行性疾病(Bussian等人2018)和脂肪形成受损(Xu等人2015)。此外,已表明,清除衰老细胞减轻了放射疗法和化学疗法诱导的衰老的不利影响并恢复组织功能(Baar等人2017;Chang等人2016;等人2013;Pan等人2017)。除了年龄相关疾病和病症外,细胞衰老还与化学疗法后的肿瘤复发(Milanovic等人2017)和移植器官的形成(Braun等人,2017年)有关,突出了衰老细胞裂解剂疗法的潜力。
衰老细胞裂解剂化合物和靶标的列表包括Bcl-2家族的抑制剂(Chang等人2016;Pan等人2017;Yosef等人2016;Zhu等人2017;Zhu等人2016)、Hsp90抑制剂(Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg等人2017)、达沙替尼(Roos等人2016;Schafer等人2017;Zhu等人2015)、FOXO4(Baar等人2017)、OXR1(Zhang等人2018)、葡萄糖代谢(等人2013)、靶向线粒体的他莫昔芬(MitoTam)或用寡霉素A降低ATP合酶活性(Hubackova等人2018)和多种植物源性化合物,例如槲皮素(Roos等人2016;Schafer等人2017;Zhu等人2015)、非瑟酮(fisetin)(Zhu等人2017)、荜茇酰胺(piperlongumine)(Wang等人2016a)和毛果一枝黄花(solidagovirgaurea)的醇提取物(等人2018)。
已经描述了靶向衰老细胞的化合物的组合。WO2015116735A1描述了通过施用包含例如达沙替尼和槲皮素的衰老细胞裂解剂组合来治疗衰老细胞相关疾病或病症的方法。
然而,许多已报道的衰老细胞裂解剂,如那维妥拉(navitoclax)和达沙替尼具有严重的副作用,并且大多数衰老细胞裂解剂并非在所有细胞类型中都普遍有效。
因此,在本领域中亟需具有较小的副作用和广泛应用范围的衰老细胞裂解剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种能够有效清除衰老细胞的组合物。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种筛选可用于选择性清除衰老细胞的化合物的方法。
本发明解决了该问题。
发明人已经表明,衰老细胞包含改变的脂质代谢,其可用于选择性地清除衰老细胞。具体来说,lyso PC在衰老细胞中上调,表明花生四烯酸的形成增加。为了防止由于花生四烯酸的细胞内积累而引起的细胞死亡,花生四烯酸被代谢。例如,花生四烯酸通过脂氧合酶和环氧合酶被代谢成类花生酸,或者通过具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶(例如ACSL4)被代谢成花生酰基-CoA(arachidonyl-CoA),这是一种酶促循环和降解过程的前体。从而防止了由于花生四烯酸的高细胞内水平引起的细胞死亡。因此,抑制脂氧合酶或环氧合酶会导致衰老细胞中花生四烯酸的增加,并且因此选择性清除衰老细胞。
根据本发明,提供了用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和脂氧合酶中至少两种的一种或多种抑制剂。
特别地,一种或多种抑制剂是COX-1和/或COX-2的特异性抑制剂。
特别地,本文提供的组合物包含一种或多种抑制剂,并且能够抑制选自由COX-1、COX-2和脂氧合酶组成的组中的至少两种酶的酶促活性。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含至少两种抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种COX-1或COX-2抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,组合物包含至少一种COX-1抑制剂和至少一种COX-2抑制剂。特别地,提供的组合物包含选自COX-1抑制剂、COX-2抑制剂和COX-1/COX-2抑制剂的环氧合酶抑制剂以及脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种COX-1抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂,或者至少一种COX-2抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂,或至少一种COX-1/COX-2抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂。
根据另一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种双重环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,所述组合物包含一种双重环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶抑制剂,以及任选地至少一种环氧合酶或脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种环氧合酶和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂作为组合治疗,或者其包含至少一种环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的双重抑制剂,或其任何组合。
根据另一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含能够抑制COX-1和COX-2的一种或多种抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种COX-1/COX-2抑制剂或至少一种COX-1抑制剂和至少一种COX-2抑制剂。
根据本发明,进一步提供了用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶的一种或多种抑制剂。特别地,所述具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)中的任一种或多种,特别是ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、或SLC27A2或ACSBG2。
特别地,能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶的抑制剂为ACSL抑制剂,特别地,为至少能够抑制ACSL4的抑制剂。特别地,本文所述的组合物包含一种或多种ACSL抑制剂。特别地,本文所述的组合物包含ACSL4抑制剂。
特别地,一种或多种ACSL抑制剂是三氮菌素(triacsin)A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、三氮菌素C类似物(例如在Kim等人2012或Prior等人2014中公开的那些)、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、2-氟棕榈酸、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮或罗格列酮。
特别地,本文所述的组合物包含一种或多种SLC27A2抑制剂,其优选地选自三氮菌素C、5-溴-5'-苯基螺[3H-1,3,4-噻二唑-2,3'-吲哚啉]-2-酮,CB2、CB5、CB6、CB16、NCI-3以及CB2、CB5、CB6、CB16的类似物。特别地,LC27A2的抑制剂公开在Sandoval等人2010中。
特别地,本文所述的组合物包含一种或多种ACSBG2抑制剂,优选地,所述抑制剂是2-(6-羟基-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-基)-1,3-噻唑-4(5H)-酮。
根据本发明的一个具体实施方案,提供了用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶的一种或多种抑制剂,特别是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2以及COX-1、COX-2或脂氧合酶中的至少一种的一种或多种抑制剂。
特别地,本文提供的组合物包含一种或多种抑制剂,并且能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6,SLC27A2和/或ACSBG2,以及具有环氧合酶活性的酶,特别是COX-1和/或COX-2。
特别地,本文提供的组合物至少包含ACSL抑制剂和环氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含能够抑制ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5和ACSL6中的至少一种的抑制剂和能够抑制COX-1和COX-2中的至少一种的抑制剂。
特别地,本文提供的组合物包含一种或多种抑制剂,并且能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2和/或ACSBG2,以及具有脂氧合酶活性的酶的酶促活性。
特别地,本文提供的组合物至少包含ACSL抑制剂和脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含能够抑制ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5和ACSL6中的至少一种的抑制剂和能够至少抑制ALOX5的抑制剂。
特别地,衰老细胞的特征在于溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平升高。
特别地,溶血磷脂酰胆碱选自1-硬脂酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoSPC)或1-棕榈酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoPPC)。
特别地,本文提供的组合物中包含的一种或多种抑制剂是COX-1和/或COX-2抑制剂,其选自:乙酰水杨酸、双氯芬酸、塞来昔布、环孢菌素A、布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚、吲哚美辛、萘丁美酮、酮咯酸、替诺昔康、托美汀、吡罗昔康、非诺洛芬、依托度酸、萘普生、二氟尼柳、舒洛芬、溴芬酸、酮洛芬、二高-γ-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、氟比洛芬、甲芬那酸、双水杨酯、舒林酸、水杨酸、罗美昔布、O-乙酰基-L-丝氨酸、非那西丁、氟比洛芬甲酯、安乃近、硝基阿司匹林、美洛昔康、氟芬那酸、奥沙普秦、噻洛芬酸、水杨酸镁、乙胺嗪、氯诺昔康、卡洛芬、苯基丁氮酮、奈帕芬胺、安替比林、安曲非宁、三水杨酸胆碱镁、三氟柳、尼氟酸、右旋布洛芬、醋氯芬酸、阿西美辛、曲恶昔康、洛索洛芬、托芬那酸、右酮洛芬、他尼氟酯、丙帕他莫、水杨酸三乙醇胺、水杨酸苯酯、丁苯羟酸、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸薄荷酯、FK-506、来那度胺、罗非考昔、伐地考昔、西米考昔、氯苯甘醚、氯膦酸、塞利西利(seliciclib)、屈螺酮、曲安奈德、泊马度胺、帕瑞考昔、非罗考昔、阿氯芬酸、阿达帕林、沙利度胺、依托考昔、罗贝考昔、三甲氧基苯甲醛、扎托洛芬、地拉考昔、地塞米松、普拉洛芬、氨芬酸钠一水合物、安吡昔康、NS-398、碱式水杨酸铋、双氯芬酸二乙胺、氨丁三醇、吴茱萸次碱、水杨素、芬布芬(fenbufen)、黄腐酚、氟尼辛葡甲胺和尼美舒利。
优选地,本文所述的组合物不包含槲皮素。特别地,槲皮素不是环氧合酶抑制剂,因为其不能以小于100mM的IC50抑制环氧合酶活性(Wang等人2000)。特别地,槲皮素不是脂氧合酶抑制剂,因为其不能以小于3μM的IC50抑制脂氧合酶的活性。
特别地,本文提供的组合物中包含的一种或多种抑制剂是脂氧合酶和/或FLAP(ALOX5AP)抑制剂,其选自:MK886、齐留通、马索罗酚、乙胺嗪、氮卓斯汀、苯恶洛酚、去甲二氢愈创木酸、松香酸、秦皮乙素、孟鲁司特、米诺环素、MLN-977、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、那比西莫(nabiximols)、福坦替尼、AM103、DG031、非勃发朋(fiboflapon)、AA-861和阿曲留通。
根据一个优选的实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含选自乙酰水杨酸、双氯芬酸、塞来昔布、环孢菌素A和布洛芬的至少一种环氧合酶抑制剂和选自MK886和齐留通的至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含乙酰水杨酸和MK886。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含双氯芬酸和MK886。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含塞来昔布和MK886。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含乙酰水杨酸、双氯芬酸或塞来昔布以及环孢菌素A和MK886。
特别地,本文提供的组合物中包含的一种或多种抑制剂是双重环氧合酶和脂氧合酶抑制剂,优选地选自:利克飞龙、达布飞龙、CI-987、S-2474、KME-4、诃黎勒酸、巴柳氮、美沙拉秦、柳氮磺胺吡啶、氨基水杨酸、甲氯芬那酸、吗尼氟酯二芳基吡唑衍生物(morniflumate diarylpyrazole derivative)、噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶衍生物、N-取代的5-氨基水杨酸酰胺、黄酮类复合物(flavocoxid)、吲哚嗪衍生物、LQFM-091、贯叶金丝桃素、雷公藤红素、BW755C、替泊沙林、β-乳香酸、D-002、2,3-二芳基氧杂蒽酮、菲尼酮和ER-34122。
根据另一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含能够抑制花生四烯酸的细胞内转化的附加化合物。特别地,所述附加化合物导致花生四烯酸水平的增加。特别地,所述附加化合物是以下任一种:天然化合物、细胞色素P450的抑制剂、长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂、溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂或脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂或其任何组合。
特别地,所述附加化合物是天然化合物,优选地选自姜黄、迷迭香、姜、牛至、白藜芦醇、姜黄素、大麻素、人参、皂苷、萜类、类黄酮、多酚、银杏、辣椒素、染料木素和山奈酚。
特别地,所述附加化合物是细胞色素P450(CYP2J、CYP2C、CYP4A、CYP4F)的抑制剂,优选地选自磺胺苯吡唑、阿伐麦布、苯溴马隆、罗格列酮、曲格列酮、西立伐他汀(cervistatin)、华法林、吡格列酮、拉帕替尼、甲氧苄啶、扎鲁司特、阿莫地喹、尼卡地平、辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、氯雷他定、炔雌醇、厄贝沙坦、奎宁、索拉非尼、艾曲波帕、氯沙坦、利克飞龙、阿米替林、阿托伐他汀、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、吡罗昔康、埃罗替尼、帕唑帕尼、己烯雌酚、恩杂鲁胺、帕纳替尼、达拉非尼、恩西地平(enasidenib)、洛伐他汀、孟克司特(montekulast)、酮康唑、非洛地平、坎地沙坦西酯、克霉唑、莫米松、沙美特罗、雷洛昔芬、非诺贝特、左旋甲状腺素、他莫昔芬、奥昔布宁、醋酸甲羟孕酮、硝苯地平、复方甲状腺素(liotrix)、氨氯地平、苯扎贝特、氯霉素、环孢菌素、西咪替丁、氯吡格雷、胆钙化醇、地拉夫丁、右旋丙氧芬、依托泊苷、异烟肼、酮洛芬、甲硝唑、尼鲁米特、尼伐地平、帕罗西汀、苯乙肼、普伐他汀、普罗帕酮、乙胺嘧啶、罗非考昔、芦丁、沙奎那韦、磺胺甲恶唑、磺吡酮、替加色罗、特非那定、硫利哒嗪、噻氯匹定、噻康唑、三唑仑、醋竹桃霉素、丙戊酸、阿比特龙、维莫德吉(vismodegib)、瑞戈非尼、曲美替尼、艾代拉里斯、洛匹那韦、塞来昔布、依法韦仑、雷贝拉唑、特立氟胺、克立硼罗(crisaborole)、贝利司他、托匹司他、坎地沙坦、莱特莫韦、卢卡帕尼、奥匹卡朋(opicapone)、大麻隆、氟伏沙明、氟替卡松、糠酸氟替卡松、丙酸氟替卡松、博舒替尼、卡博替尼、染料木素、乐伐替尼、阿扎那韦、贝沙罗汀、地拉罗司、奎尼丁、米非司酮、维罗非尼、西地那非、双氯芬酸、氟西汀、伐地考昔、伏立康唑、依托度酸、舍曲林、格列本脲、苊香豆醇、瑞舒伐他汀、伊马替尼、氯氮平、地西泮、孕酮、奥美拉唑、缬沙坦、硼替佐米、奈韦拉平、氮卓斯汀、氯诺昔康、苯基丁氮酮、依曲韦林、来氟米特、西他生坦、氨基比林(aminophenazone)、维拉帕米、依托考昔、异丙酚、磺胺二甲唑(sulfamoxole)、双香豆素、地尔硫卓、组胺、吗氯贝胺、司来吉兰、帕瑞昔布、二十二碳六烯酸、乙酰磺胺异恶唑、氟康唑、泮托拉唑、地氯雷他定、咪康唑、胺碘酮、吉非罗齐、丙磺舒、替尼泊苷、磺胺嘧啶、卡培他滨、氟尿嘧啶、反苯环丙胺、阿那曲唑、阿托伐醌、苯甲嗪、右芬氟拉明、双硫仑、肾上腺素、依普罗沙坦、氟卡尼、茚地那韦、醋甲唑胺、奈非那韦、奥氮平、普仑司特、异丙嗪、磺胺二甲氧嗪、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺、磺胺吡啶、甲硫咪唑、托卡朋、比卡鲁胺、阿莫达非尼、阿戈美拉汀、诺司卡品、氯维地平、硫康唑、吉非替尼、替卡格雷、色瑞替尼、氟尿苷、利非斯特(lifitegrast)、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、珠卡赛辛、司替戊醇、洛贝格列酮(lobeglitazone)、度硫平、马尼地平、黑升麻(cimicifuga racemose)、姜黄素、非尔氨酯、胡椒碱、沙芬酰胺、异烟酰异丙肼、奥利万星、马索罗酚和培维索孟。
特别地,所述附加化合物是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂,优选地选自三氮菌素A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮和罗格列酮。
特别地,所述附加化合物是溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂,特别是LPCAT1、LPCAT2、LPCAT3、LPCAT4、MBOAT2和/或MBOAT7的抑制剂,其中溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂优选地选自N-苯基马来酰亚胺衍生物、TSI-01和硫柳汞。
特别地,所述附加化合物是脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂,特别是ELOVL2、ELOVL4和/或ELOVL5的抑制剂,其中所述脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂优选地选自草灭特(cycloate)、腺苷5'-十六烷基磷酸酯、内-1k(endo-1k)、(S)-1y和化合物37、5,5-二甲基-3-(5-甲基-3-氧代-2-苯基-2,3-二氢-1H-吡唑-4-基)-1-苯基-3-(三氟甲基-3,5,6,7-四氢-1H-吲哚-2,4-二酮)和(3-endo)-3-(苯基磺酰基)-N-[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-8-羧酰胺。
根据另一具体的实施方案,该组合物包含能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物。
特别地,能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物是ATP合酶的抑制剂,优选地选自寡霉素A、烟酸肌醇酯、贝达喹啉、肽抑制素(efrapeptins)、白灰制菌素(leucinostatins)、腾毒素、腾毒素衍生物、血管抑素、肠抑胃素、蜂毒肽、IF1、Syn-A2、Syn-C、白藜芦醇、白皮杉醇、己烯雌酚、4-乙酰氨基-4'-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2'-二磺酸盐、4,4'-D-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2-二磺酸、山奈酚、桑色素、芹菜素、染料木素、鹰嘴豆芽素A、黄豆苷元、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、原花青素、姜黄素、根皮素、茶黄素、鞣酸、4-羟基雌二醇、2-羟基雌二醇、17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、寡聚霉素、杀黑星菌素、凋亡诱导剂(apoptolidin)、奥萨霉素、胞变霉素、佩里霉素、氯化三丁基锡、氢氧化三环己基锡、硫酸三乙基锡、氯化三苯基锡、二甲基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3-羟基黄酮溴化物、二辛基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二苯基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮溴化物、二苯基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、三丁基锡3-羟基黄酮、三乙基铅、深橙半知菌素、黄绿青霉素、星形曲霉毒素(asteltoxin)、若丹明B、若丹明123、若丹明6G、玫苯胺、孔雀石绿、亮绿、奎纳克林、奎纳克林芥末、吖啶橙、沉香磷化氢(coriphosphine)、派洛宁Y、地喹氯铵、番红O、尼罗蓝A、溴化乙锭、丁卡因、地布卡因、普鲁卡因、利多卡因、氯丙嗪、三氟拉嗪、普鲁卡因酰胺、普萘洛尔、辛基胍、1-丹磺酰氨基-3-二甲基丙胺化合物、鲸蜡基三甲铵、精胺、亚精胺、红菲咯啉碱金属螯合物(bathophenanthroline)、4,4-联苯-2,2-联吡啶、3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-联苯-1,2,4-三嗪、阿特拉津、阿特拉津氨基衍生物、砷酸盐、氟化铝、氟化铍、氟化钪、钒酸盐、氟化镁、亚硫酸盐、硫代磷酸盐、叠氮化物、ANPP、苯甲酰甲醛(phenylglyoxal)、丁二酮、丹磺酰氯、1-氟-2,4-二硝基苯、二碳聚硼酸酯(dicarbopolyborate)、阿米三嗪(almitrine)、5-羟基-1,2-萘二羧酸酐、R207910、查盾宁(spegazzinine)、正丁醇、四氯水杨基苯胺、二氢链霉素、苏拉明、Bz-423、DMSO、次氯酸、DDT、二氮嗪、HNB、N-磺酰基或N-烷基取代的四氢苯并二氮杂卓衍生物、4-(N-芳基咪唑)取代的苯并吡喃衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]氰基胍衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]-酰基胍衍生物、O-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]硫尿烷衍生物、dio-9复合物、乙醇和锌。
特别地,能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物是ADP/ATP转位酶的抑制剂,优选地选自氯膦酸、伊必那班(ibipinabant)、苍术苷(atractyloside)、羧基苍术苷、米酵菌酸(bongkrekic acid)、异米酵菌酸、MT-21、氯氰碘柳胺(closantel)、CD437、脱氢松香胺(leelamine)、L923-0673、IMD 0354、PI32-0333、S899542、无活菌素(nonactin)和S838462。
特别地,能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物是糖酵解抑制剂,优选地选自2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖、氯尼达明(lonidamine)、溴丙酮酸、根皮素、STF-31、WZB117、3PO、3-溴丙酮酸、二氯乙酸、草酸、NHI-1、羟基硫胺素、伊马替尼、葡萄糖胺、6-氨基烟酰胺、染料木素、5-硫葡萄糖、甘露庚酮糖、α-氯代醇、奥硝唑、草酸盐、葡磷酰胺、N-(膦酰基乙酰基)-L-天冬氨酸、6-甲基巯基嘌呤核糖苷、CGP 3466B马来酸盐、一氟磷酸钠、DASA-58、DL-丝氨酸、二氯乙酸、二氯乙酸钠、呋喃西林、6-AN、法森汀(fasentin)、苄丝肼、黄芪苷、白藜芦醇、白杨素、GEN-27、芹菜素、双-2-(5-苯基乙酰氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基)乙硫醚、CB-839、重氮丝氨酸、阿西维辛、6-重氮-5-氧-L-正亮氨酸、噻唑烷-2,4-二酮衍生物、化合物968、R-硫辛酸、1,3,4-噻二唑化合物、2-氯丙酸酯、Nov3r、AZD7545、Pfz3、根赤壳菌素、米塔铂(mitaplatin)、mito-DCA、苯基丁酸酯、4,5-二芳基异恶唑、VER-246608、白桦酯酸、含次膦酸酯或膦酸酯基团的丙酮酸酯类似物、CPI-613、M77976、芳族DCA衍生物、呋喃和噻吩羧酸、利托那韦、FX11、草酸盐/脂、D-果糖-6-磷酸、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸、N-溴乙酰基-氨基乙基磷酸、2-羧乙基膦酸、N-羟基-4-膦酰基丁酰胺、2-磷酸甘油酸、碘乙酸盐、棉酚、1,3-双磷酸甘油酸的双磷酸脂类似物、苯六羧酸、3-磷酸甘油酸、膦酰基乙酰氧肟酸、2-磷酸-D-甘油酸、TLN-232和CAP-232。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的发作。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的进展。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物促进衰老相关疾病或病症的消退。
特别地,衰老相关疾病或病症选自心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、癌症、骨质疏松症、骨关节炎、神经系统疾病、痴呆、白内障、肾脏疾病、视网膜病变、糖尿病、肺纤维化、椎骨皮肤变性(vertebral skin degeneration)、年龄相关性肌肉萎缩、脱发和皮肤老化。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物改善移植物的性能。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文提供的组合物防止或减轻衰老相关疤痕形成和纤维化。
根据一个具体的实施方案,所述组合物减轻化学疗法的副作用并预防或延迟肿瘤复发。
本文还提供了鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞的体外方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供所述受试者的样品,
b)确定所述样品中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中至少一种的细胞内水平,
c)将b)的水平与参考水平进行比较,其中参考水平是非衰老细胞中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平,
其中至少2倍的增加表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。
特别地,与参考水平相比,溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中至少一种的细胞内水平增加至少2.5倍、3倍、3.5倍、4倍、4.5倍或5倍表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。
甚至更特别地,与参考水平相比,溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平的增加是相应标准偏差的至少两倍、三倍、四倍或五倍高表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。优选地,与参考水平相比,溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的水平的增加是相应标准偏差的至少两倍高表示在受试者的样品中存在衰老细胞。
本文还提供了筛选用于清除衰老细胞的候选化合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)使至少一种测试化合物与衰老细胞样品接触,
b)测量花生四烯酸的细胞内水平,和/或测量凋亡程度,和/或测量细胞活力,以及
c)选择与未处理的衰老细胞相比,在与所述测试化合物接触的衰老细胞中引起花生四烯酸的细胞内积累、凋亡程度增加和/或细胞活力降低的测试化合物。
根据一个具体的实施方案,根据本文所述的筛选方法鉴定用于本文所述的组合物中的化合物。
根据一个具体的实施方案,用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物包含至少一种抑制或清除COX-1和COX-2活性的环氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种环氧合酶抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂,其中患有衰老相关疾病或病症或具有发展衰老相关疾病或病症的风险的受试者是女性。
根据一个具体的实施方案,用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物包含至少一种抑制COX-1和COX-2的环氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,本文提供的组合物包含至少一种抑制COX-1和COX-2的环氧合酶抑制剂,其中患有衰老相关疾病或病症或具有发展衰老相关疾病或病症的风险的受试者是男性。
附图说明
图1:衰老细胞中的溶血磷脂酰胆碱水平升高。(a)在来自三个不同供体的HDF的复制寿命中,lyso PPC(16:0lyso PC)和lyso SPC(18:0lyso PC)的细胞内水平升高,反映了在高群体倍增(population doubling,PD)的HDF培养物中复制性衰老细胞的百分比增加。在利用(b)过氧化氢和(c)阿霉素诱导不依赖于端粒的应激诱导的早衰后,HDF中的lysoPPC(16:0lyso PC)和lyso SPC(18:0lyso PC)的细胞内水平增加。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表三个实验的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图2:在SIPS HDF和HLF中,具有PLA2活性的磷脂酶和分泌型磷脂酶A2受体增加。(a)在应激诱导的早衰HDF中,多种编码具有PLA2活性的酶或能够通过其他方式提高细胞内PLA2活性的基因的转录水平升高,这表明酶促水解是衰老细胞中高水平lyso PC的可能来源。众所周知,在此过程中PLA2G4A、PLA2G4C和PLA2R1除lyso PC外还会产生花生四烯酸作为产物。(b)在来自三个不同供体的应激诱导的早衰HDF和HLF中PLA2活性升高,通过EnzChekTM磷脂酶A2测定试剂盒(ThermoFisher Scientific;E10217)进行测量。数据代表三个实验的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图3:本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物所利用的通路的概述:在衰老细胞中,脂质代谢,特别是花生四烯酸的代谢发生改变。衰老细胞包含升高水平的花生四烯酸,其通过例如COX和ALOX代谢为类花生酸或转化为花生酰基-CoA,从而可用于再酰化和降解过程(Murphy和Folco 2019)。COX和ALOX或ACSL4的抑制会导致花生四烯酸在衰老细胞中积累,进而导致凋亡的诱导。
图4:单独的COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和ALOX抑制剂MK886相对于现有技术的衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉的衰老细胞裂解作用。与对照静止细胞(Q)相比,在H2O2诱导的早衰人真皮成纤维细胞(SIPS)上测试了MK886、ASA和已报道的衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉。MK886和ASA在SIPS HDF中显示出明显的衰老细胞裂解作用,而槲皮素或那维妥拉没有。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表六个实验的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图5:COX-2/ALOX双重抑制剂利克飞龙和单独COX-1/2抑制剂ASA相对于现有技术的衰老细胞裂解剂的衰老细胞裂解作用。与对照静止细胞(Q)相比,在阿霉素诱导的早衰HUVEC(SIPS)上测试了利克飞龙、ASA和已报道的衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉。利克飞龙、ASA和那维妥拉在SIPS HUVEC中显示出明显的衰老细胞裂解作用,而槲皮素没有。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表六个实验的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图6:HDF161中环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF161(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ALOX-5抑制剂MK886、COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸或COX-2特异性抑制剂塞来昔布单独处理,或者使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA、50μM双氯芬酸或2μM塞来昔布的组合进行处理。单一的AA代谢酶的抑制不足以降低衰老细胞的细胞活力,如单独使用塞来昔布所示。MK886与任何环氧合酶抑制剂(COX-1/2或COX-2特异性)的组合显示出协同作用,这由衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加证明。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图7:HDF164中环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF164(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂双氯芬酸单独处理,或者使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50、100或200μM双氯芬酸的组合进行处理。通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出MK886与环氧合酶抑制剂组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图8:fHDF166中环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用。将阿霉素诱导的早衰fHDF166(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸单独处理,或者使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50μM双氯芬酸的组合进行处理。通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出MK886与环氧合酶抑制剂组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图9:HDF中环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用(三个供体的组合数据)。(a)将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF76、HDF161、HDF164(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸单独处理,或者(b)使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50μM双氯芬酸的组合进行处理。通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出MK886与环氧合酶抑制剂组合的协同作用。(c)那维妥拉以及与浓度增加的达沙替尼组合的15μM槲皮素在HDF中没有表现出衰老细胞裂解作用。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表三个生物学重复的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图10:在衰老的HDF中Lands循环的关键酶增加。在应激诱导的早衰HDF中,多种编码酰基-CoA合成酶或溶血磷脂酰基转移酶的基因的转录水平升高,这表明通过Lands循环的快速回收和降解过程调节了衰老细胞内的游离AA细胞内水平。(a)ACSL1和ACSL4是通过产生AA-CoA来活化游离AA所需的,AA-CoA是用于降解或酶促重新整合到磷脂中的前体。(b)MBOAT7是AA-CoA重新整合到磷酸肌醇中的关键酶。数据代表三个实验的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图11:在HDF中长链脂肪酸CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制具有衰老细胞裂解zuoy,并且与环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的抑制组合时具有协同作用(三个供体的组合数据)。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF76、HDF161、HDF164(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)单独处理,或者使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.5μM TrC或50μM双氯芬酸(Diclo)的组合进行处理。单独的ACSL4抑制在HDF中显示出有效的衰老细胞裂解作用。此外,与图9相比,通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出脂氧合酶和环氧合酶抑制剂与Trc组合的协同作用。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表三个生物学重复的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图12:在HLF中长链脂肪酸CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制具有衰老细胞裂解作用,并且与环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的抑制组合时具有协同作用。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HLF102(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)单独处理或者使用与浓度增加的TrC组合的1μM MK886或50μM双氯芬酸的组合进行处理。单独的ACSL4抑制在HLF中显示出有效的衰老细胞裂解作用。此外,通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出与脂氧合酶和环氧合酶抑制剂组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图13:在RPTEC中长链脂肪酸CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制具有衰老细胞裂解作用,并且与环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的抑制组合时具有协同作用。将阿霉素诱导的早衰RPTEC1(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用ACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)、ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂双氯芬酸单独处理,或者使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.1μM TrC或25μM双氯芬酸的组合进行处理。单独的ACSL4抑制在RPTEC中显示出有效的衰老细胞裂解作用。此外,通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出脂氧合酶和环氧合酶抑制剂与Trc组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图14:HDF164中环氧合酶与脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用可以通过添加ATP合酶抑制剂寡霉素A进一步增强。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF164(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或与5μM寡霉素A组合进行处理。通过衰老细胞EC50值的降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂ASA与ATP合酶抑制剂寡霉素A组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图15:fHDF166中环氧合酶与脂氧合酶的组合抑制的协同作用可以通过添加钙调磷酸酶抑制剂环孢菌素A进一步增强。将阿霉素诱导的早衰fHDF166(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA单独处理或者与2μM环孢菌素A组合进行处理。通过衰老细胞EC50的值降低以及衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间倍数变化的增加显示出ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂ASA与钙调磷酸酶抑制剂环孢菌素A(已知可抑制COX-2的表达)组合的协同作用。数据代表三个实验的平均值。
图16:与环孢菌素A(Cyclosporin A)组合处理SIPS HDF增强了COX/ALOX抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用。显微成像显示,使用MK886和ASA的组合处理诱导了衰老细胞(“SIPS”)裂解,但不能诱导对照细胞(“Q”)裂解。加入环孢菌素A后,MK886和ASA在SIPS中的衰老细胞裂解作用进一步增强。在对照细胞中未观察到这种作用。100x放大倍数的显微照片。比例尺,100μm。
图17:与静止对照细胞(Q)相比,衰老的HDF和HLF(SIPS)中AA的细胞内水平升高,并且类花生酸合成的阻断增加了AA的细胞内水平。(a)分别来自四个和三个不同供体的阿霉素诱导的衰老HDF和HLF与静止对照细胞相比的AA细胞内水平。(b)用COX-1/2抑制剂双氯芬酸(100μM)和ALOX-5抑制剂MK886(10μM)或仅用溶剂(1%DMSO)处理6小时HDF161的AA细胞内水平。对于(a),数据代表四个和三个生物学重复的平均值。对于(b),数据代表一个实验。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
图18:ACSL4和ALOX5双重抑制的衰老细胞裂解作用取决于衰老细胞升高的PLA2活性。将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF76、HDF85、HDF161(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用1μM ACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)和1μM ALOX5抑制剂MK886的组合单独处理,或另外加上2.5μM A23187(cPLA2激活剂)或12.5μM ASB14780(cPLA2抑制剂)处理72小时。单独的ACSL4与ALOX5组合抑制在HDF中表现出显著的衰老细胞裂解作用,如图11所示。cPLA2激活剂A23187将衰老细胞和静止细胞二者的活力降低至相近水平,并且因此清除了衰老细胞裂解作用。另一方面,用小分子抑制剂ASB14780抑制cPLA2提高了衰老细胞的活力,而静止细胞仅受到较小程度的影响。误差线表示为平均值±标准偏差。数据代表三个生物学重复的平均值。显著性水平表示为:*P<0.05,**P<0.01和***P<0.001。
具体实施方式
除非另外指出或定义,否则本文中使用的所有术语具有其在本领域中的通常含义,这对于本领域技术人员而言将是清楚的。例如参考标准手册,例如Sambrook等人,"Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual"(2nd Ed.),第1-3卷,Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press(1989);Lewin,"Genes IV",Oxford University Press,New York,(1990),以及Janeway等人,"Immunobiology"(第5版,或更新版本),Garland Science,NewYork,2001。
在整个说明书中使用的特定术语具有以下含义。
本文使用的术语“包括”、“包含”、“具有”和“含有”可以同义使用,并且应理解为开放式定义,允许另外的成员或部分或元素。“由……组成”被认为是最接近的定义,没有由……组成定义的特征的其他元素。因此,“包括”范围更广,并且包含“由……组成”的定义。
如本文所用,术语“约”是指相同值或与给定值相差+/-5%的值。
如果没有另外说明,则单数和复数形式在本文中可以互换使用。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”或“个体”或“患者”应指温血哺乳动物,特别是人类。或者,其也可以是动物,例如小鼠、大鼠、狗、猫、猪、牛或非人灵长类动物。
术语“患者”包括接受针对衰老相关病症或疾病的预防性或治疗性治疗或被诊断为细胞衰老或衰老相关病症或疾病的人类和其他哺乳动物受试者。
术语“样品”通常是指组织或器官样品、血液、无细胞的血液(例如血清和血浆)、贫血小板血浆、淋巴、尿液、唾液和活检探针。
发现衰老细胞响应内部或外部应激以及在衰老过程中在组织和器官中积累。它们在衰老相关疾病和病症的发生和发展中起着至关重要的作用。已经确定了多种能够清除衰老细胞的药理化合物;然而,大多数衰老细胞裂解剂会引起严重的副作用,仅在特定细胞类型中显示衰老细胞裂解活性或缺乏足够的功效。因此,迫切需要改进的衰老细胞裂解剂。
衰老是指功能特性逐渐退化。细胞衰老作为对细胞外或细胞内应激的反应和/或由于衰老而在培养物中和体内发生。衰老反应将细胞锁定在细胞周期停滞期,阻止受损细胞的繁殖并阻止潜在的恶性转化。衰老是指随着时间推移发生的一系列变化。与参照细胞(例如,已知非衰老的相同类型或年龄的细胞或样品)相比,衰老细胞定义为显示以下任何特征中的一个、两个、三个、四个、五个、六个或更多个或全部的细胞:细胞增殖能力下降;脂褐素的积累(例如脂褐素积累的增加);β-半乳糖苷酶活性升高;衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)的成员的分泌增加;线粒体来源的活性氧物质增加;核DNA损伤灶的增加;端粒的缩短;p16或p21或其任何组合的表达增加;或细胞或受试者显示出导致上述特征的过程。
衰老的细胞可能进一步显示出自噬活性的降低或线粒体膜电位的降低,或显示出导致上述这些的过程。与诸如已知衰老细胞或受试者的细胞或受试者相比,非衰老细胞或受试者可显示细胞增殖能力增加,脂褐素积聚减少,β-半乳糖苷酶活性降低或其组合。特别地,在人的情况下,从约30岁或更老、约40岁或更老、约50岁或更老、约60岁或更老、约70岁或更老、约80岁或更老、约90岁或更老的人身上获取的细胞或样品可以定义为衰老细胞或样品。在某些情况下,从约30岁或更年轻、20岁或更年轻、10岁或更年轻的人或甚至在胚胎阶段获取的细胞或样品可被定义为衰老细胞或样品。特别地,从患有衰老相关疾病或病症(例如糖尿病,特别是I型糖尿病)或有发展所述疾病或病症的风险的人类儿童身上获取的细胞或样品可以被定义为衰老细胞或样品。
因此,术语“细胞衰老”和“衰老细胞”是指在以下情况下发生的基本上不可逆的生长停滞:可分裂的细胞遇到严重变短的端粒、致癌胁迫或DNA损伤,或经历强促有丝分裂信号,例如但不限于致癌基因或高表达的促增殖基因,以及作为具有代谢活性并且蛋白质表达已发生广泛变化的潜在持久性细胞的衰老细胞。
术语“衰老细胞”特别是指表达具有衰老特征的标志物或标志物组合的细胞。根据一个具体的实施方案,这样的标志物是溶血磷脂酰胆碱(特别是lyso PPC和/或lyso SPC)、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的任一种或多种。特别地,这样的标志物是溶血磷脂酰胆碱(优选是lyso PPC和/或lyso SPC)、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的任一种或多种的水平(特别是细胞内水平)的增加。在一些实施方案中,衰老细胞表达其他标志物,包括但不限于相对于参照物(例如非衰老细胞)DNA损伤反应(DDR)标志物水平的表达升高,DNA损伤蛋白(例如53BP1或γH2AX)与端粒的共定位,以及细胞周期抑制剂p16INK4A、p15INK4B、p21CIP1和p53。DEC1、DCR2和PAI1也可用作衰老生物标志物。在一个实施方案中,衰老细胞表达SA-β-Gal(衰老相关的β-半乳糖苷酶)至在pH=6下用X-Gal染色导致蓝色的程度。
应激(其天然和体内等同物是未知的)在没有端粒明显侵蚀的情况下,导致衰老停滞。这些应激可能包括不合适的底物,例如组织培养塑料、血清(大多数细胞在体内经历血浆而不是血清)、血清戒断、DNA损伤诱导物质或氧化应激,例如在环境O2中培养(这是超生理性的)或暴露于产生活性氧的物质,例如过氧化氢、百草枯或叔丁基过氧化氢。当PTEN肿瘤抑制剂(一种抵消促增殖/促生存激酶的磷酸酶)丢失后,细胞也会进入衰老。另外,通常强制衰老生长停滞的细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制剂(CDKi)的异位表达,特别是p21WAF1和/或p16INK4a可能引起衰老。
衰老是生物体发育时期之后退化过程的组合。衰老通常以对应激的适应能力下降、稳态失衡增加、衰老细胞增加以及疾病风险增加为特征。因此,死亡是衰老的最终结果。环境因素可能会影响衰老,例如,过度暴露于紫外线会加速皮肤老化。身体的不同部位可能以不同的速度衰老。同一物种的两个生物体也可能以不同的速率衰老,从而使生物衰老和按时间顺序衰老成为不同的概念。
衰老的加速可能是由应激条件引起的,这些应激条件包括但不限于化学、物理和生物应激。例如,加速衰老可以由以下引起的应激诱导:UV和IR辐射、药物和其他化学品、化学疗法、麻醉剂(intoxicant)(例如但不限于DNA嵌入和/或破坏剂)、氧化应激源等;有丝分裂刺激物、致癌刺激物、毒性化合物、低氧、氧化剂、暴露于环境污染物(例如二氧化硅)、暴露于职业污染物(例如灰尘、烟雾、石棉或烟雾)。所有这些应激源单独或组合也可引起细胞衰老。特别地,衰老是由应激的组合引起的,例如是两种或更多种化学和物理应激;两种或更多种化学和生物应激;两种或更多种生理和生物学应激;化学、物理和生物应激的组合等。
细胞衰老也可能是由于重复的细胞分裂引起的端粒功能障碍(端粒脱帽)(称为复制性衰老)、线粒体退化、氧化应激、严重或不可修复的DNA损伤和染色质破坏(遗传毒性应激)以及某些致癌基因的表达(癌基因诱导的衰老)导致的。导致细胞衰老的应激可以由在生命周期中、治疗干预(例如X射线照射或化学疗法)的过程中遇到的外部或内部化学和物理损伤所诱导,或者作为内源性过程(例如氧化呼吸)的结果或促有丝分裂信号。外部促有丝分裂信号,例如由与正常细胞紧密接近的肿瘤细胞分泌的生长相关癌基因α(GROα)或循环血管紧张素II也被发现诱导细胞衰老。所有具有分裂能力的体细胞都可以经历衰老。不管衰老诱导应激的不同机制如何,一旦细胞感觉到临界水平的损伤或功能障碍,衰老程序就会被激活。迄今为止,已经表明衰老生长停滞取决于受p16INK4a和pRB(成视网膜细胞瘤蛋白)以及p53所控制的主要肿瘤抑制途径的活性。与衰老相关表型的上游和下游途径有关的一些分子已被用作检测培养物中和体内衰老细胞的标志物。
如本文所述,衰老细胞具有改变的脂质代谢。特别地,磷脂酶A2活性上调。根据一个具体实例,分泌型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R1)上调,这诱导了lyso PC的产生,导致花生四烯酸(AA)同时在细胞内释放。特别地,衰老细胞因此具有增加的AA形成速率。根据另一个具体实例,溶血磷脂酰胆碱上调。特别地,1-硬脂酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(18:0lysoPC)和1-棕榈酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(16:0lyso PC)上调,其与衰老诱导剂是端粒依赖性的(复制性衰老,衰老)还是独立的(应激诱导的早衰)无关。
令人惊讶地,使用能够抑制COX-1、COX-2和脂氧合酶中的至少两种的组合物靶向衰老细胞的所述改变的脂质代谢有效并且选择性地清除了不同细胞类型的衰老细胞。有利地,存在大量的环氧合酶和脂氧合酶抑制剂,它们是经过充分研究的药理化合物,并且通常仅具有轻度的副作用。
如本文所用,术语“磷脂酶A2”或“PLA2”是指具有PLA2活性的脂肪酶的超家族。PLA2活性是指PLA2酶从膜磷脂(例如磷脂酰胆碱)的sn-2位置水解脂肪酸的能力。PLA2超家族包含四种主要类型的酶,包括分泌型PLA2(sPLA2)、胞浆PLA2(cPLA2)、非钙依赖性PLA2(iPLA2)和血小板活化因子(PAF)乙酰水解酶/氧化脂质脂蛋白相关PLA2((Lp)PLA2)。特别地,已知PLA2(特别是sPLA2和cPLA2)水解磷脂酰胆碱,其产生溶血磷脂酰胆碱并同时释放花生四烯酸。
如本文所用,术语“溶血磷脂酰胆碱”或“lyso PC”是指衍生自磷脂酰胆碱的化合物,磷脂酰胆碱通常位于细胞膜。Lyso PC可以从磷脂酰胆碱(PC)通过氧化过程非酶促地或通过具有PLA2活性的磷脂酶的转化作用酶促地产生。特别地,Lyso PC可以通过胞质磷脂酶A2(PLA2G4A)、胞质磷脂酶A2γ(PLA2G4C)和/或XV组磷脂酶A2(PLA2G15)产生。Lyso PC可以在C-1(sn-1)位置连接不同长度和饱和度的脂肪酸的不同组合。含16、18和20个碳的脂肪酸是最常见的。18:0lyso PC,也称为lyso SPC,特别地由C-1位置的硬脂酸链组成。16:0lysoPC,也称为lyso PPC,特别地由C-1位置的棕榈酸链组成。
本文所用的术语“花生四烯酸”或“AA”是指多不饱和ω-6脂肪酸。特别地,AA存在于身体细胞膜的磷脂,特别是磷脂酰胆碱中。花生四烯酸除了作为参与信号传导酶调节的脂质第二信使而参与细胞信号传导外,还是关键的炎症中间体并且还可以充当血管扩张剂。特别地,当磷脂酰胆碱通过具有PLA2活性的脂肪酶水解成溶血磷脂酰胆碱时,AA从磷脂酰胆碱释放到胞质溶胶中。
AA是被多种酶代谢成多种类花生酸和类花生酸代谢物的前体。特别地,细胞内的AA被环氧合酶和脂氧合酶进一步代谢为类花生酸。例如,环氧合酶-1和-2(COX-1和COX-2)酶将花生四烯酸代谢为前列腺素G2和前列腺素H2,5-脂氧合酶将花生四烯酸代谢为5-羟基二十碳四烯酸(5-HPETE),后者继而被代谢成各种白三烯,15-脂氧合酶1(ALOX15)和15-脂氧合酶2(ALOX15B)将花生四烯酸代谢成15-羟基二十碳四烯酸(15-HPETE),并且12-脂氧合酶(ALOX12)将花生四烯酸代谢成12-羟基二十碳四烯酸(12-HPETE)。
AA转化为类花生酸或类花生酸的代谢物是必不可少的,因为AA在细胞内的积累对细胞具有毒性作用。例如,通过磷脂酶A2活性释放到胞质溶胶中的AA可以通过线粒体凋亡通路触发细胞凋亡。如本文所述,由于PLA2和lyso PC上调,衰老细胞具有增加的AA形成速率。因此,与非衰老细胞相比,抑制AA代谢成类花生酸增加了衰老细胞的AA水平,特别是细胞内AA水平,从而导致衰老细胞的选择性清除。特别地,通过细胞内AA水平升高触发的细胞死亡而选择性清除衰老细胞。
术语“选择性清除”是指使细胞或受试者暴露于包含至少一种环氧合酶抑制剂和/或至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂和/或至少一种能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶的抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物,其诱导衰老细胞裂解。本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物是选择性地清除衰老细胞的组合物,优选地通过杀死衰老细胞,例如通过诱导凋亡来清除。换句话说,与其破坏或杀死非衰老细胞的能力相比,衰老细胞裂解剂组合物以生物学、临床和/或统计学上显著的方式破坏或杀死衰老细胞。特别地,本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物以诱导(引发、刺激、触发、激活、促进)并导致(即,引起、致使)衰老细胞的死亡的方式通过靶向环氧合酶和脂氧合酶以及具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶来改变衰老细胞的脂质代谢。另外,本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物可以例如通过拮抗衰老细胞中细胞存活和/或炎症通路内的蛋白质来改变例如细胞存活信号通路(例如,Akt通路)或炎症通路。特别地,本文所述的组合物可通过诱导(激活、刺激、清除抑制)导致细胞死亡的凋亡通路来选择性地清除衰老细胞。
非衰老细胞可以是增殖细胞或可以是静止细胞。在某些情况下,使非衰老细胞暴露于本文所述的组合物可能会暂时降低非衰老细胞增殖的能力,然而,非衰老细胞不会被破坏。
如本文所用,术语“环氧合酶抑制剂”或“COX抑制剂”是指能够结合并抑制、阻止或降低环氧合酶活性或选择性抑制、阻止或降低COX-1或COX-2活性的任何化合物,或其任何组合。特别地,COX抑制剂是能够抑制、阻止或降低环氧合酶活性或选择性地抑制、阻止或降低COX-1或COX-2活性至少1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5或5倍或更多的任何化合物。甚至更特别地,COX抑制剂是能够以小于50μM,优选地小于45、40、35、30、25、20、15或10μM或小于9.5、9、8.5、8、7.5、7、6.5、6、5.5、5、4.5、4、3.5、3、2.5、2、1.5或1μM的IC50显著降低环氧合酶活性或降低COX-1或COX-2活性的任何化合物,并且甚至更优选地是能够以小于950、900、850、800、750、700、650、600、550、500、450、400、350、300、250、200、150、100nM或小于90、80、70、60、50、40、30、20或10nM或甚至更小的IC50显著降低环氧合酶的任何化合物。
特别地,通过使用市售的无细胞检测试剂盒(例如,COX-1(人)抑制剂筛选测定试剂盒(Cayman Chemicals,Cay701070-96)和COX-2(人)抑制剂筛选分析试剂盒(CaymanChemicals,Cay701080-96)测量重组人COX酶的抑制并计算所得抑制剂的IC50值来确定抑制剂的IC50。或者,可以如(Brideau等人1996)所述进行人全血测定,以通过分别测量TxB2和PGE2的产生来确定COX1和COX2活性。
特别地,环氧合酶(COX),正式称为前列腺素-过氧化物内合酶(PTGS),是负责由花生四烯酸形成类前列腺素(prostanoids)(包括血栓烷和前列腺素(prostaglandins),例如前列环素(prostacyclin))的酶。有两种由不同基因产物编码的COX同功酶:组成型COX-1和诱导型COX-2。
经典的COX抑制剂不是选择性的,而是抑制所有类型的COX。最常见的不良反应是刺激胃粘膜,因为前列腺素通常在胃肠道中具有保护作用。新型的COX抑制剂对COX-2或COX-1表现出选择性,或者相对于另一种,优先抑制COX-2或COX-1中的一种。因为COX-2通常具有发炎组织特异性,所以与COX-2抑制剂相关的胃部刺激性要少得多,并且消化性溃疡的风险会降低。
特别地,非选择性COX抑制剂的实例包括乙酰水杨酸或其衍生物,例如NO-阿司匹林(乙酰水杨酸的硝基衍生物),以及水杨酸或其衍生物,例如水杨酸镁、三水杨酸胆碱镁、水杨酸三乙醇胺、水杨酸苯酯、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸薄荷酯、碱式水杨酸铋和O-乙酰基-L-丝氨酸,双氯芬酸及其衍生物,例如双氯芬酸二乙胺、布洛芬、舒洛芬、酮洛芬、氟比洛芬、氟比洛芬甲酯、非诺洛芬、卡洛芬、右旋布洛芬、洛索洛芬、扎托洛芬、普拉洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮咯酸,昔康类药物,例如替诺昔康、吡罗昔康、氯诺昔康、曲恶昔康和托美汀、萘普生、二氟尼柳、双水杨酯、安乃近(metamizole,dipyrone)、奥沙普秦、噻洛芬酸、乙胺嗪、苯基丁氮酮、奈帕芬胺(安芬酸的前药)、安曲非宁、阿西美辛、托芬那酸、右酮洛芬氨丁三醇、他尼氟酯、丙帕他莫、丁苯羟酸、氯苯甘醚、氯膦酸、氨芬酸钠一水合物、安吡昔康、水杨素、芬布芬、黄腐酚、舒林酸、二高-γ-亚麻酸和氟尼辛葡甲胺。
特别地,选择性COX-2抑制剂的实例包括环孢菌素A、塞来昔布、西米考昔、罗美昔布、罗非考昔、伐地考昔、帕瑞昔布、非罗考昔、依托考昔、罗贝考昔、地拉考昔、对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛)、萘丁美酮、依托度酸、溴芬酸、二十碳五烯酸、美洛昔康、氟芬那酸、甲芬那酸、三氟柳、尼氟酸、醋氯芬酸(特别是作为双氯芬酸的前药)、他克莫司(也称为藤霉素或FK-506)、来那度胺、核抑制剂(roscovitine,seliciclib)、屈螺酮、曲安奈德、泊马度胺、阿达帕林、沙利度胺、三甲氧基苯甲醛、地塞米松、NS-398、吴茱萸次碱和尼美舒利。
特别地,对COX-1或其同工型COX-3具有选择性的抑制剂的实例包括非那西丁、安替比林、氨基比林、SC-560和莫苯唑酸(mofezolac)。
特别地,许多天然化合物也表现出COX抑制作用。烹饪蘑菇(如舞茸)能够部分抑制COX-1和COX-2,已发现多种类黄酮抑制COX-2,贯叶金丝桃素对COX-1的抑制作用为阿司匹林的约3-18倍,骨化三醇(维生素D)显著抑制COX-2基因的表达,鱼油提供了花生四烯酸的替代脂肪酸。这些酸可通过COX转化为某些抗炎性前列环素,而不是促炎性前列腺素。
如本文所用,术语“脂氧合酶抑制剂”是指与任何脂氧合酶结合并抑制、阻止或降低其活性的化合物。特别地,脂氧合酶抑制剂是能够抑制、阻止或降低脂氧合酶活性或能够选择性地抑制、阻止或降低ALOX5活性至少1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5或5倍或更多的任何化合物。甚至更特别地,脂氧合酶抑制剂是能够显著降低脂氧合酶活性,或能够以小于3μM,优选地小于2.5、2、1.5或1μM的IC50显著抑制、阻止或降低脂氧合酶活性(特别是ALOX5活性)的任何化合物,甚至更优选地,是能够以小于950、900、850、800、750、700、650、600、550、500、450、400、350、300、250、200、150、100nM或小于90、80、70、60、50、40、30、20或10nM或甚至更小的IC50显著降低脂氧合酶的任何化合物。
特别地,通过使用市售的无细胞检测试剂盒(例如人5-脂氧合酶测定试剂盒(MYBioSource,MBS846911))测量重组人ALOX5酶的抑制并计算所得抑制剂的IC50值来确定抑制剂的IC50。或者,可以如(Hutchinson等人2009)所述进行人血液LTB4抑制测定,该测定也能够确定ALOX5AP抑制剂对ALOX5的间接抑制。
脂氧合酶是含铁酶的家族,其大多数催化含有顺,顺-1,4-戊二烯的脂质中的多不饱和脂肪酸的双加氧成为细胞信号传导物质。特别地,多不饱和脂肪酸花生四烯酸用作脂氧合酶的底物。特别地,花生四烯酸5-脂氧合酶(或ALOX-5或5-LOX)能够将花生四烯酸代谢并且从而转化为类花生酸,特别是5-羟基二十碳四烯酸和5-氧-二十碳四烯酸。白三烯是类花生酸炎症介质家族,其由AA和必需脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸(EPA)被ALOX-5氧化而产生的。
花生四烯酸5-脂氧合酶激活蛋白(ALOX5AP或FLAP)与5-脂氧合酶一起均为白三烯合成所需。白三烯是花生四烯酸代谢物,其涉及多种炎症反应。该蛋白质定位于质膜。其功能的抑制剂阻止5-脂氧合酶从细胞质到细胞膜的转运,并抑制5-脂氧合酶的活化。ALOX5AP抑制剂的一个实例是MK886。MK-886或L-663536是白三烯拮抗剂,其通过阻断5-脂氧合酶激活蛋白从而抑制5-脂氧合酶来发挥作用。特别地,FLAP(或ALOX5AP)抑制剂是脂氧合酶抑制剂,可间接抑制脂氧合酶的酶促活性。
特别地,白三烯的形成具有性别偏差。白三烯的形成受激素睾酮的控制,睾酮调节ALOX-5的亚细胞定位,ALOX-5是促炎性类花生酸生物合成中的关键酶。在睾酮水平升高的个体中,例如男性中,睾酮抑制ALOX-5从细胞质向细胞膜的转运,从而抑制其花生四烯酸代谢活性。
根据本发明的一个具体实施方案,本文提供的组合物包含环氧合酶抑制剂和脂氧合酶抑制剂,仅那些仅包含一种或多种环氧合酶抑制剂的特定用途除外。例如,本文提供的组合物仅包含环氧合酶抑制剂的这种特定用途之一是治疗性别偏差的衰老相关疾病或病症。特别地,其中患有衰老相关的疾病或病症或具有发展该疾病或病症的风险的受试者是男性,用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物包含至少一种COX-1/COX2抑制剂或COX-1抑制剂和COX-2抑制剂。然而,不排除用同时包含环氧合酶抑制剂和脂氧合酶抑制剂的组合物治疗男性受试者。
脂氧合酶和/或FLAP抑制剂的实例包括但不限于MK886、齐留通、马索罗酚、乙胺嗪、氮卓斯汀、苯恶洛酚、去甲二氢愈创木酸、松香酸、秦皮乙素、孟鲁司特、米诺环素、MLN-977、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、那比西莫、福坦替尼、AM103、DG031、非勃发朋、AA-861和阿曲留通。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物包含至少一种双重环氧合酶/脂氧合酶抑制剂。特别地,当患有衰老相关的疾病或病症或具有发展该疾病或病症的风险的受试者是女性时,用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物包含这种双重抑制剂。
示例性的双重抑制剂包括但不限于:利克飞龙、达布飞龙、CI-987、S-2474、KME-4、诃黎勒酸、巴柳氮、美沙拉秦、柳氮磺胺吡啶、氨基水杨酸、甲氯芬那酸、吗尼氟酯二芳基吡唑衍生物、噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶衍生物、N-取代的5-氨基水杨酸酰胺、黄酮类复合物、吲哚嗪衍生物、LQFM-091、贯叶金丝桃素、雷公藤红素、BW755C、替泊沙林、β-乳香酸、D-002(六种高级脂肪族蜂蜡醇的混合物)、2,3-二芳基氧杂蒽酮、菲尼酮和ER-34122。
如本文所指,具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶是能够催化花生四烯酸和-CoA转化为花生四烯酸-CoA的酶。这种酶的具体实例是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL),特别是ACSL4。
如本文所用,术语“长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶抑制剂”或简单地说“ACSL抑制剂”是指结合并抑制、阻止或降低任何长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶的活性的化合物。特别地,ACSL抑制剂是能够抑制、阻止或降低ACSL活性至少1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5或5倍或更多的任何化合物。甚至更特别地,ACSL抑制剂是能够以约100μM或更小,优选小于50、45、40、35、30、25或20μM或更小的IC50显著降低ACSL活性的任何化合物,甚至更优选地,是能够以约19、18、17、16、15、14、13、12、11、10或9μM的IC50显著降低花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的任何化合物。
特别地,通过将重组ACSL酶或细胞裂解物与ATP、CoA和放射性标记的脂肪酸(如花生四烯酸)一起孵育来测量对酰基辅酶A形成的抑制,从而确定ACSL抑制剂的IC50值,如(Askari等人2007;Kim等人2001)所述。
将游离的细胞内花生四烯酸引入磷脂中需要通过属于长链酰基-CoA合成酶组的酶对AA进行硫酯化。
长链脂肪酸酰基-CoA合成酶,也称为长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶,简称“ACSL”,是激活复杂脂肪酸的氧化的连接酶家族的酶。这些酶从长度为至少12个碳的脂肪酸产生酰基-CoA。ACSL通过经由腺苷酸化中间体的两步过程催化脂肪酰基-CoA的形成。具体地,其催化长脂肪酸链活化为脂肪酰基辅酶A(脂肪酸CoA)。这个超家族的成员之间有多个高度保守的区域和20-30%的氨基酸序列相似性。特别地,该家族中的酶由大的N端结构域和小的C端结构域组成,催化位点位于两个结构域之间。
特别地,本文所用的术语“ACSL”还指长链脂肪酸辅酶A连接酶家族的同工酶。在人类和啮齿动物中已知有五种ACSL同工型:ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5和ACSL6。尽管在底物特异性、亚细胞定位和组织分布方面不同,但该家族的所有同工酶都将游离的长链脂肪酸转化为脂肪酰基-CoA酯,从而在脂质生物合成和脂肪酸降解中起关键作用。
特别地,ACSL4和ACSL1是酰基-CoA合成酶家族的两个成员,它们是利用CoA活化游离脂肪酸以产生酰基-CoA所必需的,酰基-CoA是Lands循环中重新整合和降解过程的前体(Murphy和Folco 2019)。Lands循环包括磷脂的酶促水解,产生溶血磷脂和游离脂肪酸(如AA),通过酰基-CoA合成酶活化游离脂肪酸以及通过酰基-CoA转移酶将酰基-CoA重新整合为溶血磷脂。或者,花生四烯酸-CoA可通过β-氧化降解,或被二酰基甘油O-酰基转移酶用于形成二酰基和三酰基甘油,以及被甾醇O-酰基转移酶用于形成胆固醇酯。
特别地,ACSL4优先利用花生四烯酸作为底物。ACSL4控制花生四烯酸的细胞内水平,因为AA可以诱导凋亡,特别是在衰老细胞中,因此ACSL4具有调节凋亡的能力。已表明,ACSL4的过表达会导致花生四烯酰-CoA的合成速率更高,增加了AA引入磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇和三酰基甘油,并降低未酯化AA的细胞水平。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物包含ACSL抑制剂作为活性剂。根据另一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物包含ACSL抑制剂和至少一种能够抑制COX-1、COX-2或脂氧合酶中的一种或多种的抑制剂。特别地,本文所述的组合物包含能够抑制ACSL、COX-1、COX-2和脂氧合酶中的至少两种的抑制剂。
根据一个具体的实施方案,ACSL抑制剂选自:三氮菌素A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、三氮菌素C类似物(Kim等人2012;Prior等人2014)、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、2-氟棕榈酸、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮和罗格列酮。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物包含至少一种环氧合酶和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂以及能够抑制花生四烯酸的细胞内转化的附加化合物。特别地,这样的附加化合物是以下的任一种或多种或全部:天然化合物、细胞色素P450的抑制剂、长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂、溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂和/或脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂。
特别地,细胞色素P450的抑制剂可以是细胞色素P450 2J2(CYP2J2)、细胞色素P4502C(CYP2C)、细胞色素P450 4A(CYP4A)和/或细胞色素P450 4F(CYP4F)中的一种或多种或全部的抑制剂。
特别地,溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶(LPCAT)的抑制剂可以是LPCAT1、LPCAT2、LPCAT3、LPCAT4、溶血磷脂酰基转移酶2(MBOAT2)和含结构域的膜结合O-酰基转移酶7(溶血磷脂酰基转移酶7和/或MBOAT7)中的任一种或多种或全部的抑制剂。
特别地,脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂可以是超长链脂肪酸延长酶2(ELOVL2)、超长链脂肪酸延长酶4(ELOVL4)和/或超长链脂肪酸延长酶5(ELOVL5)中的任一种或多种或全部的抑制剂。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物包含至少一种环氧合酶抑制剂和至少一种脂氧合酶抑制剂以及能够操纵ATP水平,特别是提高和/或降低细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物。特别地,这种附加化合物是ATP合酶的抑制剂、ADP/ATP转位酶的抑制剂和/或糖酵解抑制剂中的任一种或多种或全部。
如本文所述,本文提供的组合物可用于治疗衰老相关疾病或病症。特别地,本文提供的组合物用于预防(即降低发生的可能性)或延缓衰老相关疾病或病症的发作,用于预防或延缓衰老相关疾病或病症的进展,或促进衰老相关疾病或病症的消退。
术语“衰老相关疾病或病症”是指与细胞衰老有关、相关或由其引起的病症、疾病或障碍,包括年龄相关疾病和病症。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是心血管疾病或病症,包括但不限于心绞痛、心律不齐、动脉粥样硬化、心肌病、充血性心力衰竭、冠状动脉疾病(CAD)、颈动脉疾病、心内膜炎、冠状动脉血栓形成、颈动脉血栓形成、心肌梗塞(Ml)、高血压(hypertension)、主动脉瘤、脑动脉瘤、心脏纤维化、心脏舒张功能障碍、高胆固醇血症/高血脂、二尖瓣脱垂、周围血管疾病、周围动脉疾病(PAD)、心脏应激抗性(cardiac stress resistance)和中风。
可以使用本领域已知的用于心血管疾病的标准诊断方法来鉴定患有心血管疾病的受试者。通常,动脉粥样硬化和其他心血管疾病的诊断基于患者的症状(例如胸痛或压力(心绞痛)、手臂或腿部麻木或无力、说话困难或言语不清、面部肌肉下垂、腿痛、高血压、肾功能衰竭和/或勃起功能障碍)、病史和/或身体检查。有患心血管疾病风险的受试者包括具有心血管疾病家族病史的受试者和具有其他风险因素例如高血压、高胆固醇、糖尿病、肥胖和/或吸烟的受试者。在某些实施方案中,作为衰老细胞相关疾病/病症的心血管疾病是动脉粥样硬化。动脉粥样硬化的特征是侵袭中型和大型动脉腔的内膜斑块(动脉瘤);斑块包含脂质、炎性细胞、平滑肌细胞和结缔组织。
医学和临床领域的技术人员可以容易地确定本文所述的组合物用于治疗或预防(即,降低或减少发展或发生的可能性)心血管疾病(例如,动脉粥样硬化)的效力。可以使用以下诊断方中的一种或任意组合来监测受试者的健康状况:包括身体检查,临床症状的评估和监测,以及执行本文所述和本领域实践的分析测试和方法(例如,血管造影、心电图、应激测试、非应激测试)。衰老细胞裂解剂组合的治疗效果可以使用现有技术中已知的技术来分析,例如将接受该治疗的患有心血管疾病或处于心血管疾病风险中的患者的症状与未进行此类治疗或使用安慰剂治疗的患者的症状进行比较。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是神经系统病症。神经系统病症包括但不限于帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、痴呆、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)、延髓性麻痹、假性延髓性麻痹、原发性侧索硬化、运动神经元功能障碍(MND)、轻度认知障碍(MCI)、亨廷顿病、眼部疾病、黄斑变性(湿性和干性)、青光眼、视力损失、老花眼、白内障、进行性肌萎缩症、下运动神经元疾病、脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)、Werdnig-Hoffman病(SMA1)、SMA2、Kugelberg-Welander病(SM3)、肯尼迪病(Kennedy's disease)、脊髓灰质炎后综合症(post-polio syndrome)、遗传性痉挛性截瘫、年龄相关性记忆力下降以及抑郁和情绪障碍。本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物用于治疗或预防神经系统病症的效果可以通过将接受该治疗的患有神经系统疾病或障碍(例如帕金森病或阿尔兹海默病)或有神经系统疾病或障碍风险的患者的症状与没有进行该治疗或用安慰剂治疗的患者的症状进行比较来分析。
帕金森病是第二大最常见的神经退行性疾病。其为脑部的一种残疾状况,特征在于运动缓慢(运动迟缓)、摇晃、僵硬,以及后期则失去平衡。这些症状中的许多是由于脑中某些神经的丧失导致多巴胺缺乏所致。这种疾病的特征是神经变性,例如黑质致密部中约50%至70%的多巴胺能神经元丧失,纹状体中多巴胺大量丧失,和/或存在胞浆内包涵体(路易体),其主要由α-突触核蛋白和泛素蛋白组成。帕金森病还具有运动功能障碍,例如震颤、僵硬、运动迟缓和/或姿势不稳。这些运动表现还可伴有非运动症状,如嗅觉缺陷、睡眠障碍和神经精神疾病。通常,帕金森病的诊断是基于患者的症状、病史以及神经和/或身体检查。有帕金森病风险的受试者包括具有帕金森病家族史的受试者和暴露于农药(例如鱼藤酮或百草枯)、除草剂(例如橙剂)或重金属的受试者。用于检测、监测或定量与帕金森病有关的神经退行性缺陷和/或运动缺陷的方法为本领域已知,例如组织学研究、生化研究和行为评估。
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,其表现出缓慢的进行性智力衰退,伴有记忆障碍、迷失方向和意识障碍,导致严重的痴呆。年龄是AD发展的唯一最大诱发风险因素,这是老年人痴呆的主要原因。早期临床症状显示出与轻度认知障碍的显著相似性,其特征是难以记住最近的生活经历或人们的名字。随着疾病的进展,会出现判断力受损、意识混乱、行为改变、迷失方向以及行走和吞咽困难。阿尔茨海默病的特征是在组织学样本中存在神经元纤维缠结和淀粉样蛋白(老年性)斑块。该病主要累及脑部的边缘和皮质区域。在本领域中已知许多行为和组织病理学测定法来用于评估阿尔茨海默病的表型、表征治疗剂和评估治疗。可以使用本领域已知的用于阿尔茨海默病的标准诊断方法来鉴定患有阿尔茨海默病的受试者。通常,阿尔茨海默病的诊断是基于患者的症状(例如,记忆功能进行性下降、正常活动逐渐退缩和沮丧、冷漠、躁动或烦躁、攻击性、焦虑、睡眠障碍、烦躁不安、异常运动行为、去抑制、回避社交、食欲下降、幻觉、痴呆)、病史、神经心理学检查、神经和/或身体检查。脑脊液也可用于测试与阿尔茨海默病病理相关的各种蛋白质,包括tau、淀粉样β肽和AD7C-NTP。还可以对早发型家族性阿尔茨海默病(eFAD)(常染色体显性遗传病)进行基因检测。临床遗传测试可用于患有AD症状的个体或早发疾病患者的高危家庭成员。在美国,可以根据临床实验室改进修正案在临床或联邦批准的实验室中测试PS2和APP的突变。也可以使用PS 1突变的商业测试(Elan Pharmaceuticals)。
MCI是一种脑功能综合症,涉及超出了基于个体年龄和受教育程度而预期的范围,但是影响力不足以干扰该个体的日常活动的认知功能障碍的发生和发展。MCI是认知衰老的一个方面,被认为是正常衰老与可能转化为痴呆之间的过渡状态。主要影响记忆力的MCI被称为“遗忘性MCI”。患有遗忘性MCI的人可能会忘记他或她以前很容易回忆起的重要信息,例如最近发生的事件。遗忘性MCI通常被视为阿尔茨海默病的前驱阶段。
MND是一组进行性神经系统疾病,其破坏运动神经元,运动神经元是控制必要的自发性肌肉活动(如说话、行走、呼吸和吞咽)的细胞。根据变性是否影响上运动神经元、下运动神经元或是否同时影响这两者进行分类。MND的实例包括,例如,侧索硬化症(ALS)、延髓性麻痹和脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)。其可影响手臂、腿部或面部肌肉。MND患者表现出一种或多种运动功能障碍,包括肌肉无力和消瘦、无法控制的抽搐、痉挛、缓慢而费力的运动以及肌腱反射过度活跃。原发性侧索硬化症是上运动神经元的疾病,而进行性肌萎缩仅影响脊髓中的下运动神经元。在进行性延髓性麻痹中,脑尾部的下运动神经元受到的影响最大,导致言语含糊不清、咀嚼和吞咽困难。手臂和腿部几乎总是存在轻度异常的迹象。用于检测、监测、定量或评估与MND相关的运动缺陷和组织病理学缺陷的方法为本领域已知,包括组织病理学、生化和电生理学研究以及运动活性分析。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是炎性病症。炎性病症包括但不限于肌肉骨骼疾病、骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、肌肉减少症、狼疮、间质性膀胱炎、硬皮病、脱发、口腔粘膜炎、类风湿性关节炎、炎性肠病、脊柱后凸、椎间盘突出、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病、溃疡性哮喘、肾纤维化(包括移植后肾纤维化)、肝纤维化、胰腺纤维化、心脏纤维化、皮肤伤口愈合(包括糖尿病相关的伤口愈合)和口腔粘膜下纤维化。本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物用于治疗或预防炎性病症的效果可以通过将接受该治疗的患有炎性疾病或障碍(例如骨关节炎)或有炎性疾病或障碍风险的患者的症状与没有进行这样的治疗或用安慰剂治疗的患者的症状进行比较来分析。
骨关节炎是一种退行性关节疾病,其特征在于高机械应激部位的软骨纤维化、骨骼硬化以及滑膜和关节囊增厚。骨关节炎的症状包括不活动或过度使用后的关节酸痛或僵硬,特别是臀部、膝盖和下背部;休息后的僵硬,其在活动后消失;以及活动后或一天结束时疼痛加剧。本文所述的组合物用于治疗或预防骨质疏松症和监测接受该组合物的受试者的有效性可以由医学和临床领域的技术人员容易地确定。可以使用以下诊断方中的一种或任意组合来监测受试者的健康状况:包括身体检查(例如确定受影响关节的压痛、肿胀或发红),临床症状(例如疼痛、僵硬、活动性)的评估和监测,以及执行本文所述和本领域实践的分析测试和方法(例如,确定炎性细胞因子或趋化因子的水平;X射线图像,以确定软骨损失,如通过关节中骨头之间的空间变窄所表明的;磁共振成像(MRI),提供包括软骨在内的骨骼和软组织的详细图像)。
骨质疏松症是一种进行性骨疾病,其特征是骨量和密度降低,可能导致骨折风险增加。骨矿物质密度(BMD)降低,骨微结构退化,骨中蛋白质的数量和种类发生变化。骨质疏松症通常通过骨矿物质密度测试来诊断和监测。绝经后妇女或雌激素减少的妇女风险最大。75岁以上的男性和女性都具有风险,而女性患骨质疏松症的可能性是男性的两倍。
可以用本文所述的组合物治疗的其他炎性/自身免疫疾病包括肠易激综合症(IBS)和炎性肠病,例如溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。炎性肠病(IBD)涉及全部或部分消化道的慢性炎症。除了由IBD引起的危及生命的并发症外,该疾病还会使人疼痛和衰弱。溃疡性结肠炎是在消化道的一部分中引起长期炎症的炎性肠病。症状通常随着时间而发展,而不是突然发展。溃疡性结肠炎通常仅影响大肠(结肠)和直肠的最内层。克罗恩病是引起沿消化道内壁的任何地方发生炎症并且经常延伸到受影响的组织深处的炎性肠病。这可能导致腹痛、严重腹泻和营养不良。由克罗恩病引起的炎症可能涉及消化道的不同区域。疾病的诊断和监测根据本领域常规实践的方法和诊断测试进行,包括血液测试、结肠镜检查、柔性乙状结肠镜检查、钡灌肠法、CT扫描、MRI、内窥镜检查和小肠成像。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是皮肤病。皮肤病包括但不限于银屑病、湿疹、面部皱痕(rhytides)、瘙痒、感觉迟钝、疹鳞屑性疾病、红皮病、扁平苔藓、苔藓样皮肤病、特应性皮炎、湿疹爆发、嗜酸性皮肤病、皮疹、光敏性和光老化相关疾病和病症、反应性嗜中性皮肤病、天疱疮、类天疱疮、免疫性大疱性皮肤病、皮肤纤维组织细胞增生、皮肤痣、荨麻疹、色素沉着、皮肤淋巴瘤、银屑病和皮肤狼疮。在某些实施方案中,衰老细胞相关病症是皮肤的炎性病症,例如作为非限制性实例,可以使用本文所述的组合物治疗或预防的银屑病和湿疹。银屑病的特征在于皮肤表皮层异常过度和快速生长。银屑病的诊断通常基于皮肤的外观。银屑病的典型皮肤特征是鳞状的红色斑块、丘疹或可能会疼痛和发痒的皮肤斑块。
可以用本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物治疗的其他免疫疾病或病症包括由于宿主对器官移植物(例如,肾脏、骨髓、肝、肺或心脏移植物)的免疫反应而导致的病症,例如移植器官的排斥反应。特别地,衰老细胞裂解剂组合物可用于治疗移植物抗宿主疾病或减少发生这种疾病的可能性。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是代谢障碍。代谢障碍包括但不限于I型和II型糖尿病、糖尿病性溃疡和肥胖。本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物用于治疗或预防代谢病症的效果可以通过将接受该治疗的患有代谢疾病或障碍(例如糖尿病)或者有代谢疾病或障碍风险的患者的症状与没有进行这样的治疗或用安慰剂治疗的患者的症状进行比较来分析。
糖尿病的特征在于由胰岛素生产、胰岛素作用或两者的缺陷引起的高血糖水平。在成人所有诊断出的糖尿病病例中,绝大多数(90%至95%)是2型糖尿病,其特征是胰腺产生胰岛素的功能逐渐失去。可以使用本领域已知的用于2型糖尿病的标准诊断方法来鉴定患有2型糖尿病的受试者。通常,对2型糖尿病的诊断基于患者的症状(例如,口渴和排尿频率增加、饥饿感增加、体重减轻、疲劳、视力模糊、创口愈合缓慢或频繁感染和/或皮肤区域发黑)、病史和/或身体检查。有患2型糖尿病风险的受试者包括具有2型糖尿病家族史的受试者和具有其他风险因素(例如体重超标、脂肪分布、缺乏活动、种族、年龄、糖尿病前期和/或妊娠期糖尿病)的受试者。
肥胖症和肥胖相关病症用于指可测量的体重大于其身高和体形的理想情况的受试者的状况。体重指数(BMI)是用于确定多余体重的测量工具,并且是根据受试者的身高和体重来计算。当一个人的BMI为25-29时,该人被视为超重;当一个人的BMI为30-39时,该人被视为肥胖;当一个人的BMI为40或更高时,该人被视为严重肥胖。
与糖尿病和衰老相关的病症或障碍是糖尿病性溃疡(即,糖尿病创伤)。溃疡是皮肤的破裂,其可能延伸至皮下组织或甚至肌肉或骨骼。这些病变尤其会发生在下肢。患有糖尿病静脉溃疡的患者在慢性伤口部位表现出细胞衰老的存在升高。
衰老相关疾病或病症可以是黄斑变性,干性(非新生血管性)或湿性(新生血管性)黄斑变性。黄斑变性是一种神经退行性疾病,其导致视网膜中央部分称为黄斑的感光细胞丢失。黄斑变性通常分为两种类型:干性型和湿性型。干性型比湿性更常见,约90%的年龄相关性黄斑变性(ARMD)患者被诊断为干性型。该疾病的湿性型通常导致更严重的视力损失。症状包括对直线的感知失真,并且在一些情况下,视觉中心看起来比视觉其余部分更失真;视觉中心出现黑暗、模糊的区域或“白化”区域;和/或颜色感知改变或减少。眼科领域的技术人员可以根据本领域接受的定期眼睛检查程序和由受试者报告症状来完成对具有黄斑变性的受试者的诊断和监测。
衰老细胞相关病症可以是肺部病症。肺部病症包括但不限于特发性肺纤维化(TPF)、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、哮喘、囊性纤维化、支气管扩张、肺气肿、年龄相关性肺功能丧失和年龄相关性睡眠呼吸暂停。本文所述的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物用于治疗或预防肺部病症的效果可以通过将接受该治疗的患有肺部疾病或障碍(例如COPD)或有肺部疾病或障碍风险的患者的症状与没有进行这样的治疗或用安慰剂治疗的患者的症状进行比较来分析。
COPD是一种肺部疾病,其定义为由于肺组织破裂(肺气肿)和小气管功能障碍(阻塞性细支气管炎)而导致的持续气流不畅。COPD的主要症状包括呼吸急促、气喘、胸闷、慢性咳嗽和痰液过多。COPD最常见的原因是烟草烟雾(包括香烟烟雾、雪茄烟雾、二手烟、烟斗烟雾)、职业暴露(例如,暴露于粉尘、烟雾或烟气)和数十年来发生的污染,因此,衰老是出现COPD的风险因素。
肺纤维化是一种慢性进行性肺部疾病,其特征是肺部变硬和结疤,可能导致呼吸衰竭、肺癌和心力衰竭。纤维化与上皮修复有关。有发生肺纤维化风险的受试者包括暴露于环境或职业污染物的受试者,例如石棉沉滞症和矽肺病;吸烟的受试者;患有一些典型的结缔组织疾病,例如类风湿性关节炎、SLE和硬皮病;患有其他涉及结缔组织的疾病,例如结节病和韦格纳肉芽肿病;患有感染;服用某些药物(例如胺碘酮、博来霉素、白消安(busufan)、甲氨蝶呤和呋喃妥因);胸部接受放射治疗的受试者;以及其家庭成员患有肺纤维化的受试者。肺纤维化的症状在本领域中是已知的,包括呼吸急促,特别是在运动过程中;猛烈干咳;快速的浅呼吸;非计划的体重逐渐减轻;疲劳;关节和肌肉疼痛以及杵状指(手指或脚趾尖变宽和变圆)。
根据另一个具体实施方案,本文提供的组合物用于改善移植物的性能。特别地,供体器官和/或接受者中衰老细胞数量的增加会对移植物的性能产生不利影响。根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述的组合物用于选择性清除供体器官和/或接受者中的衰老细胞,以改善移植物的性能。
根据另一个具体实施方案,本文提供的组合物用于预防或减轻与衰老相关的疤痕形成和纤维化。
根据另一个具体实施方案,本文提供的组合物用于改善化学疗法的副作用。根据另一个具体实施方案,本文提供的组合物用于预防或延迟肿瘤复发以及衰老相关疾病和病症的发生。治疗诱导的衰老(TIS)是癌症治疗的常见副作用,会导致经治疗存活的患者早衰。另外,TIS在例如Bcl2淋巴瘤等肿瘤中诱导衰老相关干细胞特性(senescence-associated stemness,SAS),从而引起肿瘤起始能力提高和癌症复发风险增加。
去除或破坏衰老细胞可以减轻化学疗法或放射疗法的急性毒性,包括包含能量失衡在内的急性毒性。急性毒性副作用包括但不限于胃肠道毒性(例如,恶心、呕吐、便秘、厌食、腹泻)、周围神经病变、疲劳、不适、低体力活动、血液学毒性(例如贫血)、肝毒性、脱发(头发损失)、疼痛、感染、粘膜炎、体液潴留、皮肤病学毒性(例如皮疹、皮炎、色素沉着、荨麻疹、光敏性、指甲变化)、口腔、牙龈或喉咙问题,或化学疗法或放射疗法引起的任何毒性副作用。例如,放射疗法或化学疗法引起的毒性副作用(例如,参见美国国家癌症研究所的网站)可以通过本文所述的方法得到改善。因此,在某些实施方案中,本文提供了在接受治疗的受试者中改善(减少、抑制或预防发生(即降低发生的可能性))化学疗法或放射疗法或其二者的急性毒性或降低对毒性副作用(即有害副作用)的敏感性的方法,其中所述方法可以包括向受试者施用如本文所述的组合物,其选择性地杀死、去除或破坏衰老细胞或促进其被选择性破坏。可以通过上述用于治疗/预防转移瘤的相同治疗过程来实现用于治疗化学疗法或放射疗法的副作用,或降低其发生的可能性,或降低其严重程度的衰老细胞裂解剂组合物的施用。如用于治疗或预防(即降低发生的可能性)转移瘤所描述的那样,在非化学疗法或非放射疗法的时间间隔期间或在化学疗法或放射疗法治疗方案完成之后施用衰老细胞裂解剂组合物。
本文进一步提供了鉴定受试者中衰老细胞的方法。特别地,可以检测本文所述的衰老细胞的改变的脂质代谢的成员的改变水平,以鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞。特别地,鉴定受试者中衰老细胞的方法包括确定生物标志物溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的水平。优选地,生物标志物是lyso SPC或lyso PPC或花生四烯酸。
鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞的方法可以具体用于在以下情况下确定衰老细胞的存在:诊断衰老相关疾病或病症,诊断受试者中衰老相关疾病或病症的风险,监测衰老相关疾病或病症或者监测或预测治疗反应,或监测对衰老诱导剂(毒物,包括氧化应激物、DNA损伤剂等)的暴露。
“对照”、“对照样品”或“参考值”或“参考水平”是在本文中可以互换使用的术语,并且应理解为用于与实验样品进行比较的样品或标准品。对照可以包括获得来自健康受试者的样品,或没有衰老的风险或未暴露于诱导衰老的应激条件或暴露于衰老细胞裂解剂治疗的受试者的样品。参考水平具体是指获得来自健康受试者、没有衰老的风险或未暴露于诱导衰老的应激条件的受试者的样品中定量的溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或PLA2活性的水平,或者在衰老细胞裂解治疗监测的情况中,所述水平可以在开始衰老细胞裂解剂治疗之前或在衰老细胞裂解剂治疗过程中从受试者的样品中获得。
特别地,使用免疫测定法(例如ELISA)、质谱或高效液相色谱法(HPLC)来测量溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或PLA2活性的水平。
例如,可以如Gruber等人2015所述通过在阳离子模式下高效液相色谱与串联质谱联用或如Jeschek等人2016所述通过HPLC来测量溶血磷脂酰胆碱的水平,特别是细胞内水平。
例如,可以通过酶联免疫吸附测定法,例如由Novus Biologicals提供的通用花生四烯酸ELISA试剂盒(NBP2-66372)或任何其他等效的ELISA测定法来测量花生四烯酸的细胞内水平。根据另外的具体实例,可以如Gruber等人2015所述通过流动注射电喷雾电离质谱法,或如Nishikiori等人2015所述利用高效液相色谱法,或在阴离子模式下高效液相色谱与串联质谱联用来测量花生四烯酸测定的水平。
例如,PLA2活性可以通过包含PLA2底物的测定法来测量,该底物在被磷脂酶A2活性裂解后会产生荧光产物,可以用荧光计例如bis--FL-C11PC(Thermo Fisher)进行定量,或使用EnzChekTM磷脂酶A2测定试剂盒(Thermo Fisher)或任何其他等效测定法进行测量。
根据一个具体的实施方案,生物标志物溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸或磷脂酶A2中至少一种的水平与参照中所述生物标志物的水平相比,增加超过两个或三个标准偏差表示存在衰老细胞或细胞衰老。
特别地,获得来自健康受试者或一组健康受试者的所述生物标志物中的任一种或多种的参考水平与获得来自受试者样品的所述生物标志物中的一种或多种的水平相比,增加超过2.0、2.5、3.0、3.1、3.2、3.3、3.4、3.5、3.6、3.7、3.8、3.9、4.0、4.1、4.2、4.3、4.4、4.5、4.6、4.7、4.8、4.9或5.0倍表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。
特别地,在衰老细胞裂解剂治疗期间或之后获得来自受试者样品的所述生物标志物中的任一种或多种的参考水平与在较早时间点来自同一受试者的样品相比(个体内比较或个体内差异),降低超过2.0、2.5、3.0、3.1、3.2、3.3、3.4、3.5、3.6、3.7、3.8、3.9、4.0、4.1、4.2、4.3、4.4、4.5、4.6、4.7、4.8、4.9或5.0倍表示衰老细胞裂解剂治疗的积极反应。
另外,对照也可以是标准参考值或值的范围。参考水平也可以确定为健康受试者的样品和/或在药理、饮食或生活方式干预之前的受试者样品中的溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的一种或多种的平均水平。作为替代,也可以使用来自一个或多个受试者的样品池或文献中公开的参照。
特别地,本文所述的用于检测衰老细胞的方法提供了使用本文所述的诊断标记或表达模式的诊断和预测工具,包括溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2中的任一种或多种或全部的水平的升高,其可应用于广泛多种细胞类型的衰老,包括但不限于成纤维细胞、内皮细胞、肾上皮细胞、肝细胞、神经元细胞、皮肤细胞、肺上皮细胞或结肠上皮细胞。特别地,年轻受试者或未暴露于衰老诱导应激条件的受试者以及老年受试者或暴露于衰老诱导应激条件的受试者的组织、血液或血清中衰老细胞的检测提供了一种诊断和预测工具,该诊断和预测工具对于具有细胞衰老的患者的早期诊断、长期预后和筛查具有更高的意义。本文所述的方法还提供了用于监测衰老细胞裂解剂治疗的诊断工具。
特别地,如本文所述的鉴定衰老细胞的方法可以以单次测量来执行,但是也可以通过重复确定来执行。
特别地,如本文所述的用于检测衰老细胞的方法的使用还涵盖预测移植器官功能或预测器官移植失败。
根据一个具体的实施方案,本文所述述的方法还可以用于检测衰老细胞的下降或细胞衰老的降低,其中将生物标志物溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或PLA2活性中的至少一种的水平与用衰老细胞裂解剂、抗衰老剂或任何抗衰老干预进行治疗之前的相应溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或PLA2活性的水平进行比较。特别地,例如在使用衰老细胞裂解剂、抗衰老剂(例如雷帕霉素、亚精胺、二甲双胍)或任何其他抗衰老干预(例如饮食、锻炼等)期间,所述生物标志物中至少一种的水平降低可以表明衰老细胞的去除。标记也可以用于鉴定将从任何衰老细胞裂解剂干预中受益的受试者。
特别地,所述方法可用于监测受试者,特别是用于测量受试者对衰老治疗的反应。因此,生物标志物还可用于指示有效药物剂量(例如,在开发任何类型的干预期间或在鉴定个性化治疗选择或剂量方面的剂量研究)。
本文进一步提供了筛选能够选择性清除衰老细胞的衰老细胞裂解剂化合物的方法。根据一个具体的实施方案,使用例如基于酶的免疫测定法(例如ELISA)在暴露于一种化合物的衰老细胞中测量花生四烯酸的水平,并将其与同样暴露于该化合物的非衰老细胞或未暴露于该化合物的衰抗老细胞或其两者中的花生四烯酸的水平进行比较。特别地,通过该筛选方法鉴定出能够选择性地清除衰老细胞的化合物。
本发明还包括以下项目:
1.一种用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和脂氧合酶中的至少两种的一种或多种抑制剂。
2.一种用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2的一种或多种抑制剂。
3.根据项目2使用的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2以及COX-1、COX-2或脂氧合酶中的至少一种的一种或多种抑制剂。
4.根据项目1至3中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述衰老细胞的特征在于溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平升高。
5.根据项目4使用的组合物,其中所述溶血磷脂酰胆碱是1-硬脂酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoSPC)或1-棕榈酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoPPC)。
6.根据项目1至5中任一项使用的组合物,其中一种或多种抑制剂是选自以下的COX-1和/或COX-2抑制剂:乙酰水杨酸、双氯芬酸、塞来昔布、环孢菌素A、布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚、吲哚美辛、萘丁美酮、酮咯酸、替诺昔康、托美汀、吡罗昔康、非诺洛芬、依托度酸、萘普生、二氟尼柳、舒洛芬、溴芬酸、酮洛芬、二高-γ-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、氟比洛芬、甲芬那酸、双水杨酯、舒林酸、水杨酸、罗美昔布、O-乙酰基-L-丝氨酸、非那西丁、氟比洛芬甲酯、安乃近、硝基阿司匹林、美洛昔康、氟芬那酸、奥沙普秦、噻洛芬酸、水杨酸镁、乙胺嗪、氯诺昔康、卡洛芬、苯基丁氮酮、奈帕芬胺、安替比林、安曲非宁、三水杨酸胆碱镁、三氟柳、尼氟酸、右旋布洛芬、醋氯芬酸、阿西美辛、曲恶昔康、洛索洛芬、托芬那酸、右酮洛芬、氨丁三醇、他尼氟酯、丙帕他莫、水杨酸三乙醇胺、水杨酸苯酯、丁苯羟酸、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸薄荷酯、FK-506、来那度胺、罗非考昔、伐地考昔、西米考昔、氯苯甘醚、氯膦酸、塞利西利、屈螺酮、曲安奈德、泊马度胺、帕瑞考昔、非罗考昔、阿氯芬酸、阿达帕林、沙利度胺、依托考昔、罗贝考昔、三甲氧基苯甲醛、扎托洛芬、地拉考昔、地塞米松、普拉洛芬、氨芬酸钠一水合物、安吡昔康、NS-398、碱式水杨酸铋、双氯芬酸二乙胺、氨丁三醇、吴茱萸次碱、水杨素、芬布芬、黄腐酚、氟尼辛葡甲胺和尼美舒利。
7.根据项目1至6中任一项的组合物,其中一种或多种抑制剂是选自以下的脂氧合酶和/或FLAP(ALOX5AP)抑制剂:MK886、齐留通、马索罗酚、乙胺嗪、氮卓斯汀、苯恶洛酚、去甲二氢愈创木酸、松香酸、秦皮乙素、孟鲁司特、米诺环素、MLN-977、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、那比西莫、福坦替尼、AM103、DG031、非勃发明、AA-861和阿曲留通。
8.根据项目1至7中任一项使用的组合物,其中一种或多种抑制剂是双重环氧合酶和脂氧合酶抑制剂,优选地选自:利克飞龙、达布飞龙、CI-987、S-2474、KME-4、诃黎勒酸、巴柳氮、美沙拉秦、柳氮磺胺吡啶、氨基水杨酸、甲氯芬那酸、吗尼氟酯二芳基吡唑衍生物、噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶衍生物、N-取代的5-氨基水杨酸酰胺、黄酮类复合物、吲哚嗪衍生物、LQFM-091、贯叶金丝桃素、雷公藤红素、BW755C、替泊沙林、β-乳香酸、D-002、2,3-二芳基氧杂蒽酮、菲尼酮和ER-34122。
9.根据项目1至8中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物包含能够抑制花生四烯酸的细胞内转化的附加化合物。
10.根据项目9使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是天然化合物,优选地选自姜黄、迷迭香、姜、牛至、白藜芦醇、姜黄素、大麻素、人参、皂苷、萜类、类黄酮、多酚、银杏、辣椒素、染料木素和山奈酚。
11.根据项目9使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是细胞色素P450的抑制剂,优选地是CYP2J、CYP2C、CYP4A或CYP4F的抑制剂,优选地选自磺胺苯吡唑、阿伐麦布、苯溴马隆、罗格列酮、曲格列酮、西立伐他汀、华法林、吡格列酮、拉帕替尼、甲氧苄啶、扎鲁司特、阿莫地喹、尼卡地平、辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、氯雷他定、炔雌醇、厄贝沙坦、奎宁、索拉非尼、艾曲波帕、氯沙坦、利克飞龙、阿米替林、阿托伐他汀、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、吡罗昔康、埃罗替尼、帕唑帕尼、己烯雌酚、恩杂鲁胺、帕纳替尼、达拉非尼、恩西地平、洛伐他汀、孟克司特、酮康唑、非洛地平、坎地沙坦西酯、克霉唑、莫米松、沙美特罗、雷洛昔芬、非诺贝特、左旋甲状腺素、他莫昔芬、奥昔布宁、醋酸甲羟孕酮、硝苯地平、复方甲状腺素、氨氯地平、苯扎贝特、氯霉素、环孢菌素、西咪替丁、氯吡格雷、胆钙化醇、地拉夫丁、右旋丙氧芬、依托泊苷、异烟肼、酮洛芬、甲硝唑、尼鲁米特、尼伐地平、帕罗西汀、苯乙肼、普伐他汀、普罗帕酮、乙胺嘧啶、罗非考昔、芦丁、沙奎那韦、磺胺甲恶唑、磺吡酮、替加色罗、特非那定、硫利哒嗪、噻氯匹定、噻康唑、三唑仑、醋竹桃霉素、丙戊酸、阿比特龙、维莫德吉、瑞戈非尼、曲美替尼、艾代拉里斯、洛匹那韦、塞来昔布、依法韦仑、雷贝拉唑、特立氟胺、克立硼罗、贝利司他、托匹司他、坎地沙坦、莱特莫韦、卢卡帕尼、奥匹卡朋、大麻隆、氟伏沙明、氟替卡松、糠酸氟替卡松、丙酸氟替卡松、博舒替尼、卡博替尼、染料木素、乐伐替尼、阿扎那韦、贝沙罗汀、地拉罗司、奎尼丁、米非司酮、维罗非尼、西地那非、双氯芬酸、氟西汀、伐地考昔、伏立康唑、依托度酸、舍曲林、格列本脲、苊香豆醇、瑞舒伐他汀、伊马替尼、氯氮平、地西泮、孕酮、奥美拉唑、缬沙坦、硼替佐米、奈韦拉平、氮卓斯汀、氯诺昔康、苯基丁氮酮、依曲韦林、来氟米特、西他生坦、氨基比林、维拉帕米、依托考昔、异丙酚、磺胺二甲唑、双香豆素、地尔硫卓、组胺、吗氯贝胺、司来吉兰、帕瑞昔布、二十二碳六烯酸、乙酰磺胺异恶唑、氟康唑、泮托拉唑、地氯雷他定、咪康唑、胺碘酮、吉非罗齐、丙磺舒、替尼泊苷、磺胺嘧啶、卡培他滨、氟尿嘧啶、反苯环丙胺、阿那曲唑、阿托伐醌、苯甲嗪、右芬氟拉明、双硫仑、肾上腺素、依普罗沙坦、氟卡尼、茚地那韦、醋甲唑胺、奈非那韦、奥氮平、普仑司特、异丙嗪、磺胺二甲氧嗪、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺、磺胺吡啶、甲硫咪唑、托卡朋、比卡鲁胺、阿莫达非尼、阿戈美拉汀、诺司卡品、氯维地平、硫康唑、吉非替尼、替卡格雷、色瑞替尼、氟尿苷、利非斯特、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、珠卡赛辛、司替戊醇、洛贝格列酮、度硫平、马尼地平、黑升麻、姜黄素、非尔氨酯、胡椒碱、沙芬酰胺、异烟酰异丙肼、奥利万星、马索罗酚和培维索孟。
12.根据项目9使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂,优选地选自三氮菌素A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、三氮菌素C类似物、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、2-氟棕榈酸、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮和罗格列酮;
13.根据项目9使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂,特别是LPCAT1、LPCAT2、LPCAT3、LPCAT4、MBOAT2和/或MBOAT7的抑制剂,其中优选地溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂选自N-苯基马来酰亚胺衍生物、TSI-01和硫柳汞。
14.根据项目9使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂,特别是ELOVL2、ELOVL4和/或ELOVL5的抑制剂,其中优选地脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂选自草灭特、腺苷5'-十六烷基磷酸酯、endo-1k、(S)-1y和化合物37、5,5-二甲基-3-(5-甲基-3-氧代-2-苯基-2,3-二氢-1H-吡唑-4-基)-1-苯基-3-(三氟甲基-3,5,6,7-四氢-1H-吲哚-2,4-二酮)和(3-endo)-3-(苯基磺酰基)-N-[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-8-羧酰胺。
15.根据项目1至9中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物包含能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物。
16.根据项目15使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是ATP合酶的抑制剂,优选地选自寡霉素A、烟酸肌醇酯、贝达喹啉、肽抑制素、白灰制菌素、腾毒素、腾毒素衍生物、血管抑素、肠抑胃素、蜂毒肽、IF1、Syn-A2、Syn-C、白藜芦醇、白皮杉醇、己烯雌酚、4-乙酰氨基-4'-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2'-二磺酸盐、4,4'-D-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2-二磺酸、山奈酚、桑色素、芹菜素、染料木素、鹰嘴豆芽素A、黄豆苷元、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、原花青素、姜黄素、根皮素、茶黄素、鞣酸、4-羟基雌二醇、2-羟基雌二醇、17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、寡聚霉素、杀黑星菌素、凋亡诱导剂、奥萨霉素、胞变霉素、佩里霉素、氯化三丁基锡、氢氧化三环己基锡、硫酸三乙基锡、氯化三苯基锡、二甲基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3-羟基黄酮溴化物、二辛基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二苯基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮溴化物、二苯基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、三丁基锡3-羟基黄酮、三乙基铅、深橙半知菌素、黄绿青霉素、星形曲霉毒素、若丹明B、若丹明123、若丹明6G、玫苯胺、孔雀石绿、亮绿、奎纳克林、奎纳克林芥末、吖啶橙、沉香磷化氢、派洛宁Y、地喹氯铵、番红O、尼罗蓝A、溴化乙锭、丁卡因、地布卡因、普鲁卡因、利多卡因、氯丙嗪、三氟拉嗪、普鲁卡因酰胺、普萘洛尔、辛基胍、1-丹磺酰氨基-3-二甲基丙胺化合物、鲸蜡基三甲铵、精胺、亚精胺、红菲咯啉碱金属螯合物、4,4-联苯-2,2-联吡啶、3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-联苯-1,2,4-三嗪、阿特拉津、阿特拉津氨基衍生物、砷酸盐、氟化铝、氟化铍、氟化钪、钒酸盐、氟化镁、亚硫酸盐、硫代磷酸盐、叠氮化物、ANPP、苯甲酰甲醛、丁二酮、丹磺酰氯、1-氟-2,4-二硝基苯、二碳聚硼酸酯、阿米三嗪、5-羟基-1,2-萘二羧酸酐、R207910、查盾宁、正丁醇、四氯水杨基苯胺、二氢链霉素、苏拉明、Bz-423、DMSO、次氯酸、DDT、二氮嗪、HNB、N-磺酰基或N-烷基取代的四氢苯并二氮杂卓衍生物、4-(N-芳基咪唑)取代的苯并吡喃衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]氰基胍衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]-酰基胍衍生物、O-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]硫尿烷衍生物、dio-9复合物、乙醇和锌。
17.根据项目15使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是ADP/ATP转位酶的抑制剂,优选地选自氯膦酸、伊必那班、苍术苷、羧基苍术苷、米酵菌酸、异米酵菌酸、MT-21、氯氰碘柳胺、CD437、脱氢松香胺、L923-0673、IMD 0354、PI32-0333、S899542、无活菌素和S838462。
18.根据项目15使用的组合物,其中所述附加化合物是糖酵解抑制剂,优选地选自2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖、氯尼达明、溴丙酮酸、根皮素、STF-31、WZB117、3PO、3-溴丙酮酸、二氯乙酸、草酸、NHI-1、羟基硫胺素、伊马替尼、葡萄糖胺、6-氨基烟酰胺、染料木素、5-硫葡萄糖、甘露庚酮糖、α-氯代醇、奥硝唑、草酸盐、葡磷酰胺、N-(膦酰基乙酰基)-L-天冬氨酸、6-甲基巯基嘌呤核糖苷、CGP 3466B马来酸盐、一氟磷酸钠、DASA-58、DL-丝氨酸、二氯乙酸、二氯乙酸钠、呋喃西林、6-AN、法森汀、苄丝肼、黄芪苷、白藜芦醇、白杨素、GEN-27、芹菜素、双-2-(5-苯基乙酰氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基)乙硫醚、CE3-839、重氮丝氨酸、阿西维辛、6-重氮-5-氧-L-正亮氨酸、噻唑烷-2,4-二酮衍生物、化合物968、R-硫辛酸、1,3,4-噻二唑化合物、2-氯丙酸酯、Nov3r、AZD7545、Pfz3、根赤壳菌素、米塔铂、mito-DCA、苯基丁酸酯、4,5-二芳基异恶唑、VER-246608、白桦酯酸、含次膦酸酯或膦酸酯基团的丙酮酸酯类似物、CPI-613、M77976、芳族DCA衍生物、呋喃和噻吩羧酸、利托那韦、FX11、草酸盐/脂、D-果糖-6-磷酸、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸、N-溴乙酰基-氨基乙基磷酸、2-羧乙基膦酸、N-羟基-4-膦酰基丁酰胺、2-磷酸甘油酸、碘乙酸盐、棉酚、1,3-双磷酸甘油酸的双磷酸脂类似物、苯六羧酸、3-磷酸甘油酸、膦酰基乙酰氧肟酸、2-磷酸-D-甘油酸、TLN-232和CAP-232。
19.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的发作。
20.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的进展。
21.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物促进衰老相关疾病或病症的消退。
22.根据项目19至21中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述衰老相关疾病或病症选自心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、癌症、骨质疏松症、骨关节炎、神经系统疾病、痴呆、白内障、肾脏疾病、视网膜病变、糖尿病、肺纤维化、椎骨皮肤变性、年龄相关性肌肉萎缩、脱发和皮肤老化。
23.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物改善移植物的性能。
24.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物防止或减轻衰老相关疤痕形成和纤维化。
25.根据项目1至18中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物减轻化学疗法的副作用并预防或延迟肿瘤复发。
26.一种鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供所述受试者的样品,
b)确定所述样品中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中至少一种的细胞内水平,
c)将b)的水平与参考水平进行比较,其中所述参考水平是非衰老细胞中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平,
其中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性的水平增加至少2倍表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。
27.一种筛选用于清除衰老细胞的候选化合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)使至少一种测试化合物与衰老细胞样品接触,
b)测量花生四烯酸的细胞内水平,和/或测量凋亡程度,和/或测量细胞活力,以及
c)选择与未处理衰老细胞相比,在与所述测试化合物接触的衰老细胞中引起花生四烯酸的细胞内积累、凋亡程度增加和/或细胞活力降低的测试化合物。
28.化合物用于清除受试者中的衰老细胞的用途,其中所述化合物根据项目27所述的方法鉴定。
29.一种用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含至少一种环氧化酶抑制剂和至少一种脂氧化酶抑制剂。
本文描述的实施例是对本发明的举例说明,而非旨在对其进行限制。根据本发明描述了本发明的不同实施方案。在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对本文描述和示出的技术进行许多修改和变化。因此,应当理解,这些实施例仅是说明性的,而不限制本发明的范围。
实施例
除非另外指出,否则在本文提供的实施例中使用以下材料和方法。
细胞分离
人真皮成纤维细胞(HDF)分离自健康女性成年供体的皮肤活检组织并获自Evercyte(奥地利维也纳)。人包皮真皮成纤维细胞(fHDF)分离自包皮并获自Evercyte(奥地利维也纳)。男性人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)分离自人脐带并获自Evercyte(奥地利维也纳)。定期对所有细胞株进行支原体检测。人肺成纤维细胞(HLF)分离自供体肺并获自Ludwig Boltzmann肺血管研究所(奥地利格拉茨)。人肾近端上皮细胞(RPTEC)获自Biopredic(法国圣格雷戈勒)。
细胞培养
HDF、fHDF和HLF用补充有10%FCS(F7524,Sigma-Aldrich)和4mM L-谷氨酰胺(G7513,Sigma-Aldrich)的DMEM/Ham’s F-12(1:1混合物)(F4815,Biochrome)在环境氧气、7%CO2和37℃下培养。HUVEC用补充有10%FCS(F7524,Sigma-Aldrich)的Endopan 3Kit(庆大霉素和FBS除外;P04-0010K,Pan Biotech)在环境氧气、7%CO2和37℃下培养。通过用0.1%胰蛋白酶和0.02%EDTA在37℃下孵育3-5分钟来分离细胞,并根据细胞类型和生长速率以1:2至1:8的比例分离。RPTEC用不含G418的ProxUp(MHT-003,Evercyte)在环境氧气、7%CO2和37℃下培养。通过用0.05%胰蛋白酶-EDTA溶液(25300054,Gibco)在37℃孵育3-5分钟来分离细胞,并根据生长速率以1:2至1:4的比例分离。使用Vi-CELL XR(BeckmanCoulter)自动细胞计数器对细胞进行计数。
SIPS
在处理前一天,以2,800个细胞/cm2的细胞密度接种细胞。在11天的时间内,将60-80μM H2O2补充到培养基以将细胞处理9次,每次持续一小时,然后更换培养基。或者,在处理前一天,根据细胞类型以3,500-7,000个细胞/m2的细胞密度接种细胞,将100-200nM阿霉素(D1515,Sigma-Aldrich)补充到培养基持续6天以诱导SIPS。通过SA-β-gal染色、p21表达和没有BrdU引入来检验衰老是否被诱导。进行AnnexinV/PI染色以确保处理是非致死性的,并且对SIPS HDF进行培养和监测超过50天,以确保诱导的生长停滞是永久性的(Terlecki-Zaniewicz等人2018)。
脂质分析
将细胞用含有0.5mM二亚乙基三胺五乙酸的PBS洗涤一次,并在添加2.2ml含有3%乙酸和0.01%丁基化羟基甲苯的甲醇后,用细胞刮棒分离细胞。将脂质样品转移到玻璃小瓶中,用惰性气体排空空气,在将小瓶用封口膜密封后,将样品存储于-20℃下。最后,使用Analyst软件1.6版(Applied Biosystems)如(Gruber等人2015)所述用流动注射电喷雾电离质谱法对样品进行分析。将lyso PPC和lyso SPC的水平相对于DPPC水平归一化。
下一代测序和数据分析
文库的制备和测序在lllumina HighSeq 2000平台(GATC Biotech AG,德国康斯坦茨)上进行。所有分析步骤均根据Tuxedo Suite Pipeline(Trapnell等人2012)完成。简单地说,使用lllumina Casava 1.8.2软件进行碱基调用。使用TOPHAT2.0.13版在默认参数下将RNA-seq读段与hg19基因组组装进行比对。转录本在Cufflinks2.1.1版中进行组装,通过Cuffdiff预测差异表达的基因。
活力测定
根据制造商的说明进行阿尔玛蓝(Alamar Blue,DAL1 100,Thermo FisherScientific)测定。将细胞用相应的物质处理9天,培养基在第0、3和6天进行更换。对照用相应浓度的溶剂(DMSO)处理。
花生四烯酸的定量
通过胰蛋白酶消化收集细胞,在1000g、4℃下离心5分钟,并用冷PBS洗涤3次。使用Vi-CELL XR(Beckman Coulter)自动化细胞计数器对细胞进行计数,并将细胞团在冷PBS中重悬,以获得2000-5000个细胞/μl的细胞悬液。随后,在Bioruptor(Diagenode)中通过30个超声处理周期(30s开,30s关)裂解细胞。通过在1500g、4℃下离心10分钟去除细胞碎片,根据制造商的说明用ELISA测定法(Novus Biologicals;NBP2-66372)分析上清液。
PLA2活性测定
通过胰蛋白酶消化收集细胞,在1000g、4℃下离心5分钟,并用冷PBS洗涤3次。使用Vi-CELL XR(Beckman Coulter)自动化细胞计数器对细胞进行计数,并将细胞团在冷PBS中重悬,以获得2000-5000个细胞/μl的细胞悬液。随后,在Bioruptor(Diagenode)中通过30个超声处理周期(30s开,30s关)裂解细胞。通过在1500g、4℃下离心10分钟去除细胞碎片,根据制造商的说明使用EnzChekTM磷脂酶A2测定试剂盒(ThermoFisher Scientific;E10217)对上清液进行分析。
实施例1:衰老细胞中改变的脂质代谢
实施例1A:衰老细胞中lysoPC水平升高的鉴定
如本文所述,发现了衰老细胞中改变的脂质代谢,并且使用质谱法鉴定了两种lyso PC作为新的衰老生物标志物。在多种原代人细胞株中,1-硬脂酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(18:0lyso PC)和1-棕榈酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(16:0lyso PC)在衰老过程中上调,无论诱导物是端粒依赖性(复制性衰老)还是独立性(应激诱导的早衰;图1)。
图1显示衰老细胞中的溶血磷脂酰胆碱升高。图1a显示了三个不同供体的人真皮成纤维细胞(HDF)在早期、中期和晚期群体倍增(PD)的脂质分析,其中lyso PC的水平相对于二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)水平进行归一化。图1b显示了在SIPS处理四天后,应激诱导的早衰(SIPS)FIDF的脂质分析。通过慢性氧化应激处理(在11天的时间内用9剂量H2O2处理)诱导SIPS。图1c显示了在SIPS处理7天后,应激诱导的早衰(SIPS)FIDF的脂质分析。用阿霉素诱导SIPS(后续2次用100nM处理72小时)。作为SIPS处理的对照,将细胞用正常生长培养基培养,在处理过程中生长至汇合并进入静止状态(Q)。对于图1a,通过单因素方差分析和事后Tukey检验计算显著性。对于图1b、c,使用双尾student t检验计算显著性。
Lyso PC可以由磷脂酰胆碱(PC)通过氧化过程非酶促地产生(Choi等人2011)或通过具有PLA2活性的磷脂酶进行转化酶促地产生(Six和Dennis 2000)。将SIPS HDF的RNA-seq表达数据与静止对照细胞(原始数据可从GEO登录号GSE93535获得)进行比较,我们鉴定出胞质磷脂酶A2(PLA2G4A)、胞质磷脂酶A2γ(PLA2G4C)和XV组磷脂酶A2(PLA2G15)是用于观察效果的可能候选物(图2)。
图2显示,PLA2活性和与PLA2活性相关的蛋白质的mRNA表达水平在衰老细胞中升高。图2a显示,具有PLA2活性的磷脂酶和分泌型磷脂酶A2受体在SIPS HDF中增加。通过慢性氧化应激处理(在11天的时间内用9剂量H2O2处理)在HDF中诱导早衰。作为SIPS处理的对照,将细胞用正常生长培养基培养,在处理过程中生长至汇合并进入静止状态(Q)。SIPS处理四天后,制备RNA样品并进行RNA测序。表达水平显示为每百万个映射读段中转录本的每千碱基片段数(FPKM)。使用Benjamini-Hochberg方法以多次比较的错误发现率校正p值,并且误差线表示置信区间(95%)。图2b显示了SIPS HDF和HLF中PLA2活性的升高水平。用阿霉素在HDF和HLF中诱导早衰(后续2次用100nM处理72小时)。作为SIPS处理的对照,将细胞用正常生长培养基培养,在处理过程中生长至汇合,并进入静止状态(Q)。
实施例1B:衰老细胞中花生四烯酸(AA)的产量增加
分泌型磷脂酶A2受体(PLA2R1)诱导细胞衰老(Augert等人2009)并且在我们的数据集中上调(图2),其被报道通过MAPK的磷酸化激活PLA2G4A,以诱导lyso PC的产生和花生四烯酸(AA)的同时释放(Fonteh等人2000;Pan等人2015;Scott等人2006)。
鉴于在所有考察的细胞株中在衰老下lyso PC的增加是明显的并且不依赖于衰老诱导剂的事实表明,改变的脂质代谢可以用作开发对于衰老细胞具有特异性并且因此可用于预防或治疗衰老相关疾病和病症的细胞毒性治疗的靶标。
据报道,类花生酸形成的增加与细胞衰老和衰老有关(Currais等人2016;Kabir等人2016;Li等人2015;Wang等人2016b)。如本文所示,lyso PC的产生增加并且lyso PC的产生增加导致作为副产物的AA的产生增加(图1和图16)。继而,AA可以被诸如环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的酶进一步代谢为类花生酸。据报道,细胞内AA的积累可以在高浓度的AA下诱导细胞凋亡(Penzo等人2004)。
如本文首次描述的,主要在衰老细胞中观察到由细胞内AA水平的积累引起的细胞死亡,因为这些细胞具有更高的AA形成速率的改变的脂质代谢(图3)。实际上,如以下实施例中令人惊讶地显示,基于衰老细胞中花生四烯酸代谢的特异性改变,鉴定了新型的衰老细胞裂解剂,并且可以利用改变的花生四烯酸代谢来选择性地清除衰老细胞。
实施例2:新衰老细胞裂解剂的鉴定
根据实施例1B中建立的假设,对环氧合酶或脂氧合酶的抑制导致细胞毒性作用,这在衰老细胞中通常更为严重(图4-15),表明可获得良好的治疗窗。四种考察的细胞类型(HDF、HLF、RPTEC和HUVEC)之间存在一些差异,但是对环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶的抑制导致所有细胞系中的衰老细胞的清除。不同衰老诱导剂和不同供体之间的差异不太明显。这与以前的报道相一致,该报道显示了其他衰老细胞裂解策略的细胞类型依赖性衰老细胞裂解作用(Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg等人2017;Schafer等人2017;Zhu等人2017;Zhu等人2016;Zhu等人2015)。
三种已报道的现有技术的衰老细胞裂解剂:那维妥拉(ABT263;SelleckChemicals)、槲皮素(Sigma-Aldrich)以及槲皮素与达沙替尼的组合(DQ;Caymanchemicals)在HDF中均未显示出衰老细胞裂解作用(图4和9)。仅在HUVEC中,那维妥拉能够选择性清除衰老细胞,但槲皮素不能(图5)。
实施例2A:在人真皮成纤维细胞中鉴定新衰老细胞裂解剂
首先,评估了单独COX或ALOX抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用。图4显示了ALOX-5抑制剂MK886(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)和COX抑制剂乙酰水杨酸(ASA;Sigma-Aldrich)单独对人成纤维细胞的明显的衰老细胞裂解作用。还将这两种药物与现有的衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉进行了比较。
在HDF中用慢性氧化应激处理(在11天的时间内用9剂量H2O2处理)诱导早衰。静止细胞用作对照。在完成SIPS处理11天,以建立完全确立的衰老表型后,开始使用衰老细胞裂解物质进行处理。向生长培养基中补充衰老细胞裂解物质9天,每3天更换培养基。所有样品(包括对照)均包含相同浓度的溶剂(DMSO)。随后,使用阿尔玛蓝测定法(Thermo FisherScientific)评估活力。
实际上,与现有技术衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉相比,MK886和COX抑制剂ASA以相对静止细胞更大的程度降低了衰老细胞的活力。
实施例2B:在HUVEC中鉴定新衰老细胞裂解剂
评估了COX或ALOX抑制剂以及双重抑制剂对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的衰老细胞裂解作用。图5显示了与现有技术衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉相比,COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和双重COX/LOX抑制剂利克飞龙的作用。
将阿霉素(Sigma-Aldrich)补充到生长培养基中在HUVEC中诱导早衰6天。在完成SIPS处理8天,以使细胞进入衰老后,开始使用衰老细胞裂解物质进行处理。静止细胞用作对照。向生长培养基中补充衰老细胞裂解物质9天,每3天更换培养基。所有样品(包括对照)均包含相同浓度的溶剂(DMSO)。随后,使用阿尔玛蓝测定法(Thermo Fisher Scientific)评估活力(图5)。
与HDF相比,HUVEC对单独环氧合酶的抑制更敏感。如预期并与之前的报道(Zhu等人2016)一致,那维妥拉确实显示出对HUVEC的相当大的衰老细胞裂解活性。另外,双重COX/LOX抑制剂利克飞龙在HUVEC中也显示出明显的衰老细胞裂解作用。
这证实了最近的发现,即不同类型的细胞对衰老细胞裂解剂化合物的反应不同,并表明来自胚胎和新生儿来源的细胞总体上更可能对衰老细胞裂解剂更敏感(Hwang等人2018;Schafer等人2017)。出乎意料的是,使用环氧合酶和脂氧合酶抑制剂抑制AA代谢酶在HDF和HUVEC两种细胞类型中均具有衰老细胞裂解性,并且重要的是,它们是迄今为止报道的用于成人真皮成纤维细胞的唯一有效的衰老细胞裂解剂化合物。
实施例3:在HDF中环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制
为了提高观察到的衰老细胞裂解作用,使用组合处理测试了对环氧合酶和脂氧合酶二者的抑制,并且确实显示出协同作用。用乙酰水杨酸(ASA)或双氯芬酸(Sigma-Aldrich)与MK886的组合对环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的共抑制在成人HDF和包皮HDF中产生了强力的衰老细胞裂解作用(图6-9)。这些结果首次表明,环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的共抑制有效地清除/破坏衰老细胞。
这与WO2019070407A1中的发现相矛盾,其表明COX2和ALOX5抑制剂的组合处理导致衰老细胞的细胞数量增加。这种增加在如本文所述的针对衰老细胞的靶向清除的研究而进行的实验中从未观察到,并且实际上在WO2019070407A1中用细胞增殖来解释这种增加。这有力地表明,如WO2019070407A1中所述用于实验的细胞仍处于建立细胞衰老相关的不可逆生长停滞的过程中,并且与WO2019070407A1中显示的其他结果一致。因此,通过用COX2和ALOX5抑制剂处理衰老前细胞,使细胞逃脱了生长停滞并开始增殖。结果,减少了SASP因子的分泌。
将阿霉素补充到生长培养基中在成人和包皮HDF中诱导早衰6天。在完成SIPS处理8天以使细胞进入衰老后,开始使用衰老细胞裂解物质进行处理。静止细胞用作对照。向生长培养基中补充衰老细胞裂解物质9天,每3天更换培养基。所有样品(包括对照)均包含相同浓度的溶剂(DMSO)。随后,使用阿尔玛蓝测定法(Thermo Fisher Scientific)评估活力。
图6显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA、50μM双氯芬酸或2μM塞来昔布的双重抑制相比,使用ALOX-5抑制剂MK886和COX-1/2抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸或COX-2特异性抑制剂塞来昔布(Sigma-Aldrich)的单一处理对成人真皮成纤维细胞株HDF161的影响。塞来昔布对COX-2的单独抑制并未显示任何衰老细胞裂解作用,这表明单一AA代谢酶的抑制不足以降低衰老细胞的细胞活力。对于衰老细胞,MK886单一处理的EC50为26.4μM,而与ASA、双氯芬酸或塞来昔布组合时,EC50分别降至18.8μM,9μM和17μM。更重要的是,衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间的倍数变化从1.58分别增加到1.95、2.53和2.55。这显示了与环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的单独抑制相比,环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制具有协同作用。
图7显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50、100或200μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用COX抑制剂双氯芬酸和ALOX-5抑制剂MK886的单一处理对成人真皮成纤维细胞株HDF164的影响。对于衰老细胞,MK886单一处理的EC50为34.7μM,然后分别降低至30.4μM、17.3μM、11.2μM和8.39μM。另外,衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间的倍数变化从1.31分别增加到1.46、1.61、1.88和1.64,证实了图7在来自不同供体的细胞株中的结果。
图8显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用COX抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸以及ALOX-5抑制剂MK886的单一处理对包皮人真皮成纤维细胞株fHDF166的影响。对于衰老细胞,MK886单一处理的EC50为34μM,然后分别降至29.6μM和12.4μM。与上述成人真皮成纤维细胞获得的结果一致,衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间的倍数变化从1.49分别增加到1.51和2.52。再次,这也显示了在包皮源性HDF中,与环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的单独抑制相比,环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的组合抑制具有协同作用。
图9显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.4mM ASA或50μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用COX抑制剂ASA和双氯芬酸和ALOX-5抑制剂MK886的单一处理对成人真皮成纤维细胞的三种细胞株(HDF76、HDF161、HDF164)的影响。另外,测试了两种现有技术的衰老细胞裂解剂那维妥拉以及15μM槲皮素与浓度增加的达沙替尼的组合。当结合三种不同的HDF供体的数据时,用MK886、ASA和双氯芬酸以及那维妥拉与DQ的单一处理不会明显降低衰老细胞的EC50值。然而,当MK886与环氧合酶抑制剂组合时,与静止对照细胞相比,衰老细胞的EC50值显著降低,证实了图6和7中的结果。
实施例4:通过长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)对AA循环的抑制
除了类花生酸合成之外,调节细胞中促凋亡的游离AA水平的最有效方法是通过Lands循环重新整合到磷脂中(Murphy和Folco 2019)。
实际上,Lands循环的关键酶在衰老细胞中显著升高(图10)。长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)和长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶1(ACSL1)是酰基-CoA合成酶家族的两个成员,该家族是用CoA激活游离脂肪酸产生酰基-CoA所必需的,酰基-CoA是Lands循环中重新整合和降解过程的前体。此外,还发现了在衰老细胞中溶血磷脂酰基转移酶7(MBOAT7)增加,该酶负责将AA-CoA重新整合到磷脂酰肌醇中。这有力地表明,衰老细胞通过Lands循环的快速循环过程来调节其游离AA的水平。
因此,抑制Lands循环的关键酶应降低衰老细胞保护自身免于促凋亡细胞内AA形成增加的能力,从而导致这种抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用。
图11显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.5μM TrC或50μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用ACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)的单一处理对成人真皮成纤维细胞的三种细胞株(HDF76、HDF161、HDF164)的影响。对ACSL4的单一抑制以及对ACSL4和ALOX5的双重抑制已经足以诱导显著的衰老细胞裂解作用,而单独MK886的作用并不显著(图9)。ACSL4、ALOX5和COX1/2的组合抑制进一步降低了EC50值。
图12显示了与使用与浓度增加的TrC组合的1μM MK886或50μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用ACSL4抑制剂TrC的单一处理对人肺成纤维细胞(HLF)细胞株HLF102的影响。同样,对ACSL4的单一抑制足以诱导强力的衰老细胞裂解作用,衰老细胞与静止细胞之间的EC50倍数变化为9.19。当与ALOX5和COX1/2的抑制组合时,EC50倍数变化可进一步增加至13.75,证实了真皮成纤维细胞实验的结果。
图13显示了与使用与浓度增加的MK886组合的0.1μM TrC或25μM双氯芬酸的双重抑制相比,使用ACSL4抑制剂TrC、COX抑制剂双氯芬酸以及ALOX-5抑制剂MK886的单一处理对人肾近端上皮细胞(RPTEC)细胞株RPTEC1的影响。同样,对ACSL4的单一抑制足以诱导强力的衰老细胞裂解作用,衰老细胞与静止细胞之间的EC50倍数变化为约350。对COX1/2和ALOX5的单一抑制分别导致EC50倍数变化为3.02和2.66,通过与ALOX5和COX1/2的组合抑制,其EC50倍数变化可以进一步提高到5.11。ACSL4、ALOX5和COX1/2的抑制导致EC50倍数变化为约700。这些结果清楚地表明了本方法通过抑制细胞内游离AA的转化而选择性清除衰老细胞的可行性和有效性。
实施例5:环氧合酶/脂氧合酶抑制与ATP消耗组合
通过ATP合酶、ADP/ATP转位酶或糖酵解的抑制降低ATP水平增强了心脏线粒体中AA诱导的线粒体膜通透性,这表明可以通过消耗ATP水平进一步增强AA诱导的凋亡。
将阿霉素补充到生长培养基中在成人HDF中诱导早衰6天。在完成SIPS处理8天以使细胞进入衰老后,开始使用衰老细胞裂解物质进行处理,。静止细胞用作对照。向生长培养基中补充衰老细胞裂解物质9天,每3天更换培养基。所有样品(包括对照)均包含相同浓度的溶剂(DMSO)。随后,使用阿尔玛蓝测定法(Thermo Fisher Scientific)评估活力。
确实地,向0.4mM ASA和MK886的组合处理中添加5μM的ATP合酶抑制剂寡霉素A(OmA;Cayman Chemicals)进一步提高了衰老细胞裂解作用,衰老细胞的EC50值从30.4μM降低到9.9μM,并且使衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间的倍数变化从1.46增加到4.51(图14)。这表明衰老细胞中AA诱导的凋亡是ATP敏感的,并且因此可以通过消耗ATP而进一步增强。
实施例6:环氧合酶/脂氧合酶抑制与钙调磷酸酶-NFAT通路抑制组合
降低代谢AA的酶的表达水平也预期具有衰老细胞裂解作用,并且可以与COX/ALOX酶活性的抑制一起用作组合的衰老细胞裂解处理,从而甚至进一步增加衰老细胞的凋亡胁迫。我们的RNA-seq数据集(等人2018)对通路的分析表明,与静止细胞相比,钙调磷酸酶-NFAT通路在SIPS HDF中高度上调。环孢菌素A(CsA)是钙调磷酸酶-NFAT通路的有效抑制剂,并且先前已被证明也下调COX-2的表达(Hernández等人2001;等人2007;Yiu和Toker 2006)。
为了测试这一点,将阿霉素补充到生长培养基中在包皮HDF中诱导早衰6天。在完成SIPS处理8天以使细胞进入衰老后,开始使用衰老细胞裂解物质进行处理。静止细胞用作对照。向生长培养基中补充衰老细胞裂解物质9天,每3天更换培养基。所有样品(包括对照)均包含相同浓度的溶剂(DMSO)。随后,使用阿尔玛蓝测定法(Thermo Fisher Scientific)评估活力。
有趣的是,向0.4mM ASA和MK886的组合处理中添加2μM的CsA(Santa CruzBiotechnology)使衰老细胞的EC50从29.6μM降低到14.9μM,并使衰老细胞与静止细胞的EC50之间的倍数变化从1.51增加至2.81(图15和16)。
综上考虑,靶向脂质代谢的方法和组合物因此代表了一种清除衰老细胞并治疗衰老相关疾病和病症的有前途的方法。目前的结果表明,利用酶抑制AA会在成年HDF、包皮HDF和新生儿HUVEC中导致衰老细胞裂解作用。除了那维妥拉在阿霉素诱导的衰老HUVEC中显示出衰老细胞裂解活性外,两种已报道的衰老细胞裂解剂槲皮素和那维妥拉没有显示出明显的衰老细胞裂解活性。与那维妥拉相比,没有关于抑制环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶的严重副作用的报道。此外,环氧合酶和脂氧合酶的双重抑制在成年源性衰老HDF中显示出协同作用,使其具有独特的治疗和预防衰老相关疾病和病症的能力。
如本文所示,通过同时抑制ATP合酶和钙调磷酸酶,可以额外增强对环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶抑制的衰老细胞裂解作用。进一步抑制利用AA或操纵AA水平的酶和通路(例如细胞色素P450、长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶或脂肪酸延长酶)进一步增强了环氧合酶和/或脂氧合酶抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用。
实施例7:AA的定量分析
如本文所述,通过将AA的细胞内水平提高到超过特定阈值并由此诱导细胞死亡来引起衰老细胞裂解作用。这可以通过测量抑制利用AA的代谢通路之前和之后静止细胞和衰老细胞的细胞内AA水平来验证。预期这将使衰老细胞的细胞内AA水平增加到高于临界阈值,而在相同条件下,静止细胞无法达到该阈值。可以使用定量分析方法如ELISA、质谱或HPLC对细胞内AA水平进行定量。
为了验证是否可以在测量AA细胞内水平的有效筛选中鉴定出新的衰老细胞裂解剂,根据制造商的说明使用ELISA测试(Novus Biologicals;NBP2-66372),首先确认在以上实施例中鉴定出的新的衰老细胞裂解剂确实导致了细胞内AA的积累,其次筛选导致衰老HDF中AA细胞内水平增加的化合物。
不出所料,衰老细胞中AA的细胞内浓度高于静止对照细胞,并且通过用COX-1/2抑制剂双氯芬酸和ALOX-5抑制剂MK886将类花生酸的产生阻断6小时,可以使细胞内AA水平增加(图17)。
然后使用剂量反应测定法在成人和包皮HDF中测试在ELISA筛选中鉴定的化合物(上文描述针对COX和ALOX的抑制剂)的衰老细胞裂解作用。这些化合物也将用作靶向AA代谢的衰老细胞裂解药物。
实施例8:通过操纵cPLA2-活性来挽救衰老细胞裂解作用
由于针对AA转化酶的抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用是基于衰老细胞中升高的PLA2活性,因此提高静止细胞中PLA2的活性或降低衰老细胞中PLA2的活性应能清除对由对AA转化酶的抑制诱导的细胞死亡的差异敏感性。
将阿霉素诱导的早衰HDF76、HDF85、HDF161(SIPS)和静止对照细胞(Q)用1μMACSL4抑制剂三氮菌素C(TrC)和1μM ALOX5抑制剂MK886的组合单独地或另外加上2.5μMA23187(cPLA2激活剂)或12.5μM ASB14780(cPLA2抑制剂)处理72小时。单独的ACSL4与ALOX5组合抑制在HDF中表现出显著的衰老细胞裂解作用,如图11所示。
与本文提出的模型一致,图18显示了在用1μM Trc(ACSL4抑制剂)和1μM MK886(ALOX5抑制剂)组合处理后HDF中的衰老细胞裂解作用,如同图11中已经观察到的。当将衰老细胞裂解处理与2.5μM A23187(Cayman Chemicals,Cay11016-1)(已知的胞质磷脂酶A2激活剂)组合时,衰老细胞和静止细胞二者的活力降低并达到相似的水平,从而清除了处理的衰老细胞裂解作用。当通过小分子抑制剂ASB14780(Sigma Aldrich,SML1913)降低了胞质磷脂酶A2的酶促活性时,情况也是如此。用12.5μM ASB14780处理降低了TrC和MK886对衰老细胞的细胞毒性作用,而静止细胞的活力只受到很小的影响。这表明衰老细胞的PLA2活性增加是观察到AA转化酶抑制剂的衰老细胞裂解作用的原因。
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Claims (18)
1.一种用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制环氧合酶-1(COX-1)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和脂氧合酶中的至少两种的一种或多种抑制剂。
2.一种用于选择性清除衰老细胞的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2的一种或多种抑制剂。
3.根据权利要求2使用的组合物,其包含能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶,特别是长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶(ACSL)1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6、SLC27A2或ACSBG2以及COX-1、COX-2或脂氧合酶中的至少一种的一种或多种抑制剂。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述衰老细胞的特征在于溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸或磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平升高。
5.根据权利要求4使用的组合物,其中所述溶血磷脂酰胆碱是1-硬脂酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoSPC)或1-棕榈酰-2-羟基-SN-甘油-3-磷酰胆碱(LysoPPC)。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项使用的组合物,其中一种或多种抑制剂是选自以下的COX-1和/或COX-2抑制剂:乙酰水杨酸、双氯芬酸、塞来昔布、环孢菌素A、布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚、吲哚美辛、萘丁美酮、酮咯酸、替诺昔康、托美汀、吡罗昔康、非诺洛芬、依托度酸、萘普生、二氟尼柳、舒洛芬、溴芬酸、酮洛芬、二高-γ-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、氟比洛芬、甲芬那酸、双水杨酯、舒林酸、水杨酸、罗美昔布、O-乙酰基-L-丝氨酸、非那西丁、氟比洛芬甲酯、安乃近、硝基阿司匹林、美洛昔康、氟芬那酸、奥沙普秦、噻洛芬酸、水杨酸镁、乙胺嗪、氯诺昔康、卡洛芬、苯基丁氮酮、奈帕芬胺、安替比林、安曲非宁、三水杨酸胆碱镁、三氟柳、尼氟酸、右旋布洛芬、醋氯芬酸、阿西美辛、曲恶昔康、洛索洛芬、托芬那酸、右酮洛芬、氨丁三醇、他尼氟酯、丙帕他莫、水杨酸三乙醇胺、水杨酸苯酯、丁苯羟酸、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸薄荷酯、FK-506、来那度胺、罗非考昔、伐地考昔、西米考昔、氯苯甘醚、氯膦酸、塞利西利、屈螺酮、曲安奈德、泊马度胺、帕瑞考昔、非罗考昔、阿氯芬酸、阿达帕林、沙利度胺、依托考昔、罗贝考昔、三甲氧基苯甲醛、扎托洛芬、地拉考昔、地塞米松、普拉洛芬、氨芬酸钠一水合物、安吡昔康、NS-398、碱式水杨酸铋、双氯芬酸二乙胺、氨丁三醇、吴茱萸次碱、水杨素、芬布芬、黄腐酚、氟尼辛葡甲胺和尼美舒利。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述一种或多种抑制剂是选自以下的脂氧合酶和/或FLAP(ALOX5AP)抑制剂:MK886、齐留通、马索罗酚、乙胺嗪、氮卓斯汀、苯恶洛酚、去甲二氢愈创木酸、松香酸、秦皮乙素、孟鲁司特、米诺环素、MLN-977、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、那比西莫、福坦替尼、AM103、DG031、非勃发朋、AA-861和阿曲留通。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项使用的组合物,其中一种或多种抑制剂是双重环氧合酶和脂氧合酶抑制剂,优选地选自:利克飞龙、达布飞龙、CI-987、S-2474、KME-4、诃黎勒酸、巴柳氮、美沙拉秦、柳氮磺胺吡啶、氨基水杨酸、甲氯芬那酸、吗尼氟酯二芳基吡唑衍生物、噻吩并[2,3-b]吡啶衍生物、N-取代的5-氨基水杨酸酰胺、黄酮类复合物、吲哚嗪衍生物、LQFM-091、贯叶金丝桃素、雷公藤红素、BW755C、替泊沙林、β-乳香酸、D-002、2,3-二芳基氧杂蒽酮、菲尼酮和ER-34122。
9.根据权利要求2至8中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述能够抑制具有花生四烯酸-CoA连接酶活性的酶的一种或多种抑制剂是选自以下的抑制剂:三氮菌素A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、三氮菌素C类似物、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、2-氟棕榈酸、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮、罗格列酮、5-溴-5'-苯基螺[3H-1,3,4-噻二唑-2,3'-吲哚啉]-2-酮,CB2、CB5、CB6、CB16、NCI-3,CB2、CB5、CB6、CB16类似物,以及2-(6-羟基-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-基)-1,3-噻唑-4(5H)-酮。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物包含能够抑制花生四烯酸的细胞内转化的附加化合物,其中所述附加化合物选自:
a)天然化合物,优选地选自姜黄、迷迭香、姜、牛至、白藜芦醇、姜黄素、大麻素、人参、皂苷、萜类、类黄酮、多酚、银杏、辣椒素、染料木素、山奈酚;
b)细胞色素P450的抑制剂,优选地选自磺胺苯吡唑、阿伐麦布、苯溴马隆、罗格列酮、曲格列酮、西立伐他汀、华法林、吡格列酮、拉帕替尼、甲氧苄啶、扎鲁司特、阿莫地喹、尼卡地平、辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、氯雷他定、炔雌醇、厄贝沙坦、奎宁、索拉非尼、艾曲波帕、氯沙坦、利克飞龙、阿米替林、阿托伐他汀、甲芬那酸、美洛昔康、吡罗昔康、埃罗替尼、帕唑帕尼、己烯雌酚、恩杂鲁胺、帕纳替尼、达拉非尼、恩西地平、洛伐他汀、孟克司特、酮康唑、非洛地平、坎地沙坦西酯、克霉唑、莫米松、沙美特罗、雷洛昔芬、非诺贝特、左旋甲状腺素、他莫昔芬、奥昔布宁、醋酸甲羟孕酮、硝苯地平、复方甲状腺素、氨氯地平、苯扎贝特、氯霉素、环孢菌素、西咪替丁、氯吡格雷、胆钙化醇、地拉夫丁、右旋丙氧芬、依托泊苷、异烟肼、酮洛芬、甲硝唑、尼鲁米特、尼伐地平、帕罗西汀、苯乙肼、普伐他汀、普罗帕酮、乙胺嘧啶、罗非考昔、芦丁、沙奎那韦、磺胺甲恶唑、磺吡酮、替加色罗、特非那定、硫利哒嗪、噻氯匹定、噻康唑、三唑仑、醋竹桃霉素、丙戊酸、阿比特龙、维莫德吉、瑞戈非尼、曲美替尼、艾代拉里斯、洛匹那韦、塞来昔布、依法韦仑、雷贝拉唑、特立氟胺、克立硼罗、贝利司他、托匹司他、坎地沙坦、莱特莫韦、卢卡帕尼、奥匹卡朋、大麻隆、氟伏沙明、氟替卡松、糠酸氟替卡松、丙酸氟替卡松、博舒替尼、卡博替尼、染料木素、乐伐替尼、阿扎那韦、贝沙罗汀、地拉罗司、奎尼丁、米非司酮、维罗非尼、西地那非、双氯芬酸、氟西汀、伐地考昔、伏立康唑、依托度酸、舍曲林、格列本脲、苊香豆醇、瑞舒伐他汀、伊马替尼、氯氮平、地西泮、孕酮、奥美拉唑、缬沙坦、硼替佐米、奈韦拉平、氮卓斯汀、氯诺昔康、苯基丁氮酮、依曲韦林、来氟米特、西他生坦、氨基比林、维拉帕米、依托考昔、异丙酚、磺胺二甲唑、双香豆素、地尔硫卓、组胺、吗氯贝胺、司来吉兰、帕瑞昔布、二十二碳六烯酸、乙酰磺胺异恶唑、氟康唑、泮托拉唑、地氯雷他定、咪康唑、胺碘酮、吉非罗齐、丙磺舒、替尼泊苷、磺胺嘧啶、卡培他滨、氟尿嘧啶、反苯环丙胺、阿那曲唑、阿托伐醌、苯甲嗪、右芬氟拉明、双硫仑、肾上腺素、依普罗沙坦、氟卡尼、茚地那韦、醋甲唑胺、奈非那韦、奥氮平、普仑司特、异丙嗪、磺胺二甲氧嗪、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺、磺胺吡啶、甲硫咪唑、托卡朋、比卡鲁胺、阿莫达非尼、阿戈美拉汀、诺司卡品、氯维地平、硫康唑、吉非替尼、替卡格雷、色瑞替尼、氟尿苷、利非斯特、大黄酸、双醋瑞因、珠卡赛辛、司替戊醇、洛贝格列酮、度硫平、马尼地平、黑升麻、姜黄素、非尔氨酯、胡椒碱、沙芬酰胺、异烟酰异丙肼、奥利万星、马索罗酚和培维索孟;
c)长链脂肪酸-CoA连接酶4(ACSL4)的抑制剂,优选地选自三氮菌素A、三氮菌素B、三氮菌素C、三氮菌素D、三氮菌素C类似物、N-乙基马来酰亚胺、2-氟棕榈酸、曲格列酮、环格列酮、吡格列酮和罗格列酮;
d)溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶的抑制剂,特别是LPCAT1、LPCAT2、LPCAT3、LPCAT4、MBOAT2和/或MBOAT7的抑制剂,优选地选自N-苯基马来酰亚胺衍生物、TSI-01和硫柳汞;和/或
e)脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂,特别是ELOVL2、ELOVL4和/或ELOVL5的抑制剂,其中优选地所述脂肪酸延长酶的抑制剂选自草灭特、腺苷5'-十六烷基磷酸酯、endo-1k、(S)-1y和化合物37、5,5-二甲基-3-(5-甲基-3-氧代-2-苯基-2,3-二氢-1H-吡唑-4-基)-1-苯基-3-(三氟甲基-3,5,6,7-四氢-1H-吲哚-2,4-二酮)和(3-endo)-3-(苯基磺酰基)-N-[4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-8-氮杂双环[3.2.1]辛烷-8-羧酰胺。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物包含能够操纵细胞内ATP水平的附加化合物,其中所述附加化合物选自:
a)ATP合酶的抑制剂,优选地选自寡霉素A、烟酸肌醇酯、贝达喹啉、肽抑制素、白灰制菌素、腾毒素、腾毒素衍生物、血管抑素、肠抑胃素、蜂毒肽、IF1、Syn-A2、Syn-C、白藜芦醇、白皮杉醇、己烯雌酚、4-乙酰氨基-4'-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2'-二磺酸盐、4,4'-D-异硫氰基二苯乙烯-2,2-二磺酸、山奈酚、桑色素、芹菜素、染料木素、鹰嘴豆芽素A、黄豆苷元、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、原花青素、姜黄素、根皮素、茶黄素、鞣酸、4-羟基雌二醇、2-羟基雌二醇、17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、寡聚霉素、杀黑星菌素、凋亡诱导剂、奥萨霉素、胞变霉素、佩里霉素、氯化三丁基锡、氢氧化三环己基锡、硫酸三乙基锡、氯化三苯基锡、二甲基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3-羟基黄酮溴化物、二辛基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二苯基锡3-羟基黄酮氯化物、二乙基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、二丁基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮溴化物、二苯基锡3,5,7,2’,4’-五羟基黄酮氯化物、三丁基锡3-羟基黄酮、三乙基铅、深橙半知菌素、黄绿青霉素、星形曲霉毒素、若丹明B、若丹明123、若丹明6G、玫苯胺、孔雀石绿、亮绿、奎纳克林、奎纳克林芥末、吖啶橙、沉香磷化氢、派洛宁Y、地喹氯铵、番红O、尼罗蓝A、溴化乙锭、丁卡因、地布卡因、普鲁卡因、利多卡因、氯丙嗪、三氟拉嗪、普鲁卡因酰胺、普萘洛尔、辛基胍、1-丹磺酰氨基-3-二甲基丙胺化合物、鲸蜡基三甲铵、精胺、亚精胺、红菲咯啉碱金属螯合物、4,4-联苯-2,2-联吡啶、3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-联苯-1,2,4-三嗪、阿特拉津、阿特拉津氨基衍生物、砷酸盐、氟化铝、氟化铍、氟化钪、钒酸盐、氟化镁、亚硫酸盐、硫代磷酸盐、叠氮化物、ANPP、苯甲酰甲醛、丁二酮、丹磺酰氯、1-氟-2,4-二硝基苯、二碳聚硼酸酯、阿米三嗪、5-羟基-1,2-萘二羧酸酐、R207910、查盾宁、正丁醇、四氯水杨基苯胺、二氢链霉素、苏拉明、Bz-423、DMSO、次氯酸、DDT、二氮嗪、HNB、N-磺酰基或N-烷基取代的四氢苯并二氮杂卓衍生物、4-(N-芳基咪唑)取代的苯并吡喃衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]氰基胍衍生物、N-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]-酰基胍衍生物、O-[1-芳基-2-(1-咪唑基)乙基]硫尿烷衍生物、dio-9复合物、乙醇和锌;
b)ADP/ATP转位酶的抑制剂,优选地选自氯膦酸、伊必那班、苍术苷、羧基苍术苷、米酵菌酸、异米酵菌酸、MT-21、氯氰碘柳胺、CD437、脱氢松香胺、L923-0673、IMD 0354、PI32-0333、S899542、无活菌素和S838462;
c)糖酵解抑制剂,优选地选自2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖、氯尼达明、溴丙酮酸、根皮素、STF-31、WZB117、3PO、3-溴丙酮酸、二氯乙酸、草酸、NHI-1、羟基硫胺素、伊马替尼、葡萄糖胺、6-氨基烟酰胺、染料木素、5-硫葡萄糖、甘露庚酮糖、α-氯代醇、奥硝唑、草酸盐、葡磷酰胺、N-(膦酰基乙酰基)-L-天冬氨酸、6-甲基巯基嘌呤核糖苷、CGP 3466B马来酸盐、一氟磷酸钠、DASA-58、DL-丝氨酸、二氯乙酸、二氯乙酸钠、呋喃西林、6-AN、法森汀、苄丝肼、黄芪苷、白藜芦醇、白杨素、GEN-27、芹菜素、双-2-(5-苯基乙酰氨基-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基)乙硫醚、CE3-839、重氮丝氨酸、阿西维辛、6-重氮-5-氧-L-正亮氨酸、噻唑烷-2,4-二酮衍生物、化合物968、R-硫辛酸、1,3,4-噻二唑化合物、2-氯丙酸酯、Nov3r、AZD7545、Pfz3、根赤壳菌素、米塔铂、mito-DCA、苯基丁酸酯、4,5-二芳基异恶唑、VER-246608、白桦酯酸、含次膦酸酯或膦酸酯基团的丙酮酸酯类似物、CPI-613、M77976、芳族DCA衍生物、呋喃和噻吩羧酸、利托那韦、FX11、草酸盐/脂、D-果糖-6-磷酸、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸、N-溴乙酰基-氨基乙基磷酸、2-羧乙基膦酸、N-羟基-4-膦酰基丁酰胺、2-磷酸甘油酸、碘乙酸盐、棉酚、1,3-双磷酸甘油酸的双磷酸脂类似物、苯六羧酸、3-磷酸甘油酸、膦酰基乙酰氧肟酸、2-磷酸-D-甘油酸、TLN-232和CAP-232。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的发作,或者预防或延迟衰老相关疾病或病症的进展,或者促进衰老相关疾病或病症的消退。
13.根据权利要求12使用的组合物,其中所述衰老相关疾病或病症是心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化、癌症、骨质疏松症、骨关节炎、神经系统疾病、痴呆、白内障、肾脏疾病、视网膜病变、糖尿病、肺纤维化、椎骨皮肤变性、年龄相关性肌肉萎缩、脱发或皮肤老化。
14.根据权利要求1至11中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物改善移植物的性能。
15.根据权利要求1至11中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物防止或减轻衰老相关疤痕形成和纤维化。
16.根据权利要求1至11中任一项使用的组合物,其中所述组合物减轻化学疗法的副作用并预防或延迟肿瘤复发。
17.一种鉴定受试者中的衰老细胞的体外方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供所述受试者的样品,
b)确定所述样品中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中至少一种的细胞内水平,
c)将b)的水平与参考水平进行比较,其中所述参考水平是非衰老细胞中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性中的至少一种的细胞内水平,
其中溶血磷脂酰胆碱、花生四烯酸和/或磷脂酶A2活性的水平增加至少2倍表示在所述样品中存在衰老细胞。
18.一种筛选用于清除衰老细胞的候选化合物的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)使至少一种测试化合物与衰老细胞样品接触,
b)测量花生四烯酸的细胞内水平,和/或测量凋亡程度,和/或测量细胞活力,以及
c)选择与未处理衰老细胞相比,在与所述测试化合物接触的衰老细胞中引起花生四烯酸的细胞内积累、凋亡程度增加和/或细胞活力降低的测试化合物。
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EP18202657.5A EP3643305A1 (en) | 2018-10-25 | 2018-10-25 | Compositions for the elimination of senescent cells |
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PCT/EP2019/079133 WO2020084105A2 (en) | 2018-10-25 | 2019-10-25 | Compositions for the elimination of senescent cells |
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CN113730409A (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2021-12-03 | 济南市中心医院 | 奎纳克林在制备治疗肺纤维化药物中的应用 |
CN114404397A (zh) * | 2022-01-29 | 2022-04-29 | 北京大学口腔医学院 | 用于防治骨质疏松或骨吸收的3-溴丙酮酸制剂及其应用 |
WO2023236229A1 (zh) * | 2022-06-08 | 2023-12-14 | 深圳先进技术研究院 | 双硫仑药物在治疗骨关节炎中的应用 |
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CN110934873B (zh) * | 2019-08-22 | 2022-10-28 | 中国科学院上海营养与健康研究所 | 靶向组织微环境中衰老细胞的抗衰老药物d/s及其应用 |
EP4073102A4 (en) | 2019-12-12 | 2024-05-08 | Ting Therapeutics LLC | COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEARING LOSS |
WO2021247594A1 (en) * | 2020-06-02 | 2021-12-09 | Buck Institute For Research On Aging | Dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (dgla) is a novel senolytic |
EP4168130A1 (en) * | 2020-06-19 | 2023-04-26 | Unilever IP Holdings B.V. | Use of indole compounds for treating signs of skin aging |
WO2022204519A1 (en) | 2021-03-26 | 2022-09-29 | The United States Government As Represented By The Department Of Veterans Affairs | Use of zt-1a and analogs thereof to prevent and/or treat neurodegenerative and neurocognitive disorders |
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WO2023085787A1 (ko) * | 2021-11-10 | 2023-05-19 | 주식회사 라이프신약 | 노화세포 제거용 조성물 및 이의 용도 |
WO2023090901A1 (ko) * | 2021-11-18 | 2023-05-25 | 의료법인 성광의료재단 | 기계 학습을 이용한 세포 노화의 마커를 선별하는 방법, 세포 노화 바이오 마커, 및 이를 이용한 세놀리틱 제제를 스크리닝 하는 방법 |
TWI818466B (zh) * | 2022-03-15 | 2023-10-11 | 高雄醫學大學 | 用於治療砷誘發之肺功能損傷之類黃酮藥物 |
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WO2015116735A1 (en) * | 2014-01-28 | 2015-08-06 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Methods and combinations for killing senescent cells and for treating senescence-associated diseases and disorders |
Cited By (3)
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WO2023236229A1 (zh) * | 2022-06-08 | 2023-12-14 | 深圳先进技术研究院 | 双硫仑药物在治疗骨关节炎中的应用 |
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US20210379087A1 (en) | 2021-12-09 |
WO2020084105A3 (en) | 2020-08-06 |
JP2022505857A (ja) | 2022-01-14 |
AU2019365405A1 (en) | 2021-05-20 |
EP3870164A2 (en) | 2021-09-01 |
BR112021007815A2 (pt) | 2021-09-08 |
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